The responses of the interspecific competition between Skeletonema costatum and Heterosigma akashiwo to UV-B radiation enhancement were studied by the co-culture method. The results showed that Heterosigma akashiwo ex...The responses of the interspecific competition between Skeletonema costatum and Heterosigma akashiwo to UV-B radiation enhancement were studied by the co-culture method. The results showed that Heterosigma akashiwo exhibited inhibition on the growth of Skeletonema costatum, and with the increase of initial inoculation density of Heterosigma akashiwo, heavier inhibition on Skeletonema costatum appeared. Under different inoculation proportions, Heterosigma akashiwo could always be in predominance in competition with Skeletonema costatum. The UV-B radiation treatment could change the competition relationship between Skeletonema costatum and Heterosigma akashiwo, which could increase the competitive dominance of Skeletonema costatum and decrease the competitive dominance of Heterosigma akashiwo. When the inoculation proportions of Heterosigma akashiwo and Skeletonema costatum were H∶S=1∶4 and H∶S=1∶1,Skeletonema costatum was in predominance in this competition; however, Heterosigma akashiwo was in predominance when the inoculation proportion was H∶S=4∶1.展开更多
The effects of different phosphorus(P) concentrations(0.36, 3.6, and 36 μmol/L corresponding to low-, middle-, and high-P concentration groups, respectively) and nitrogen(N)/P ratios on the growth and photosynthetic ...The effects of different phosphorus(P) concentrations(0.36, 3.6, and 36 μmol/L corresponding to low-, middle-, and high-P concentration groups, respectively) and nitrogen(N)/P ratios on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of S keletonema costatum and Prorocentrum donghaiense were studied. For both species, the high-P(HP) concentration group showed the greatest algal density and highest specifi c growth rate. Changes in the maximum effi ciency of photosystem Ⅱ(F _v/F_m) were monitored under the various P and N/P conditions. The largest decrease in F _v/F_m was in the low-P(LP) group in S. costatum and in the HP group in P. donghaiense. There were high rapid light curves and photochemical quantum yields(Φ _(PSⅡ)) for S. costatum in the HP group, while the actual photosynthetic capacity was higher in P. donghaiense than in S. costatum in the MP group. Under eutrophic but relatively P-restricted conditions, P. donghaiense had higher photosynthetic activity and potential, which could cause this dinofl agellate to increasingly dominate the phytoplankton community in these conditions. Under the same P concentration and N/P ratio, P. donghaiense had a larger relative maximum rate of electron transport and higher Φ _(PSⅡ) values than those of S. costatum. These differences between P. donghaiense and S. costatum may explain the interaction and succession patterns of these two species in the Changjiang(Yangtze) River estuary from a photosynthesis perspective.展开更多
Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon composition of cultured two different sized phytoplankton common species of Thalazsiosira rotula and Skeletonema costatum from the Jiaozhou Bay were measured. Carbon, nitrogen, ph...Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon composition of cultured two different sized phytoplankton common species of Thalazsiosira rotula and Skeletonema costatum from the Jiaozhou Bay were measured. Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon contents in cell were obvious higher in T. rotula than in S. costatum, but the percents of nitrogen, phosphorus, sihcon contents in cell dry mass in T. rotula were lower than those in S. costatum. The dry mass concentrations of nitrogen,phosphorus, silicon in S. costatum were much higher than those in T. rotula, particularly silicon, the former was 6. 4 times of the latter, showing that S. costatum could more assimilate these elements. Especially, S. costatum had competitive dominance for assimilating silicon, which is beneficial to its becoming a major dominant species in relative short silicon of the Jiaozhou Bay. There were some differences in numerical value of nutrient ratios both laboratory-cultured phytoplankton and different sized suspended particulates ( mainly phytoplankton) in the Jiaozhou Bay, which was caused by the changes of environment. High contents of carbon, nitrogon and relative low phosporus, sil- icon, high molar ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus (far higher than Redfield value) and low ratio of silicon to phosphorus and silicon to nitrogen (far lower than Redfield values) in the two diatoms and different sized suspended particulates were consistent with those in the seawater. Relative short silicon in the seawater and phytoplankton showed that silicon was possibly affectting phytoplankton growth in the Jiaozhou Bay.展开更多
