Whether,and how,to rescind the right of one party(the non-breaching party)to rescind a contract in case of an obviously minor breach by the other party(the breaching party)is a recurring topic in the field of contract...Whether,and how,to rescind the right of one party(the non-breaching party)to rescind a contract in case of an obviously minor breach by the other party(the breaching party)is a recurring topic in the field of contract law.The Minutes of the Ninth Work Conference of the Courts Nationwide on Civil and Commercial Trial(the Minutes of the Ninth Work Conference)stipulates that whether a contract shall be rescinded depends on whether a breach is obviously minor and affects the fulfillment of the contract purposes expected by the non-breaching party.In juridical practice,however,there are no clear criteria to define what constitutes obviously minor breaches,and the factors considered in such cases are often inadequate to allow for a fully considered decision.By analyzing Article 55 of the Judicial Interpretation of the General Provisions of Contracts of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China(Draft for Comments)and reviewing the previous juridical practices,we present our conclusions regarding the conditions and factors that should be considered when restricting the right of rescission in cases of obviously minor breaches with a view to unifying the judicial judgment criteria by differentiating the type of breaches.展开更多
To make oral test accurately reflect the actual English spoken ability of candidates and play its role in guiding and promoting the improvement of English learners in the teaching, we must ensure that the design of sc...To make oral test accurately reflect the actual English spoken ability of candidates and play its role in guiding and promoting the improvement of English learners in the teaching, we must ensure that the design of scientific questions, the feasibility and validity of judgments to make an accurate and fair measurement of testers' language ability.展开更多
Speaking is the main purpose and most important skill for second language learning.This paper reviews the important validity considerations in designing a test,such as face validity,content validity,on the basis of wh...Speaking is the main purpose and most important skill for second language learning.This paper reviews the important validity considerations in designing a test,such as face validity,content validity,on the basis of which the author analyzes the oral test paper for the postgraduate entrance interview in Shaanxi University of Technology,thus putting forward some methods to improve the test paper.展开更多
The strain dependent characteristics of hard coatings make the vibration analysis of hard-coated composite structure become a challenging task. In this study, the modeling and the analysis method of a hard-coated comp...The strain dependent characteristics of hard coatings make the vibration analysis of hard-coated composite structure become a challenging task. In this study, the modeling and the analysis method of a hard-coated composite beam was developed considering the strain dependent characteristics of coating material. Firstly, based on analyzing the properties of hard-coating material, a high order polynomial was adopted to characterize the strain dependent characteristics of coating materials. Then, the analytical model of a hard-coated composite beam was created by the energy method. Next, using the numerical method to solve the vibration response and the resonance frequencies of the composite beam, a specific calculation flow was also proposed. Finally,a cantilever beam coated with Mg O + Al2_O_3 hard coating was chosen as the study case; under different excitation levels, the resonance region responses and the resonance frequencies of the composite beam were calculated using the proposed method. The calculation results were compared with the experiment and the linear calculation, and the correctness of the created model was verified. The study shows that compared with the general linear calculation, the proposed method can still maintain an acceptable precision when the excitation level is larger.展开更多
The design of the Qitai 110 m Radio Telescope(QTT) with large aperture and very high working frequency(115 GHz) was investigated in Xinjiang, China. The results lead to a main reflector with high surface precision...The design of the Qitai 110 m Radio Telescope(QTT) with large aperture and very high working frequency(115 GHz) was investigated in Xinjiang, China. The results lead to a main reflector with high surface precision and high pointing precision. In this paper, the properties of active surface adjustment in a deformed parabolic reflector antenna are analyzed. To assure the performance of large reflector antennas such as gain and boresight, which can be obtained by utilizing an electromechanical coupling model, and satisfy them simultaneously, research on active surface adjustment applied to a new parabolic reflector as target surface has been done. Based on the initial position of actuators and the relationship between adjustment points and target points, a novel mathematical model and a program thatdirectly calculates the movements of actuators have been developed for guiding the active surface adjustment of large reflector antennas. This adjustment method is applied to an 8 m reflector antenna,in which we only consider gravity deformation. The results show that this method is more efficient in adjusting the surface and improving the working performance.展开更多
