Analysis of Public Sentiment regarding COVID-19 Vaccines on the Social Media Platform Reddit

This study undertakes a thorough analysis of the sentiment within the r/Corona-virus subreddit community regarding COVID-19 vaccines on Reddit. We meticulously collected and processed 34,768 comments, spanning from November 20, 2020, to January 17, 2021, using sentiment calculation methods such as TextBlob and Twitter-RoBERTa-Base-sentiment to categorize comments into positive, negative, or neutral sentiments. The methodology involved the use of Count Vectorizer as a vectorization technique and the implementation of advanced ensemble algorithms like XGBoost and Random Forest, achieving an accuracy of approximately 80%. Furthermore, through the Dirichlet latent allocation, we identified 23 distinct reasons for vaccine distrust among negative comments. These findings are crucial for understanding the community’s attitudes towards vaccination and can guide targeted public health messaging. Our study not only provides insights into public opinion during a critical health crisis, but also demonstrates the effectiveness of combining natural language processing tools and ensemble algorithms in sentiment analysis.

Hearing loss and tinnitus associated with COVID-19 vaccines:An analysis from the national pharmacovigilance database in Malaysia

Objective:To compare the reporting pattern of hearing loss and tinnitus across different vaccines brands used in Malaysia(BNT162b2,CoronaVac,ChAdOx1,Ad5.CoV2-S and BBIBP-CorV).Methods:This retrospective study included all reports of hearing loss and tinnitus occurring after COVID-19 vaccination that were received in the national pharmacovigilance database,QUEST,from February 24,2021 through July 31,2022.Reports given causality consistent or indeterminate were included.Results:There were 21 cases of hearing loss,with overall reporting rate of 0.29 cases per million doses.The rate was similar across BNT162b2,CoronaVac and ChAdOx1.For tinnitus,35 cases were reported,with the overall reporting rate of 0.49 cases per million doses,and the highest rate was reported for ChAdOx1.For both events,most cases aged 30 to 49 years.No gender disparity was observed.Both events were mainly reported to have occurred after the primary doses,with a median time-to-onset of two days.There were no statistically significant differences in the reporting patterns for both events across BNT162b2,CoronaVac and ChAdOx1 by age group,gender,race,and dose number.Conclusions:Despite the low reporting rates and insufficient evidence to confirm its relationship,hearing loss and tinnitus following vaccinations should not be ignored due to its disabling potential and impact on one’s quality of life.Continual reporting is encouraged for better signal characterization in the future.

Effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccines in patients with oncological diseases:State-of-the-art

Although the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic was declared to be no longer“a public health emergency of international concern”with its wide range of clinical manifestations and late complications,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection proved to be a serious threat,especially to the elderly and patients with comorbidities.Patients with oncologic diseases are vulnerable to severe infection and death.Indeed,patients with oncohematological diseases have a higher risk of severe COVID-19 and impaired post-vaccination immunity.Unfortunately,cancer patients are usually excluded from vaccine trials and investigations of post-vaccinal immune responses and the effectiveness of the vaccines.We aimed to elucidate to what extent patients with cancer are at increased risk of developing severe COVID-19 and what is their overall case fatality rate.We also present the current concept and evidence on the effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccines,including boosters,in oncology patients.In conclusion,despite the considerably higher mortality in the cancer patient group than the general population,countries with high vaccination rates have demonstrated trends toward improved survival of cancer patients early and late in the pandemic.

Real-world effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in the elderly during the Delta and Omicron variants:Systematic review