Partial sequence of Skeletonema costatum proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) gene was obtained by reverse transcriptase PCR(RT-PCR) and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (3'-RACE) techniques. Based on ...Partial sequence of Skeletonema costatum proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) gene was obtained by reverse transcriptase PCR(RT-PCR) and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (3'-RACE) techniques. Based on the obtained PCNA and cytochrome b gene( Cyt b gene) sequences, a real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (FQ-PCR) method was developed to detect the expression S. costatum PCNA gene, and this method was applied to study the relationship between the growth rate of S. costatum and the average expression amount of PCNA gene in a single cell. The expression amount of PCNA gene had large variation in cells collected at different culture phases, and the trend was well consistent with the growth rate, which suggested that the expression amount of PCNA gene correlated well with the cell division, and the PCNA could be a promising indicator for the S. costatum cell proliferation. Furthermore, using the PCNA gene as the objective gene and the Cyt b gene as the house-keeping gene, a new method for estimating the in situ growth rate of S. costatum was established by analysis of the relative expression quantity (REQ) of the PCNA gene.展开更多
To verify the feasibility of high-affinity nitrate transporter gene (Nrt2) as an indicator of nitrogen status, changes in the transcript levels of transcripts associated with phosphate starvation and different nitra...To verify the feasibility of high-affinity nitrate transporter gene (Nrt2) as an indicator of nitrogen status, changes in the transcript levels of transcripts associated with phosphate starvation and different nitrate concentrations were studied using real-time quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (QRT-PCR) technology in batch cultures of Skeletonema costatum. The results show that compared with P-replete condition, P starvation could reduce the Nrt2 transcript levels apparently. Nrt2 transcript levels had a significant negative linear correlation with nitrate concentrations below 40 pmol/L. The results of 48 h short-term incubation experiment under different nitrate concentrations confirmed this correlation, and the following regression equation is built: y = -3.305x + 98.95, R2 = 0.988, where x represents nitrate concentrations (〈40 btmol/L) and y represents the Nrt2 transcript levels.展开更多
Effects of light intensity and quality of three kinds of LED monochromatic lights (blue, green, and red) on the growth of Skeletonema costatum are investigated in batch culture conditions. Seven light intensities (20,...Effects of light intensity and quality of three kinds of LED monochromatic lights (blue, green, and red) on the growth of Skeletonema costatum are investigated in batch culture conditions. Seven light intensities (20, 30, 40, 45, 50, 60 and 80 μmol·m-2·s-1) are used to evaluate the specific growth rate, spectrum absorption coefficient and saturated light intensity of LED monochromatic light. Results show that the growth rates of Skeletonema costatum increase with the enhanced light intensity;however, the light level beyond the saturation light intensity inhibited the growth of Skeletonema costatum. Compared with red and green light, the growth rate of Skeletonema costatum under blue light is higher within saturated light intensity, and saturated light intensity of LED monochromatic light is lower under blue light and higher under green light. It is concluded that under different monochromatic light, the saturated light intensity decreases and the growth rate increases with the increasing of spectrum absorption coefficient.展开更多
Diatoms are the only ecological phytoplankton that require silicic acid for growth.They are also the dominant contributor of ocean's total primary productivity.Generation and circulation with silica walls,which th...Diatoms are the only ecological phytoplankton that require silicic acid for growth.They are also the dominant contributor of ocean's total primary productivity.Generation and circulation with silica walls,which the siliceous organisms form,is an important component of the marine biological pump.It is crucial to the study of the operational mechanisms of biological pump with different sea areas.Moreover,it is the key link to the study of global silicon cycle.This paper introduces the basic mechanism of the formation of diatom silica walls and a new way of researching silicic acid metabolism,namely the 2-(4-pyridyl)-5-((4-(2-dimethylaminoethylaminocarbamoyl)-methoxy)phenyl)oxazole(PDMPO) dyeing method.Under a fluorescence microscope after excitation with bright green fluorescence,it