A flexible beam with large overall rotating motion impacting with a rigid slope is studied in this paper. The tangential friction force caused by the oblique impact is analyzed. The tangential motion of the system is ...A flexible beam with large overall rotating motion impacting with a rigid slope is studied in this paper. The tangential friction force caused by the oblique impact is analyzed. The tangential motion of the system is divided into a stick state and a slip state. The contact constraint model and Coulomb friction model are used respectively to deal with the two states. Based on this hybrid modeling method, dynamic equations of the system, which include all states(before, during, and after the collision)are obtained. Simulation results of a concrete example are compared with the results obtained from two other models: a nontangential friction model and a modified Coulomb model. Differences in the results from the three models are discussed. The tangential friction force cannot be ignored when an oblique impact occurs. In addition, the results obtained from the model proposed in this paper are more consistent with real movement.展开更多
The paper states the characteristics and basic market positioning of WiMAX. It should be noted that WiMax is a new generation WMAN (Wideband MAN) broadband wireless access standard with good forward extensibility. It ...The paper states the characteristics and basic market positioning of WiMAX. It should be noted that WiMax is a new generation WMAN (Wideband MAN) broadband wireless access standard with good forward extensibility. It is emphasized that the basic market positioning of WiMAX should be nothing but WMAN applications. It is predicted that the applications of WiMax would face severe challenges mainly due to its high cost, at least at the initial stage. Finally the paper gives all-around analysis on the relationship between Wi-Fi, WiMAX, WBMA, 3G, 3G+ and 4G.展开更多
This article verified that the Tu state mentioned in the oracle inscriptions was the Xia people after the Xia Dynasty had been conquered by Tang, the first king of the Shang Dynasty m c.a. 16th century B.C. The state...This article verified that the Tu state mentioned in the oracle inscriptions was the Xia people after the Xia Dynasty had been conquered by Tang, the first king of the Shang Dynasty m c.a. 16th century B.C. The state of Xia, which originated from Yu, was entitled "Xia Hou"; its king was hence called "Xia Hou Di" (Emperor of Xia Hou), e.g."Xia Hou Di Qi". The Xia people, together with the Yin (Shang) people, and the Zhou people, were the so-called "people of San Dai" (Three Dynasties). As mentioned in "Lunyu, Bayi", they founded the states, with the Xia people being associated with the pine, the Yin people with the cypress, and the Zhou people with the chestnut.展开更多
在SEFC Book Ⅱ B Lesson 79中有这样一个句子:“Some people have the wrong attitude towards people with disabilities,considering them to be stupid.”“有些有对待残疾人的态度不好,认为他们愚蠢。”句中的consider后面跟着...在SEFC Book Ⅱ B Lesson 79中有这样一个句子:“Some people have the wrong attitude towards people with disabilities,considering them to be stupid.”“有些有对待残疾人的态度不好,认为他们愚蠢。”句中的consider后面跟着一个带有动词不定式的复合结构,展开更多
Skilled individual agents are firm basis of a strong soccer team. The skills available to Everest 2002 (agents) include kicking, dribbling, forwarding, ball interception and tackling. These intermediate sub goals are ...Skilled individual agents are firm basis of a strong soccer team. The skills available to Everest 2002 (agents) include kicking, dribbling, forwarding, ball interception and tackling. These intermediate sub goals are implemented by a combination of local optimization which hopes to determine the optimal primitive action from a local perspective and adversarial consideration which takes into account opponents and limitations imposed by simulation environment. Everest 2002 RoboCup simulation teams, building on 11 skilled agents and an on-line coach, won the 2nd place in RoboCup 2002 simulation league.展开更多
In the laboratory,environmental enrichment(EE)is used as a protocol to understand the functional,behavioral and molecular mechanisms that underlie neural plasticity(van Praag et al.,2000;Sale et al.,2014).In addit...In the laboratory,environmental enrichment(EE)is used as a protocol to understand the functional,behavioral and molecular mechanisms that underlie neural plasticity(van Praag et al.,2000;Sale et al.,2014).In addition,it is utilized to provide supplementary resources to animals in order to maintain their well-being and to preserve the scientific validity of the study at hand(see http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12910/guide-for-thecare-and-use-of-laboratory-animals-eighth).展开更多
A new Monte Carlo simulation of the track structure of low-energy electrons (〈10keV) in liquid water is presented. The feature of the simulation is taken into consideration of the condensed-phase effect of liquid w...A new Monte Carlo simulation of the track structure of low-energy electrons (〈10keV) in liquid water is presented. The feature of the simulation is taken into consideration of the condensed-phase effect of liquid water on electron elastic scattering with the use of the Champion model, while the dielectric response formalism incorporating the optical-data model developed by Emfietzoglou et al. is applied for calculating the electron inelastic scattering. The spatial distributions of energy deposition and inelastic scattering events of low-energy electrons with different primary energies in liquid water are calculated and compared with other theoretical evaluations. The present work shows that the condensed-phase effect of liquid water on electron elastic scattering may be of the influence on the fraction of absorbed energy and distribution of inelastic scattering events at lower primary energies, which also indicate potential effects on the DNA damage induced by low-energy electrons.展开更多