BACKGROUND As of 31 December 2022,there were over 6.6 million coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)deaths and over 651 million cases across 200 countries worldwide.Despite the increase in vaccinations and booster shots,COVID-19 cases and deaths continue to remain high.While the effectiveness of these vaccines has already been established by different manufacturers,the fact remains that these vaccines were created quickly for global emergency use,tested under controlled clinical conditions from voluntary subjects and age groups whose general characteristics may differ from the actual general population.AIM To conduct a systematic review to determine the real-world effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in the elderly during the predominance of Delta and Omicron variants in preventing COVID-19 related infection,hospital,intensive care unit(ICU)admission and intubation,and death.METHODS A combination of Medical Subject Headings and non–Medical Subject Headings was carried out to identify all relevant research articles that meets the inclusion and exclusion criteria from PubMed,Cochrane,CINAHL,Scopus,ProQuest,EMBASE,Web of Science,and Google Scholar databases,as well as qualified research studies from pre–print servers using medRxiv and Research Square,published from January 1,2021-December 31,2022.RESULTS As per the inclusion and exclusion criteria,the effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines were evaluated from an estimated total study population of 26535692 using infection,hospital,ICU admission and intubation,and death as outcome measures from studies published between 2021 and 2022,conducted in New York,Finland,Canada,Costa Rica,Qatar,Greece,and Brazil.The risk of bias was evaluated using risk of bias in nonrandomized studies of interventions(ROBINS-I)tool for cohort,case-control,and cross-sectional studies.While clinical trial data on Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines demonstrated 94%vaccine effectiveness in the elderly,the results in this study showed that vaccine effectiveness in real-world settings is marginally lower against infection(40%-89%),hospitalization(92%),ICU admission and intubation(98%-85%),and death(77%-87%)with an indication of diminished effectiveness of vaccine over time.Furthermore,2 doses of mRNA vaccines are inadequate and only provides interim protection.CONCLUSION Because of the natural diminishing effectiveness of the vaccine,the need for booster dose to restore its efficacy is vital.From a research perspective,the use of highly heterogeneous outcome measures inhibits the comparison,contrast,and integration of the results which makes data pooling across different studies problematic.While pharmaceutical intervention like vaccination is important to fight an epidemic,utilizing common outcome measurements or carrying out studies with minimal heterogeneity in outcome measurements,is equally crucial to better understand and respond to an international health crisis.

Effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccines in patients with diabetes as a factor for vaccine hesitancy

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common comorbid conditions encountered in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection accompanied by significantly increased mortality,prolonged hospital stay,and requirement of invasive mechanical ventilation.This review aims to present the effectiveness and safety profile of available coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccines in people with diabetes as a potential cause of hesitancy for vaccination.Data from published research proves a robust immune response following immunization for COVID-19 in diabetic patients with substantial production of virus-neutralizing antibodies;however,the observed immune response was unequivocally weaker than that in individuals without diabetes.This observation was further enhanced by the findings that worse glycemic control was associated with more suppressed antibody production.In contrast,individuals with optimal glycemic control performed similarly to healthy controls.In addition to the need for strict glucose monitoring and adequate diabetes treatment,those findings reinforce the concept of diabetes-induced secondary immune deficiency and necessitate the application of booster doses to diabetic patients with priority.Nevertheless,after vaccination,reported adverse events were not different from those in the general population.No increase in severe adverse events was documented.While single case reports detected transient increases in blood glucose post-vaccination,more extensive trials could not replicate such a relationship.

Possible Effect of COVID-19 Vaccines on Menstruation in Cape Coast, Ghana, West Africa: Case Series Report

Covid-19 was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization;it has caused more than 4,697,099 deaths worldwide. Since the discovery of Vaccines, the rate of infections and deaths are declining in countries that were able to conduct mass vaccination, making the vaccines the most effect tool in the fight against Covid-19. However, there is still vaccination skepticism. The side effects of vaccines could fuel more skepticism. There are emerging possible new side effects such as abnormal uterine bleeding post Covid-19 vaccination, for which health care providers and the population should be aware. In this paper, we are reporting three (3) cases of abnormal uterine bleeding which seems to be linked to Covid-19 vaccines. We reported two incidents of heavy menstrual bleeding and one incident of inter-menstrual bleeding which are likely associated with COVID 19 vaccination, even though the causality could not be confirmed. Also both types of vaccines, Messenger RNA and Adenovirus vector could possibly be associated with abnormal uterine bleeding. As research is still ongoing, more knowledge would be available, meanwhile, healthcare providers and the population should be made aware of the new possible side effects of Covid-19 vaccines.