can combine with silicic acid to form a complex into the Si deposition within diatom cells.The advantage of this method is that it can monitor the metabolism of silicate after adding PDMPO.For experimentation and sample collection in each of the specified time points,samples were determinated through the unutilized silicic acid,silica dissoluble intracellular and Si deposition within diatom cells,not only using hot alkaline digestions method but also PDMPO dyeing method.Results showed a good linear relationship between PDMPO fluorescent value and biogenic silica concentration.It was also indicated that PDMPO had no deleterious impact on Skeletonema cf.costatum growth for 34 h and was useful for tracking newly-deposited biogenic silica in diatoms' frustules.展开更多
Cultivable bacteria coexisting in the cultures of two microalgal species, Chattonella marina(Raphidophyceae)and Skeletonema costatum(diatom, Bacillariophyceae), which have been maintained in the laboratory for several...Cultivable bacteria coexisting in the cultures of two microalgal species, Chattonella marina(Raphidophyceae)and Skeletonema costatum(diatom, Bacillariophyceae), which have been maintained in the laboratory for several years, were examined in this study. Forty-eight and thirty-four cultivable bacterial strains were isolated from different growth stages of C. marina and S. costatum cultures, respectively. A total of twelve unique bacterial phylotypes were isolated. These bacterial phylotypes belonged to Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria,Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. Alphaproteobacteria predominated in phycospheres of both microalgae, and Rhodobacteraceae was the most common family. Bacterial phylotypes were more diversified in cultures of S.costatum than in those of C. marina. Bacterial concentrations increased remarkably after the late stationary phase of C. marina, which might account for the decline in algal cells. One phylotype of S. costatum-associated bacteria had inhibitory effects on Chaetoceros curvisetus(Bacillariophyceae). However, most bacterial phylotypes from cultures of C. marina showed significant inhibition of the growth of C. curvisetus. The results suggested that bacteria associated with C. marina might have some ecological roles in its competition with diatoms.展开更多
Skeletonema costatum was submitted to two experiments using UV lights and CO2with the purpose of observing changes in the lipids profile and the synthesis of polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUA) after cell disruption. When...Skeletonema costatum was submitted to two experiments using UV lights and CO2with the purpose of observing changes in the lipids profile and the synthesis of polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUA) after cell disruption. When cells receive CO2 supply, it was noticed that the production of PUA was significantly lower. The same was observed when the culture was treated with a dose of 45.9 kJ·m-2 of ultra-violet A/B ray. The premise to all experiments was the production of 2,4-heptadienal compared to the supply of EPA as substrate. As a result, the same synthesis rate was observed both when the CO2 treatment was applied and in the experiment control. On the other hand, the culture subjected to ultraviolet radiation showed a 68% greater demand with the utilization of the substrate. These observations suggested that EPA was consumed before cell disruption and was probably exuded to the surrounding environment as a sign of stress. Changes in cell morphology could be observed by the migration of the chloroplast nearby the cell wall, where PUA was produced, indicating a defense strategy.展开更多
Harmful algal blooms(HABs) can elicit several negative effects on aquatic environment(such as depleting the oxygen, blocking the sunlight, destroying the habitats of organisms) and life health(including poisoning/kill...Harmful algal blooms(HABs) can elicit several negative effects on aquatic environment(such as depleting the oxygen, blocking the sunlight, destroying the habitats of organisms) and life health(including poisoning/killing marine mammals, birds and human). Among the various control strategies for HABs(physical manipulation needs lots of manpower and expensive equipment, chemicals treatment has some toxic byproduct and high residual, microbial agents only has limited in laboratory research), the coagulation-flocculation of HAB species by modified clay(MC) has been proven to be an effective, lowcost and environmentally friendly method that has been widely applied in the field, particularly in eastern Asia. In order to examine the long-term effects of MC treatment, this study investigated the alternations in seawater of Skeletonema costatum, a high biomass dominant HAB species along the Chinese coast, by comparing the degradation