Attention to the development of low hilly cities increases, in order to guide their development towards efficient and ecological land use. This paper takes eco-safety into consideration in the future layout of land fo...Attention to the development of low hilly cities increases, in order to guide their development towards efficient and ecological land use. This paper takes eco-safety into consideration in the future layout of land for construction, and incorporates ecological security factors into traditional methods of land suitability evaluation based on topographic conditions. Taking the Longfeng New Town in Suining City as an example, the GIS platform is used to superimpose various evaluation factors. The evaluation index system is determined using the combination of the Delphi Technique and AHP. The result of correcting traditional land suitability evaluation is obtained, which provides decision support for improving the scientificity of land use planning and layout.展开更多
With an adjusted model, we reconsider simple 1,2-dyotropic reactions with the introduction of a concept based on the intramolecular dynamics of a tetrahedron (van ’t Hoff modeling). In fact the dyotropic reactions ar...With an adjusted model, we reconsider simple 1,2-dyotropic reactions with the introduction of a concept based on the intramolecular dynamics of a tetrahedron (van ’t Hoff modeling). In fact the dyotropic reactions are strongly related to conversions originated from neighbouring group participation or anchimeric assistance, defined as the interaction of a center with a lone pair of electrons in an atom and the electrons present in aδor π bond. The researchful 1,2-dyotropic reactions, based on the 1,2-interchange of halogens, methyl and hydrogen taking place in a concerted fashion, are in competition with the two-step reaction in which the neighbouring group participation or anchimeric assistance comes to full expression by ionic dissociation of the other exchangeable (halogen) atom. As to be expected there is an essential difference between halogen or methyl exchange regarding the number of electrons participating in the transition state. This aspect becomes evident in the geometries of the corresponding transition state geometries. In this paper we refer to ab initio MO calculations and VB considerations. We consider the 1,2-halogen exchange as a combination of two SN2 reactions each containing four electrons. The van ’t Hoff dynamics appears a useful model in order to illustrate the computations in a straightforward manner.展开更多
Detailed crystallographic analysis has been undertaken on the various combinations Of 24 martensite variants in the 18R martensite of a Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloy. Based upon the calculated crystallographic data, the...Detailed crystallographic analysis has been undertaken on the various combinations Of 24 martensite variants in the 18R martensite of a Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloy. Based upon the calculated crystallographic data, the interface energy of different twin interfaces was calculated using a lowangle-grain-interface model. For the variant/variant pairs in a self-accommodating group. the A/C type and A/B type interfaces have low interface energy, and A/D type interface is an intermediate one. In contrast, the intervariant interfaces that belong to different plate groups have high intrface energy. The calculated results are consiStent with the previous observations of the mobility of intervariant interfaces.展开更多
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. Neurosarcoidosis (NS) is a rare but potentially devastating manifestation of sarcoidosis, with a prevalence of approximately 5% in p...Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. Neurosarcoidosis (NS) is a rare but potentially devastating manifestation of sarcoidosis, with a prevalence of approximately 5% in patients with systemic sarcoidosis. Due to the possible involvement of any part of the nervous system, a myriad of neurological manifestations can occur. Clinical features resulting from involvement of the hypothalmo-pituitary axis and cranial nerves, in particular, cranial nerve VII are the more common presentations of this condition. Medical therapy with corticosteroids is the mainstay of treatment and providing tissue for diagnosis remains the principal indication for surgery. Therapeutically, neurosurgery is indicated only for life-threatening complications. We describe the clinical case of a patient with fatally progressive NS who had multiple anesthetic exposures. This case highlights the perioperative considerations of NS and its anesthetic implications.展开更多