Mucosal COVID-19 vaccines:Risks,benefits and control of the pandemic

Based on mucosal immunization to promote both mucosal and systemic immune responses,next-generation coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccines would be administered intranasally or orally.The goal of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)vaccines is to provide adequate immune protection and avoid severe disease and death.Mucosal vaccine candidates for COVID-19 including vector vaccines,recombinant subunit vaccines and live attenuated vaccines are under development.Furthermore,subunit protein vaccines and virus-vectored vaccines have made substantial progress in preclinical and clinical settings,resulting in SARS-CoV-2 intranasal vaccines based on the previously successfully used nasal vaccines.Additional to their ability to trigger stable,protective immune responses at the sites of pathogenic infection,the development of‘specific’mucosal vaccines targeting coronavirus antigens could be an excellent option for preventing future pandemics.However,their efficacy and safety should be confirmed.

Novel Cascade Refrigeration Cycle for Cold Supply Chain of COVID-19 Vaccines at Ultra-Low Temperature -80°C Using Ethane (R170) Based Hydrocarbon Pair

Several media report highlight on that the pharmaceutical companies require ultra-low temperatures -80°C to transport and store its COVID-19 vaccines. This research presents the thermodynamic analysis on cascade refrigeration system (CRS) with several refrigerant pairs which are R32/R170, R123/R170, R134a/R170, R404A/R170, R407c/R170, R410/R170, and the hydrocarbon (HC) refrigerant pair Propane/Ethane, namely R290/R170. Besides, the results of R22/R170 pair, which is not recommended to be used due to phase out of R22 as per Montréal Protocol, are included as base case to compare the novel hydrocarbon pairs in CRS and the old trend of refrigerant pairs. Thermodynamic properties of all these pairs were investigated and compared under different intermediate temperature used in CRS heat exchanger, which thermally connected both the Low and High temperature cycles (LTC) and (HTC). By applying the first law of thermodynamics, the coefficients of performance (COPs) and the specific power consumptions (SPC) in kW/TR are presented and compared. In addition, by applying the second law of thermodynamics the exergetic efficiencies were estimated. The results reveal the promising opportunity of using the HC pair (R290/R170). The minimum SPC in kW/TR is recorded for the pair R123/R170. One the other hand, the highest exegetic efficiency values are observed to be 40%, 38%, and 35% for the pairs R123/R170, R290/R170, and R134/R170, respectively. This research concludes that the HC pair (R290/R170) is highly recommended for CRS applications either to transport the COVID-19 or store it in cold storage rooms in hospitals and clinics. All precautionary measures should be carefully applied in design and operation of HC pair (R290/R170) due to its flammability hazard.

The Perspective of Covid-19 Vaccines: What Needs to Be Known and Its Expected Effect on the Human Population?

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is a devastating blow to the entire world community and changes the order of human life. Purpose: All efforts and strategies are being carried out to contain and reduce the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus by tightening the health protocol and using vaccines for the public. Currently, several vaccines are available and have passed phase 3 clinical trials, such as vector vaccines (Gamaleya Sputnik V Russia, University of Oxford/AstraZeneca, CanSino, and Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies), mRNA-based vaccines (Moderna/BioNTech/Fosun Pharma/Pfizer), inactivated vaccines (Sinovac and Sinopharm from China, Covaxin from Bharat Biotech India) and adjuvanted recombinant protein nanoparticles (Novavax from the USA), which are expected to be able to suppress the spread of the virus and produce a minimum of 70% herd immunity in a population. This study uses a narrative review from reputable publications and is closely related to the topic. Result: Each vaccine’s efficacy varies from the lowest, namely, the Sinovac vaccine (CoronaVac) 50%, to the highest the Novavax vaccine (NVX-Cov2373) 96% effectivity value. However, further rigorous research is still being carried out to develop an effective and efficient vaccine. Health workers are the last bastion to handle COVID-19 patients. Conclusion: The primary purpose of the present immunization is to prevent and minimize the spread of COVID-19. At this time, the availability of a variety of vaccines is expected to provide strategic answers to the pandemic scenario that has afflicted countries all over the world.

COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance and Hesitancy among Pregnant Women: A Knowledge, Attitude, and Perceived Risks Survey in Lusaka, Zambia

Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by SARS-CoV-2. Since its emergence, there have been increased rates of transmission and spread, morbidity and mortality which led to the development of COVID-19 vaccines to address the pandemic. This study assessed acceptance, knowledge, attitude, and perceived risks regarding COVID-19 vaccines among pregnant women attending antenatal care at two First-Level Hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted among 241 pregnant women using a questionnaire from August 2023 to October 2023 in two First-Level Hospitals in Lusaka district, Zambia. The collected data were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. Statistical analysis was performed using a Chi-square test. The statistical significance was set at a 95% confidence level. Results: Of the 241 participants, 107 (42.7%) were aged between 24 and 34 years. Overall, 64.3% accepted the COVID-19 vaccines, of which 122 (50.6%) were already vaccinated. Further, 203 (84.6%) of the pregnant women had good knowledge, and 199 (82.6%) had positive attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines. However, 58.5% thought COVID-19 vaccines were not safe and could cause infertility. Alongside this, 70.1% thought that COVID-19 vaccines were harmful during pregnancy. Having good knowledge of COVID-19 vaccines was associated with age (p = 0.049), education status (p = 0.001), and employment status (p = 0.001). Having a positive attitude towards COVID-19 vaccines was associated with education status (p = 0.001) and employment status (p = 0.001). Conclusion: This study found that most pregnant women had good knowledge, and positive attitudes, and the majority accepted the COVID-19 vaccine. Encouragingly, most of the pregnant women who accepted the COVID-19 vaccines were already vaccinated. Most pregnant women thought that COVID-19 vaccines had side effects, were not safe, and could be harmful during pregnancy. Consequently, this could have contributed to the hesitancy to receive a vaccine among some participants. The findings of this study demonstrate the need to provide pregnant women with continuous educational programs on the benefits of vaccinations for themselves and their children.

Herbal medicine use in Republic of Korea to alleviate side effects of COVID-19 vaccines:A cross-sectional study

Objective:Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has spread worldwide,and several virus variants have emerged.Vaccines are administered to help prevent the infection.In Republic of Korea,most people take herbal medicine.This study investigated the use of herbal medicine to counter the side effects of COVID-19 vaccines.Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey.Chi-square tests were used to determine differences in the use of herbal medication according to sociodemographic characteristics.Independent two-sample and paired t-tests were performed to examine the effect and satisfaction of herbal medicine use for countering the side effects of COVID-19 vaccines.One-way analysis of variance was used to determine vaccine-related differences.Results:A total of 233 and 181 participants received the first and second doses of COVID-19 vaccines,respectively.The majority of herbal medicine users were in their thirties,had a bachelor’s degree,suffered from side effects of vaccination,and received Vaxzevria for their first COVID-19 vaccine dose and Comirnaty for their second dose.The herbal medicine group had a higher satisfaction level of postvaccination side effects than the non-herbal medicine group(P<0.0001).The numeric rating scale scores for vaccination side effects were lower among participants who took herbal medication to alleviate those symptoms(P<0.0001).The most commonly used herbal formula was Shuanghetang.Conclusion:A third of participants receiving COVID-19 vaccines used herbal medication to counter the side effects of vaccination.The use of herbal medicine was associated with age,education level,vaccine brand,and whether side effects of vaccination occurred.Herbal medication use was associated with greater satisfaction compared to vaccine recipients not using herbal medication.

COVID-19 vaccination produces exercise-responsive SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells regardless of infection history

Background:The mobilization and redistribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)specific T-cells and neutralizing antibodies(nAbs)during exercise is purported to increase immune surveillance and protect against severe coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).We sought to determine if COVID-19 vaccination would elicit exercise-responsive SARS-CoV-2 T-cells and transiently alter nAb titers.Methods:Eighteen healthy participants completed a 20-min bout of graded cycling exercise before and/or after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine.All major leukocyte subtypes were enumerated before,during,and after exercise by flow cytometry,and immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 were determined using whole blood peptide stimulation assays,T-cell receptor(TCR)-βsequencing,and SARS-CoV-2 nAb serology.Results:COVID-19 vaccination had no effect on the mobilization or egress of major leukocyte subsets in response to intensity-controlled graded exercise.However,non-infected participants had a significantly reduced mobilization of CD4+and CD8+naive T-cells,as well as CD4+central memory T-cells,after vaccination(synthetic immunity group);this was not seen after vaccination in those with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection(hybrid immunity group).Acute exercise after vaccination robustly mobilized SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells to blood in an intensity-dependent manner.Both groups mobilized T-cells that reacted to spike protein;however,only the hybrid immunity group mobilized T-cells that reacted to membrane and nucleocapsid antigens.nAbs increased significantly during exercise only in the hybrid immunity group.Conclusion:These data indicate that acute exercise mobilizes SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells that recognize spike protein and increases the redistribution of nAbs in individuals with hybrid immunity.