of S. costatum detritus(A1) with the application of MC treatment(A2) and MC treatment in sediment condition(A3). The low dosage of 0.25 g/L MC could efficiently remove 4×108 cells/L of S. costatum cells within 3.5 h(approximately 97% removal). In addition, the results showed that both inorganic and organic nutrients were effectively reduced from seawater by MC particles. Compared to the total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) concentrations in A1 seawater, 44% of TN and 93% of TP in A2 seawater, as well as 72% of TN and 93% of TP in A3 seawater were removed during the onemonth incubation period. Simultaneously, 64% of DISi in A2 and 44% of DISi in A3 significantly decreased( P <0.001). This study demonstrated that MC treatment was able to significantly increase the downward flux of nutrients and delay the release velocity of inorganic nutrient from MC-algae matrix into the overlying seawater, particularly within sediment environment.展开更多
factor experiment was used to study the combined effects of temperature, irradiance and salinity on the growth of an HAB species diatom Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve. The results showed that temperature (12, 19, ...factor experiment was used to study the combined effects of temperature, irradiance and salinity on the growth of an HAB species diatom Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve. The results showed that temperature (12, 19, 25, 32℃), irradiance ((0.02, 0.08, 0.3, 1.6)×10 16 quanta/(s·cm 2)) and salinity (10, 18, 25, 30, 35) significantly influenced the growth of this species. There were interactive effects between any two of and among all three physical factors on the growth. In the experiment, the most optimal growth condition for S. costatum was temparature of 25℃, salinity of 18-35 and irradiance of 1.6×10 16 quanta/(s·cm 2). The results indicated S. costatum could divide at higher rate and were more likely to bloom under high temperature and high illumination from spring to fall. It was able to distribute widely in ocean and estuary due to its adaptation to a wide range of salinities.展开更多
The effects of changing salinity and nitrogen limitation on dimethylsulfoniopropionate(DMSP) and dimethylsulfide(DMS) concentrations were investigated in batch cultures of coastal diatom Skeletonema costatum,an ecolog...The effects of changing salinity and nitrogen limitation on dimethylsulfoniopropionate(DMSP) and dimethylsulfide(DMS) concentrations were investigated in batch cultures of coastal diatom Skeletonema costatum,an ecologically important species.Changes in salinity from 20-32 caused no measurable variation in cell growth or culture yield,but increased intracellular DMSP per cell by 30%.Nitrogen limitation caused up to a two-fold increase in total DMSP per cell and up to a three-fold increase in DMS per cell.These changes in DMSP and DMS per cell in the Skeletonema costatum cultures with nitrogen limitation and changing salinity were primarily attributed to the physiological functions of DMSP as an osmolyte and an antioxidant.The data obtained in this study indicated that nitrogen limitation and salinity may play an important role in climate feedback mechanisms involving biologically derived DMS.展开更多
Algal allelopathy is an ecological/physiological phenomenon that has focused attention on the interactions among algae and the production of algal toxins. We investigated the allelopathic interactions between the dino...Algal allelopathy is an ecological/physiological phenomenon that has focused attention on the interactions among algae and the production of algal toxins. We investigated the allelopathic interactions between the dinoflagellate genus Prorocentrum micans and diatom genus Skeletonema costatum and between P. micans and dinoflagellate genus Karenia mikimotoi using bi-algal cultures. Because the effects were species-specific and size-dependent, we evaluated the effect of different initial densities. At low densities of P. micans and high densities of S. costatum inoculated into the same medium, the growth of P. micans was weakly restrained, whereas the growth of S. costatum was significantly suppressed. S. costatum and K. mikimotoi were strongly inhibited by P. micans, in both the bi-algal cultures and enriched filtrates. Direct cell-to-cell contact was not necessary to gain a competitive advantage, thus, our results suggest that P. micans inhibited the growth of S. costatum and K. mikimotoi by the release of allelochemical(s). Last, a mathematical model was used to simulate growth and interactions between P. micans and S. costatum and between P. micans and K. mikimotoi in bi-algal cultures.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.30270258Scientific Research Rewards Founda-tion for Outstanding Youth Scientists of Shandong Province under contract No.03BS120.