The biogenic monoamines dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) are major neuromodulators in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). DA containing neurons are found in ...The biogenic monoamines dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) are major neuromodulators in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). DA containing neurons are found in i) the mesolimbic system in which cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) project axons into the amygdala, cortex, hippocampus and the nucleus accumbens; and ii) the nigrostriatal system in which cell bodies located in the substantia nigra pars compacta send their axons into the dorsolateral parts of the striatum (Bjorklund and Dunnett, 2007). The central noradrenergic neurons are concentrated in distinct brainstem nuclei with the locus coeruleus (LC) being the most prominent nucleus which projects a diffusely arborizing axonal network to most areas of the CNS (Szabadi, 2013).展开更多
Calcium is a critical second messenger molecule in all cells and is vital in neurons for synaptic transmission.Given this importance,calcium ions are tightly controlled by a host of molecular players including ion cha...Calcium is a critical second messenger molecule in all cells and is vital in neurons for synaptic transmission.Given this importance,calcium ions are tightly controlled by a host of molecular players including ion channels,sensors,and buffering proteins.Calcium can act directly by binding to signaling molecules or calcium’s effects can be indirect,for example by altering nuclear histones.展开更多
文摘Whether,and how,to rescind the right of one party(the non-breaching party)to rescind a contract in case of an obviously minor breach by the other party(the breaching party)is a recurring topic in the field of contract law.The Minutes of the Ninth Work Conference of the Courts Nationwide on Civil and Commercial Trial(the Minutes of the Ninth Work Conference)stipulates that whether a contract shall be rescinded depends on whether a breach is obviously minor and affects the fulfillment of the contract purposes expected by the non-breaching party.In juridical practice,however,there are no clear criteria to define what constitutes obviously minor breaches,and the factors considered in such cases are often inadequate to allow for a fully considered decision.By analyzing Article 55 of the Judicial Interpretation of the General Provisions of Contracts of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China(Draft for Comments)and reviewing the previous juridical practices,we present our conclusions regarding the conditions and factors that should be considered when restricting the right of rescission in cases of obviously minor breaches with a view to unifying the judicial judgment criteria by differentiating the type of breaches.
文摘To make oral test accurately reflect the actual English spoken ability of candidates and play its role in guiding and promoting the improvement of English learners in the teaching, we must ensure that the design of scientific questions, the feasibility and validity of judgments to make an accurate and fair measurement of testers' language ability.
文摘Speaking is the main purpose and most important skill for second language learning.This paper reviews the important validity considerations in designing a test,such as face validity,content validity,on the basis of which the author analyzes the oral test paper for the postgraduate entrance interview in Shaanxi University of Technology,thus putting forward some methods to improve the test paper.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 51375079)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(Grant N140301001)
文摘The strain dependent characteristics of hard coatings make the vibration analysis of hard-coated composite structure become a challenging task. In this study, the modeling and the analysis method of a hard-coated composite beam was developed considering the strain dependent characteristics of coating material. Firstly, based on analyzing the properties of hard-coating material, a high order polynomial was adopted to characterize the strain dependent characteristics of coating materials. Then, the analytical model of a hard-coated composite beam was created by the energy method. Next, using the numerical method to solve the vibration response and the resonance frequencies of the composite beam, a specific calculation flow was also proposed. Finally,a cantilever beam coated with Mg O + Al2_O_3 hard coating was chosen as the study case; under different excitation levels, the resonance region responses and the resonance frequencies of the composite beam were calculated using the proposed method. The calculation results were compared with the experiment and the linear calculation, and the correctness of the created model was verified. The study shows that compared with the general linear calculation, the proposed method can still maintain an acceptable precision when the excitation level is larger.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(Grant No.2015CB857100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51522507,51475349 and 51490660)+1 种基金the Youth Science and Technology Star Project of Shaanxi Province(Grant No.2016KJXX-06)the National 111 Project(Grant No.B14042)