Covid-19 vaccination in pregnancy and placental pathology

Objective:To describe and determine the association between Covid-19 vaccination in pregnancy and placental pathology.Methods:Conducted in a tertiary hospital in Medan,Indonesia,from April 30th 2022 to June 30th 2022,this single-center cross-sectional study involved Covid-19 vaccinated and unvaccinated women with singleton full-term pregnancies delivering live fetuses via cesarean section.Maternal characteristics,placental pathologies,and the placental index were documented at enrollment.The association between Covid-19 vaccination status and placental pathology was assessed.Results:The study enrolled 200 pregnant women,including 110 vaccinated women and 90 unvaccinated women.No significant differences were observed in birthweight(P=0.48),placental index(P=0.48),and placental pathology findings[intervillous bleeding(P=0.20),increased syncytial knots(P=0.83),chorangiosis(P=0.13),villous stromal edema(P=0.13),vascular dilation and congestion(P=0.13),and vascular wall thrombus(P=0.71)]between the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups.Conclusions:This study revealed no statistically significant association between Covid-19 vaccination and placental pathology.The findings support the safety of Covid-19 vaccination during pregnancy,in regards to changes of the placental pathology.

Current status and future challenges with Coronavirus(COVID-19):an update on vaccines

SARS-COV-2 coronavirus causes COVID-19,which is a respiratory disease.COVID-19,the common cold,seasonal allergies,and the flu have many similar symptoms.COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2,while rhinoviruses most often cause the common cold.The World Health Organization issued notifications on December 30,2019,and January 30,2020,classifying this viral disease as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.SARS-CoV-2 was detected in humans and animals in 2019.Several investigations are underway to cure COVID-19 and develop a vaccine to prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2.Several COVID-19 vaccines have now been approved or licensed for human use(SII/Covishield,AstraZeneca/AZD1222,Janssen/Ad26.COV 2.S,Sinopharm,Moderna,Sinovac-CoronaVac,Covaxin).Four issues arise in the research and manufacture of the COVID-19 vaccine:production,affordability,allocation and deployment.The adenovirus-vectored and mRNA-based vaccines for COVID-19 showed the highest efficacy after the first and second doses,respectively.The mRNA-based vaccines had higher side effects.Remarkably few experienced extreme adverse effects and all stimulated robust immune responses.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding Covid-19 and their relationship with Covid-19 booster vaccination status among women with infertility

Objective:To elucidate the relationship among knowledge,attitudes,and practices regarding Covid-19 and their relationship with booster vaccination status among women with infertility.Methods:This questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was performed online and offline among women with infertility who visited an infertility clinic in Jakarta,Indonesia.We assessed the patient’s knowledge,attitudes,and practices regarding Covid-19 and their relationship with booster vaccination status and sociodemographic profile.Results:A total of 178 subjects participated in this study,and most participants(92.6%)had received booster Covid-19 vaccines.From the questionnaire,74.2%had good knowledge,and 99.4%had good attitudes regarding Covid-19;however,only 57.9%of patients had good practices.A weak positive correlation existed between knowledge and attitudes(r=0.11,P=0.13)and a moderate negative correlation between attitudes and practices(r=-0.44,P=0.56).Participants’knowledge about vaccines and infertility was correlated with booster vaccination status(P=0.04).Academic background(P=0.01)and attitudes(P=0.01)were also correlated with booster vaccination status.The significant determinants of hesitance of receiving Covid-19 booster vaccines were high school education or below(OR=0.08,95%CI 0.02-0.36)and poor practices(OR=0.21,95%CI 0.05-0.95).Conclusions:The majority of the participants had received the Covid-19 booster vaccine and had good knowledge and attitudes but poor practices regarding Covid-19.Most participants had poor knowledge about the relationship between infertility and the Covid-19 vaccine.The general population should be more informed and reminded about practices to prevent Covid-19 and the relationship between vaccination and fertility to increase the number of people who receive Covid-19 booster vaccines.

COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake and Associated Factors in Selected Communities in Two Southwestern States in Nigeria

Introduction: COVID-19 vaccine uptake and acceptance have been a major global concern due to the prevalent misinformation and disinformation that has characterized the vaccine rollout worldwide. This study aimed to assess COVID-19 vaccine uptake and acceptance, and associated factors among selected community members in two states in southwestern Nigeria. Method: We conducted a cross-sectional study using a multistage sampling technique. Fifty catchment settlements of 10 health facilities in each of Oyo and Ogun States targeted for a COVID-19 infection prevention and control intervention were randomly selected. Four households were targeted per settlement. All households that refused access were replaced, to ensure a minimum of four households randomly selected per settlement. The primary household decision-maker was interviewed in each household. Information elicited included respondents’ sociodemographic characteristics, health history, knowledge, risk and benefit perception about the COVID-19 vaccine, vaccine uptake, and willingness to be vaccinated. The study was conducted from July–August 2021. Data were analyzed using SPSS IBM version 23. Result: Four hundred household decision-makers were surveyed in Oyo and Ogun states, after replacement. The mean age of the respondents was 43.0 ± 11.0 years. The majority, 346 (86.5%) had heard about COVID-19 vaccination, but only 47 (13.6%) had received a COVID-19 vaccination. Of the 299 respondents who reported not receiving a COVID-19 vaccination, 166 (55.5%) were willing to be vaccinated. In univariate analysis, respondents who were female had tertiary education, perceived that COVID-19 vaccines are free and accessible, perceived that COVID-19 vaccines have minimal side effects, and perceived higher benefits of COVID-19 vaccination had higher odds of being vaccinated. In contrast, younger respondents, respondents with higher knowledge scores on COVID-19 preventive measures, and with chronic illness had lower likelihoods of being vaccinated. In multivariate analysis, only the respondent’s age, perception score on COVID-19 vaccine benefits, knowledge score on IPC measures, and positive response on accessibility and safety were significant after adjusting for other factors. Conclusion: COVID-19 vaccine uptake rate as well as willingness to receive vaccination were low in the study setting. There is an urgent need for policymakers to embark on well-designed campaigns to address barriers to COVID-19 vaccination to increase vaccine uptake.

Revaccination after Acute Kidney Injury Associated with Prior COVID-19 Vaccination: Case Report

Background: Acute kidney injury associated with proteinuria has been reported following vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 several times since 2021. Decisions about subsequent revaccination in these patients have been difficult because of the uncertainty of the consequences of doing so, and the absence of publications to help determine whether revaccination may be considered safe or not. Purpose: We present a case report of a 59-year-old Canadian man who developed severe acute kidney injury associated with moderate proteinuria following his first COVID-19 vaccine with the Moderna vaccine (an mRNA vaccine). He required haemodialysis for 2 weeks, which was initiated when his creatinine reached 1002 μmol/l. A kidney biopsy showed changes consistent with acute tubular necrosis. The patient was cautioned that repeat vaccination might result in further kidney injury which might be irreversible. However, he badly wanted to attempt a second COVID-19 vaccination, to facilitate a family vacation across several countries in Europe, at a time when travel restrictions were in place in many countries for persons who had not completed a course of vaccines. Method: Following deliberations, the patient chose to try a different type of Covid-19 vaccine. On this occasion, he was vaccinated with the Novavax vaccine (a subunit COVID-19 vaccine). Following this, close monitoring of his urine to detect proteinuria and blood testing for acute kidney injury were carried out on days 1, 3, 7, and 60 after vaccination. Furthermore, a year after his repeat vaccination, his kidney function and urinalysis were again assessed. Result and Conclusions: The patient did not develop acute kidney injury or worsening proteinuria following repeat vaccination. It remains unclear if acute kidney injury with proteinuria is caused by Covid-19 vaccination, or simply an incidental association. This case report suggests that it is may be reasonable for patients with acute kidney injury after COVID-19 vaccination to consider trying a different type of vaccine. In situations where a new virulent strain of virus emerges or in patients at risk of severe complication from infection, it may be reasonable to consider revaccination following appropriate counselling with close monitoring of renal function.