文摘The responses of the interspecific competition between Skeletonema costatum and Heterosigma akashiwo to UV-B radiation enhancement were studied by the co-culture method. The results showed that Heterosigma akashiwo exhibited inhibition on the growth of Skeletonema costatum, and with the increase of initial inoculation density of Heterosigma akashiwo, heavier inhibition on Skeletonema costatum appeared. Under different inoculation proportions, Heterosigma akashiwo could always be in predominance in competition with Skeletonema costatum. The UV-B radiation treatment could change the competition relationship between Skeletonema costatum and Heterosigma akashiwo, which could increase the competitive dominance of Skeletonema costatum and decrease the competitive dominance of Heterosigma akashiwo. When the inoculation proportions of Heterosigma akashiwo and Skeletonema costatum were H∶S=1∶4 and H∶S=1∶1,Skeletonema costatum was in predominance in this competition; however, Heterosigma akashiwo was in predominance when the inoculation proportion was H∶S=4∶1.
基金Supported by the“Strategic Priority Research Program-Climate Change:Carbon Budget and Relevant Issues”of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA05030401)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2014CB441504)+1 种基金the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41230963)the NSFCShandong Province Joint Fund Project(No.U1406403)
文摘The effects of different phosphorus(P) concentrations(0.36, 3.6, and 36 μmol/L corresponding to low-, middle-, and high-P concentration groups, respectively) and nitrogen(N)/P ratios on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of S keletonema costatum and Prorocentrum donghaiense were studied. For both species, the high-P(HP) concentration group showed the greatest algal density and highest specifi c growth rate. Changes in the maximum effi ciency of photosystem Ⅱ(F _v/F_m) were monitored under the various P and N/P conditions. The largest decrease in F _v/F_m was in the low-P(LP) group in S. costatum and in the HP group in P. donghaiense. There were high rapid light curves and photochemical quantum yields(Φ _(PSⅡ)) for S. costatum in the HP group, while the actual photosynthetic capacity was higher in P. donghaiense than in S. costatum in the MP group. Under eutrophic but relatively P-restricted conditions, P. donghaiense had higher photosynthetic activity and potential, which could cause this dinofl agellate to increasingly dominate the phytoplankton community in these conditions. Under the same P concentration and N/P ratio, P. donghaiense had a larger relative maximum rate of electron transport and higher Φ _(PSⅡ) values than those of S. costatum. These differences between P. donghaiense and S. costatum may explain the interaction and succession patterns of these two species in the Changjiang(Yangtze) River estuary from a photosynthesis perspective.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.40776043the Research Foundation of Chinese Ecosystem Re-search Network(Jiaozhou Bay)the Chinese Academy of Sciences under contract No.KZCX3-SW-214
文摘Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon composition of cultured two different sized phytoplankton common species of Thalazsiosira rotula and Skeletonema costatum from the Jiaozhou Bay were measured. Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon contents in cell were obvious higher in T. rotula than in S. costatum, but the percents of nitrogen, phosphorus, sihcon contents in cell dry mass in T. rotula were lower than those in S. costatum. The dry mass concentrations of nitrogen,phosphorus, silicon in S. costatum were much higher than those in T. rotula, particularly silicon, the former was 6. 4 times of the latter, showing that S. costatum could more assimilate these elements. Especially, S. costatum had competitive dominance for assimilating silicon, which is beneficial to its becoming a major dominant species in relative short silicon of the Jiaozhou Bay. There were some differences in numerical value of nutrient ratios both laboratory-cultured phytoplankton and different sized suspended particulates ( mainly phytoplankton) in the Jiaozhou Bay, which was caused by the changes of environment. High contents of carbon, nitrogon and relative low phosporus, sil- icon, high molar ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus (far higher than Redfield value) and low ratio of silicon to phosphorus and silicon to nitrogen (far lower than Redfield values) in the two diatoms and different sized suspended particulates were consistent with those in the seawater. Relative short silicon in the seawater and phytoplankton showed that silicon was possibly affectting phytoplankton growth in the Jiaozhou Bay.