文摘The design of the Qitai 110 m Radio Telescope(QTT) with large aperture and very high working frequency(115 GHz) was investigated in Xinjiang, China. The results lead to a main reflector with high surface precision and high pointing precision. In this paper, the properties of active surface adjustment in a deformed parabolic reflector antenna are analyzed. To assure the performance of large reflector antennas such as gain and boresight, which can be obtained by utilizing an electromechanical coupling model, and satisfy them simultaneously, research on active surface adjustment applied to a new parabolic reflector as target surface has been done. Based on the initial position of actuators and the relationship between adjustment points and target points, a novel mathematical model and a program thatdirectly calculates the movements of actuators have been developed for guiding the active surface adjustment of large reflector antennas. This adjustment method is applied to an 8 m reflector antenna,in which we only consider gravity deformation. The results show that this method is more efficient in adjusting the surface and improving the working performance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants 11272155,11132007,and11502113)the 333 Project of Jiangsu Province in China(Grant BRA2011172)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities(Grant 30920130112009)
文摘A flexible beam with large overall rotating motion impacting with a rigid slope is studied in this paper. The tangential friction force caused by the oblique impact is analyzed. The tangential motion of the system is divided into a stick state and a slip state. The contact constraint model and Coulomb friction model are used respectively to deal with the two states. Based on this hybrid modeling method, dynamic equations of the system, which include all states(before, during, and after the collision)are obtained. Simulation results of a concrete example are compared with the results obtained from two other models: a nontangential friction model and a modified Coulomb model. Differences in the results from the three models are discussed. The tangential friction force cannot be ignored when an oblique impact occurs. In addition, the results obtained from the model proposed in this paper are more consistent with real movement.
文摘The paper states the characteristics and basic market positioning of WiMAX. It should be noted that WiMax is a new generation WMAN (Wideband MAN) broadband wireless access standard with good forward extensibility. It is emphasized that the basic market positioning of WiMAX should be nothing but WMAN applications. It is predicted that the applications of WiMax would face severe challenges mainly due to its high cost, at least at the initial stage. Finally the paper gives all-around analysis on the relationship between Wi-Fi, WiMAX, WBMA, 3G, 3G+ and 4G.
文摘This article verified that the Tu state mentioned in the oracle inscriptions was the Xia people after the Xia Dynasty had been conquered by Tang, the first king of the Shang Dynasty m c.a. 16th century B.C. The state of Xia, which originated from Yu, was entitled "Xia Hou"; its king was hence called "Xia Hou Di" (Emperor of Xia Hou), e.g."Xia Hou Di Qi". The Xia people, together with the Yin (Shang) people, and the Zhou people, were the so-called "people of San Dai" (Three Dynasties). As mentioned in "Lunyu, Bayi", they founded the states, with the Xia people being associated with the pine, the Yin people with the cypress, and the Zhou people with the chestnut.
文摘在SEFC Book Ⅱ B Lesson 79中有这样一个句子:“Some people have the wrong attitude towards people with disabilities,considering them to be stupid.”“有些有对待残疾人的态度不好,认为他们愚蠢。”句中的consider后面跟着一个带有动词不定式的复合结构,
文摘Skilled individual agents are firm basis of a strong soccer team. The skills available to Everest 2002 (agents) include kicking, dribbling, forwarding, ball interception and tackling. These intermediate sub goals are implemented by a combination of local optimization which hopes to determine the optimal primitive action from a local perspective and adversarial consideration which takes into account opponents and limitations imposed by simulation environment. Everest 2002 RoboCup simulation teams, building on 11 skilled agents and an on-line coach, won the 2nd place in RoboCup 2002 simulation league.
文摘In the laboratory,environmental enrichment(EE)is used as a protocol to understand the functional,behavioral and molecular mechanisms that underlie neural plasticity(van Praag et al.,2000;Sale et al.,2014).In addition,it is utilized to provide supplementary resources to animals in order to maintain their well-being and to preserve the scientific validity of the study at hand(see http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12910/guide-for-thecare-and-use-of-laboratory-animals-eighth).
文摘A new Monte Carlo simulation of the track structure of low-energy electrons (〈10keV) in liquid water is presented. The feature of the simulation is taken into consideration of the condensed-phase effect of liquid water on electron elastic scattering with the use of the Champion model, while the dielectric response formalism incorporating the optical-data model developed by Emfietzoglou et al. is applied for calculating the electron inelastic scattering. The spatial distributions of energy deposition and inelastic scattering events of low-energy electrons with different primary energies in liquid water are calculated and compared with other theoretical evaluations. The present work shows that the condensed-phase effect of liquid water on electron elastic scattering may be of the influence on the fraction of absorbed energy and distribution of inelastic scattering events at lower primary energies, which also indicate potential effects on the DNA damage induced by low-energy electrons.