COVID-19 Vaccination Status and Severe Outcomes among Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 in West Africa, Togo, 2021

Objectives: More than a year after its introduction, COVID-19 vaccination coverage was low in the Togolese population and little data were available on its benefits for hospitalized patients. This study aimed to describe the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on the prognosis of hospitalized patients. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to the Centre Hospitalier Régional Lomé Commune (Togo) between June 1, 2021 and May 31, 2022. Primary outcomes (admission to the intensive care unit and death) were presented with frequency and proportion. Mortality rates were presented by sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and compared by appropriate statistical tests. Factors associated with inpatient death were described by performing a Cox proportional hazard regression. Results: A total of 604 patients were hospitalized (50.0% women). The mean age was 54.03 ±17.1 years. Only 55 patients were fully vaccinated (9.1%). ICU admission was significantly more frequent in unvaccinated patients than in vaccinated ones (63.0% vs. 38.2%;p Conclusion: COVID-19 vaccination had a significant benefit for patients with COVID-19 infection in terms of reducing the risk of death. Based on real-world data from sub-Saharan Africa, this information can help optimize the benefit of COVID-19 vaccination by raising community awareness and increasing vaccine coverage while reducing hesitancy.

A Stochastic Model to Assess the Epidemiological Impact of Vaccine Booster Doses on COVID-19 and Viral Hepatitis B Co-Dynamics with Real Data

A patient co-infected with COVID-19 and viral hepatitis B can be atmore risk of severe complications than the one infected with a single infection.This study develops a comprehensive stochastic model to assess the epidemiological impact of vaccine booster doses on the co-dynamics of viral hepatitis B and COVID-19.The model is fitted to real COVID-19 data from Pakistan.The proposed model incorporates logistic growth and saturated incidence functions.Rigorous analyses using the tools of stochastic calculus,are performed to study appropriate conditions for the existence of unique global solutions,stationary distribution in the sense of ergodicity and disease extinction.The stochastic threshold estimated from the data fitting is given by:R_(0)^(S)=3.0651.Numerical assessments are implemented to illustrate the impact of double-dose vaccination and saturated incidence functions on the dynamics of both diseases.The effects of stochastic white noise intensities are also highlighted.

Study of Factors Associated with the Practice of Vaccination against COVID-19 among Medical Science Students in Dakar (Senegal)

Introduction: Almost a year after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, Senegal embarked on a vaccination campaign to protect its population. The objective of this study was to identify the factors influencing the COVID-19 vaccination practices within a health training university in Dakar. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study carried out from October 21 2021 to February 21 2022 among students at the Elhadj Ibrahima Niass private University in Dakar, Senegal. A 28-question online questionnaire was sent to all students enrolled at the university during this period. Results: Of the 576 students who responded, the average age was 22.60 years, with females predominating (57.81%). Medical students accounted for 66.14% of participants, pharmacy 22.40% and dental surgery 11.46%. Of these, 42.01% were bachelor’s students, 29.51% master’s students and 28.47% doctoral students. Vaccination coverage was 50.35%. Students who considered COVID-19 to be very dangerous were more likely to be vaccinated (OR = 5.05 [2.24-11.9]). Those with poor knowledge of vaccines were less likely to be vaccinated (OR = 0.07 [0.03-0.18]), as were those with poor knowledge of contraindications to vaccination (OR = 0.49 [0.28-0.86]). No association was found between vaccination status and socio-demographic or educational characteristics. Conclusion: In view of the importance of knowledge about COVID-19 vaccination, our results suggest that it is important to involve health students in the Ministry of Health’s awareness-raising strategies, because their support is necessary for better public awareness.