基金The Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.Y5080149 the National Natural Scientifie Foundation of China under contract No.40406028
文摘Partial sequence of Skeletonema costatum proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) gene was obtained by reverse transcriptase PCR(RT-PCR) and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (3'-RACE) techniques. Based on the obtained PCNA and cytochrome b gene( Cyt b gene) sequences, a real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (FQ-PCR) method was developed to detect the expression S. costatum PCNA gene, and this method was applied to study the relationship between the growth rate of S. costatum and the average expression amount of PCNA gene in a single cell. The expression amount of PCNA gene had large variation in cells collected at different culture phases, and the trend was well consistent with the growth rate, which suggested that the expression amount of PCNA gene correlated well with the cell division, and the PCNA could be a promising indicator for the S. costatum cell proliferation. Furthermore, using the PCNA gene as the objective gene and the Cyt b gene as the house-keeping gene, a new method for estimating the in situ growth rate of S. costatum was established by analysis of the relative expression quantity (REQ) of the PCNA gene.
基金The National Basic Research Program of China(973Program)under contract No.2010CB428706the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Creative Research Groups under contract No.41121064the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China under contract No.2008AA09Z107
文摘To verify the feasibility of high-affinity nitrate transporter gene (Nrt2) as an indicator of nitrogen status, changes in the transcript levels of transcripts associated with phosphate starvation and different nitrate concentrations were studied using real-time quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (QRT-PCR) technology in batch cultures of Skeletonema costatum. The results show that compared with P-replete condition, P starvation could reduce the Nrt2 transcript levels apparently. Nrt2 transcript levels had a significant negative linear correlation with nitrate concentrations below 40 pmol/L. The results of 48 h short-term incubation experiment under different nitrate concentrations confirmed this correlation, and the following regression equation is built: y = -3.305x + 98.95, R2 = 0.988, where x represents nitrate concentrations (〈40 btmol/L) and y represents the Nrt2 transcript levels.
文摘Effects of light intensity and quality of three kinds of LED monochromatic lights (blue, green, and red) on the growth of Skeletonema costatum are investigated in batch culture conditions. Seven light intensities (20, 30, 40, 45, 50, 60 and 80 μmol·m-2·s-1) are used to evaluate the specific growth rate, spectrum absorption coefficient and saturated light intensity of LED monochromatic light. Results show that the growth rates of Skeletonema costatum increase with the enhanced light intensity;however, the light level beyond the saturation light intensity inhibited the growth of Skeletonema costatum. Compared with red and green light, the growth rate of Skeletonema costatum under blue light is higher within saturated light intensity, and saturated light intensity of LED monochromatic light is lower under blue light and higher under green light. It is concluded that under different monochromatic light, the saturated light intensity decreases and the growth rate increases with the increasing of spectrum absorption coefficient.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China primarily supported this studyDr.J.Sun received grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41276124 and 41676112)+2 种基金Program for Changjiang Scholars and the Science Fund for University Creative Research Groups in Tianjin(No.TD12-5003)Dr.Y.Feng received grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41306118)Dr.G.Zhang received grants from the Foundation of Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry(Tianjin University of Science&Technology),P.R.China(No.201504)
文摘Diatoms are the only ecological phytoplankton that require silicic acid for growth.They are also the dominant contributor of ocean's total primary productivity.Generation and circulation with silica walls,which the siliceous organisms form,is an important component of the marine biological pump.It is crucial to the study of the operational mechanisms of biological pump with different sea areas.Moreover,it is the key link to the study of global silicon cycle.This paper introduces the basic mechanism of the formation of diatom silica walls and a new way of researching silicic acid metabolism,namely the 2-(4-pyridyl)-5-((4-(2-dimethylaminoethylaminocarbamoyl)-methoxy)phenyl)oxazole(PDMPO) dyeing method.Under a fluorescence microscope after excitation with bright green fluorescence,it can combine with silicic acid to form a complex into the Si deposition within diatom cells.The advantage of this method is that it can monitor the metabolism of silicate after adding PDMPO.For experimentation and sample collection in each of the specified time points,samples were determinated through the unutilized silicic acid,silica dissoluble intracellular and Si deposition within diatom cells,not only using hot alkaline digestions method but also PDMPO dyeing method.Results showed a good linear relationship between PDMPO fluorescent value and biogenic silica concentration.It was also indicated that PDMPO had no deleterious impact on Skeletonema cf.costatum growth for 34 h and was useful for tracking newly-deposited biogenic silica in diatoms' frustules.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41476132 and 41276154