文摘Attention to the development of low hilly cities increases, in order to guide their development towards efficient and ecological land use. This paper takes eco-safety into consideration in the future layout of land for construction, and incorporates ecological security factors into traditional methods of land suitability evaluation based on topographic conditions. Taking the Longfeng New Town in Suining City as an example, the GIS platform is used to superimpose various evaluation factors. The evaluation index system is determined using the combination of the Delphi Technique and AHP. The result of correcting traditional land suitability evaluation is obtained, which provides decision support for improving the scientificity of land use planning and layout.
文摘With an adjusted model, we reconsider simple 1,2-dyotropic reactions with the introduction of a concept based on the intramolecular dynamics of a tetrahedron (van ’t Hoff modeling). In fact the dyotropic reactions are strongly related to conversions originated from neighbouring group participation or anchimeric assistance, defined as the interaction of a center with a lone pair of electrons in an atom and the electrons present in aδor π bond. The researchful 1,2-dyotropic reactions, based on the 1,2-interchange of halogens, methyl and hydrogen taking place in a concerted fashion, are in competition with the two-step reaction in which the neighbouring group participation or anchimeric assistance comes to full expression by ionic dissociation of the other exchangeable (halogen) atom. As to be expected there is an essential difference between halogen or methyl exchange regarding the number of electrons participating in the transition state. This aspect becomes evident in the geometries of the corresponding transition state geometries. In this paper we refer to ab initio MO calculations and VB considerations. We consider the 1,2-halogen exchange as a combination of two SN2 reactions each containing four electrons. The van ’t Hoff dynamics appears a useful model in order to illustrate the computations in a straightforward manner.
文摘Detailed crystallographic analysis has been undertaken on the various combinations Of 24 martensite variants in the 18R martensite of a Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloy. Based upon the calculated crystallographic data, the interface energy of different twin interfaces was calculated using a lowangle-grain-interface model. For the variant/variant pairs in a self-accommodating group. the A/C type and A/B type interfaces have low interface energy, and A/D type interface is an intermediate one. In contrast, the intervariant interfaces that belong to different plate groups have high intrface energy. The calculated results are consiStent with the previous observations of the mobility of intervariant interfaces.
文摘Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. Neurosarcoidosis (NS) is a rare but potentially devastating manifestation of sarcoidosis, with a prevalence of approximately 5% in patients with systemic sarcoidosis. Due to the possible involvement of any part of the nervous system, a myriad of neurological manifestations can occur. Clinical features resulting from involvement of the hypothalmo-pituitary axis and cranial nerves, in particular, cranial nerve VII are the more common presentations of this condition. Medical therapy with corticosteroids is the mainstay of treatment and providing tissue for diagnosis remains the principal indication for surgery. Therapeutically, neurosurgery is indicated only for life-threatening complications. We describe the clinical case of a patient with fatally progressive NS who had multiple anesthetic exposures. This case highlights the perioperative considerations of NS and its anesthetic implications.
基金supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(SFB636)to PS and FM
文摘The biogenic monoamines dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) are major neuromodulators in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). DA containing neurons are found in i) the mesolimbic system in which cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) project axons into the amygdala, cortex, hippocampus and the nucleus accumbens; and ii) the nigrostriatal system in which cell bodies located in the substantia nigra pars compacta send their axons into the dorsolateral parts of the striatum (Bjorklund and Dunnett, 2007). The central noradrenergic neurons are concentrated in distinct brainstem nuclei with the locus coeruleus (LC) being the most prominent nucleus which projects a diffusely arborizing axonal network to most areas of the CNS (Szabadi, 2013).
文摘Calcium is a critical second messenger molecule in all cells and is vital in neurons for synaptic transmission.Given this importance,calcium ions are tightly controlled by a host of molecular players including ion channels,sensors,and buffering proteins.Calcium can act directly by binding to signaling molecules or calcium’s effects can be indirect,for example by altering nuclear histones.