文摘Cultivable bacteria coexisting in the cultures of two microalgal species, Chattonella marina(Raphidophyceae)and Skeletonema costatum(diatom, Bacillariophyceae), which have been maintained in the laboratory for several years, were examined in this study. Forty-eight and thirty-four cultivable bacterial strains were isolated from different growth stages of C. marina and S. costatum cultures, respectively. A total of twelve unique bacterial phylotypes were isolated. These bacterial phylotypes belonged to Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria,Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. Alphaproteobacteria predominated in phycospheres of both microalgae, and Rhodobacteraceae was the most common family. Bacterial phylotypes were more diversified in cultures of S.costatum than in those of C. marina. Bacterial concentrations increased remarkably after the late stationary phase of C. marina, which might account for the decline in algal cells. One phylotype of S. costatum-associated bacteria had inhibitory effects on Chaetoceros curvisetus(Bacillariophyceae). However, most bacterial phylotypes from cultures of C. marina showed significant inhibition of the growth of C. curvisetus. The results suggested that bacteria associated with C. marina might have some ecological roles in its competition with diatoms.
文摘Skeletonema costatum was submitted to two experiments using UV lights and CO2with the purpose of observing changes in the lipids profile and the synthesis of polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUA) after cell disruption. When cells receive CO2 supply, it was noticed that the production of PUA was significantly lower. The same was observed when the culture was treated with a dose of 45.9 kJ·m-2 of ultra-violet A/B ray. The premise to all experiments was the production of 2,4-heptadienal compared to the supply of EPA as substrate. As a result, the same synthesis rate was observed both when the CO2 treatment was applied and in the experiment control. On the other hand, the culture subjected to ultraviolet radiation showed a 68% greater demand with the utilization of the substrate. These observations suggested that EPA was consumed before cell disruption and was probably exuded to the surrounding environment as a sign of stress. Changes in cell morphology could be observed by the migration of the chloroplast nearby the cell wall, where PUA was produced, indicating a defense strategy.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41276115)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2010CB428706)the Fund for Creative Research Groups by NSFC(No.41121064)
文摘Harmful algal blooms(HABs) can elicit several negative effects on aquatic environment(such as depleting the oxygen, blocking the sunlight, destroying the habitats of organisms) and life health(including poisoning/killing marine mammals, birds and human). Among the various control strategies for HABs(physical manipulation needs lots of manpower and expensive equipment, chemicals treatment has some toxic byproduct and high residual, microbial agents only has limited in laboratory research), the coagulation-flocculation of HAB species by modified clay(MC) has been proven to be an effective, lowcost and environmentally friendly method that has been widely applied in the field, particularly in eastern Asia. In order to examine the long-term effects of MC treatment, this study investigated the alternations in seawater of Skeletonema costatum, a high biomass dominant HAB species along the Chinese coast, by comparing the degradation of S. costatum detritus(A1) with the application of MC treatment(A2) and MC treatment in sediment condition(A3). The low dosage of 0.25 g/L MC could efficiently remove 4×108 cells/L of S. costatum cells within 3.5 h(approximately 97% removal). In addition, the results showed that both inorganic and organic nutrients were effectively reduced from seawater by MC particles. Compared to the total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) concentrations in A1 seawater, 44% of TN and 93% of TP in A2 seawater, as well as 72% of TN and 93% of TP in A3 seawater were removed during the onemonth incubation period. Simultaneously, 64% of DISi in A2 and 44% of DISi in A3 significantly decreased( P <0.001). This study demonstrated that MC treatment was able to significantly increase the downward flux of nutrients and delay the release velocity of inorganic nutrient from MC-algae matrix into the overlying seawater, particularly within sediment environment.
文摘factor experiment was used to study the combined effects of temperature, irradiance and salinity on the growth of an HAB species diatom Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve. The results showed that temperature (12, 19, 25, 32℃), irradiance ((0.02, 0.08, 0.3, 1.6)×10 16 quanta/(s·cm 2)) and salinity (10, 18, 25, 30, 35) significantly influenced the growth of this species. There were interactive effects between any two of and among all three physical factors on the growth. In the experiment, the most optimal growth condition for S. costatum was temparature of 25℃, salinity of 18-35 and irradiance of 1.6×10 16 quanta/(s·cm 2). The results indicated S. costatum could divide at higher rate and were more likely to bloom under high temperature and high illumination from spring to fall. It was able to distribute widely in ocean and estuary due to its adaptation to a wide range of salinities.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos. 41030858 and 40525017)the Changjiang Scholars Program,Ministry of Education of China,the Science and Technology Key Project of Shandong Province (No. 2006GG2205024)the Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province
文摘The effects of changing salinity and nitrogen limitation on dimethylsulfoniopropionate(DMSP) and dimethylsulfide(DMS) concentrations were investigated in batch cultures of coastal diatom Skeletonema costatum,an ecologically important species.Changes in salinity from 20-32 caused no measurable variation in cell growth or culture yield,but increased intracellular DMSP per cell by 30%.Nitrogen limitation caused up to a two-fold increase in total DMSP per cell and up to a three-fold increase in DMS per cell.These changes in DMSP and DMS per cell in the Skeletonema costatum cultures with nitrogen limitation and changing salinity were primarily attributed to the physiological functions of DMSP as an osmolyte and an antioxidant.The data obtained in this study indicated that nitrogen limitation and salinity may play an important role in climate feedback mechanisms involving biologically derived DMS.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (Nos. 2011CB200901, 2010CB428706)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.40806053)
文摘Algal allelopathy is an ecological/physiological phenomenon that has focused attention on the interactions among algae and the production of algal toxins. We investigated the allelopathic interactions between the dinoflagellate genus Prorocentrum micans and diatom genus Skeletonema costatum and between P. micans and dinoflagellate genus Karenia mikimotoi using bi-algal cultures. Because the effects were species-specific and size-dependent, we evaluated the effect of different initial densities. At low densities of P. micans and high densities of S. costatum inoculated into the same medium, the growth of P. micans was weakly restrained, whereas the growth of S. costatum was significantly suppressed. S. costatum and K. mikimotoi were strongly inhibited by P. micans, in both the bi-algal cultures and enriched filtrates. Direct cell-to-cell contact was not necessary to gain a competitive advantage, thus, our results suggest that P. micans inhibited the growth of S. costatum and K. mikimotoi by the release of allelochemical(s). Last, a mathematical model was used to simulate growth and interactions between P. micans and S. costatum and between P. micans and K. mikimotoi in bi-algal cultures.