Effects of acid-rock reaction on physical properties during CO_(2)-rich industrial waste gas(CO_(2)-rich IWG)injection in shale reservoirs

"Carbon peaking and carbon neutrality"is an essential national strategy,and the geological storage and utilization of CO_(2)is a hot issue today.However,due to the scarcity of pure CO_(2)gas sources in China and the high cost of CO_(2)capture,CO_(2)-rich industrial waste gas(CO_(2)-rich IWG)is gradually emerging into the public's gaze.CO_(2)has good adsorption properties on shale surfaces,but acidic gases can react with shale,so the mechanism of the CO_(2)-rich IWG-water-shale reaction and the change in reservoir properties will determine the stability of geological storage.Therefore,based on the mineral composition of the Longmaxi Formation shale,this study constructs a thermodynamic equilibrium model of water-rock reactions and simulates the regularity of reactions between CO_(2)-rich IWG and shale minerals.The results indicate that CO_(2)consumed 12%after reaction,and impurity gases in the CO_(2)-rich IWG can be dissolved entirely,thus demonstrating the feasibility of treating IWG through water-rock reactions.Since IWG inhibits the dissolution of CO_(2),the optimal composition of CO_(2)-rich IWG is 95%CO_(2)and 5%IWG when CO_(2)geological storage is the main goal.In contrast,when the main goal is the geological storage of total CO_(2)-rich IWG or impurity gas,the optimal CO_(2)-rich IWG composition is 50%CO_(2)and 50%IWG.In the CO_(2)-rich IWG-water-shale reaction,temperature has less influence on the water-rock reaction,while pressure is the most important parameter.SO2 has the greatest impact on water-rock reaction in gas.For minerals,clay minerals such as illite and montmorillonite had a significant effect on water-rock reaction.The overall reaction is dominated by precipitation and the volume of the rock skeleton has increased by 0.74 cm3,resulting in a decrease in shale porosity,which enhances the stability of CO_(2)geological storage to some extent.During the reaction between CO_(2)-rich IWG-water-shale at simulated temperatures and pressures,precipitation is the main reaction,and shale porosity decreases.However,as the reservoir water content increases,the reaction will first dissolve and then precipitate before dissolving again.When the water content is less than 0.0005 kg or greater than 0.4 kg,it will lead to an increase in reservoir porosity,which ultimately reduces the long-term geological storage stability of CO_(2)-rich IWG.

CO_(2)emission evaluation and cost analysis of oxygen blast furnace process with sintering flue gas injection

In order to achieve ultra-low emissions of SO_(2)and NOx,the oxygen blast furnace with sintering flue gas injection is presented as a promising novel process.The CO_(2)emission was examined,and a cost analysis of the process was conducted.The results show that in the cases when the top gas is not circulated(Cases 1–3),and the volume of injected sintering flue gas per ton of hot metal is below about 1250 m^(3),the total CO_(2)emissions decrease first and then increase as the oxygen content of the blast increases.When the volume of injected sintering flue gas per ton of hot metal exceeds approximately 1250 m^(3),the total CO_(2)emissions gradually decrease.When the recirculating top gas and the vacuum pressure swing adsorption are considered,the benefits of recovered gas can make the ironmaking cost close to or even lower than that of the ordinary blast furnace.Furthermore,the implementation of this approach leads to a substantial reduction in total CO_(2)emissions,with reductions of 69.13%(Case 4),70.60%(Case 5),and 71.07%(Case 6),respectively.By integrating previous research and current findings,the reasonable oxygen blast furnace with sintering flue gas injection can not only realize desulfurization and denitrification,but also achieve the goal of reducing CO_(2)emissions and ironmaking cost.

Numerical Simulation of Asphaltene Precipitation and Deposition during Natural Gas and CO_(2) Injection

Asphaltene deposition is a significant problem during gas injection processes,as it can block the porous medium,the wellbore,and the involved facilities,significantly impacting reservoir productivity and ultimate oil recovery.Only a few studies have investigated the numerical modeling of this potential effect in porous media.This study focuses on asphaltene deposition due to natural gas and CO_(2) injection.Predictions of the effect of gas injection on asphaltene deposition behavior have been made using a 3D numerical simulation model.The results indicate that the injection of natural gas exacerbates asphaltene deposition,leading to a significant reduction in permeability near the injection well and throughout the reservoir.This reduction in permeability strongly affects the ability of gas toflow through the reservoir,resulting in an improvement of the displacement front.The displacement effi-ciency of the injection gas process increases by up to 1.40%when gas is injected at 5500 psi,compared to the scenario where the asphaltene model is not considered.CO_(2) injection leads to a miscible process with crude oil,extracting light and intermediate components,which intensifies asphaltene precipitation and increases the viscosity of the remaining crude oil,ultimately reducing the recovery rate.

CF_(3)H和CO_(2)抑制CH_(4)爆炸实验研究

为对比研究CF_(3)H和CO_(2)对CH_(4)爆炸特性的抑制效果,使用20 L球型爆炸压力测试系统分别测量对比2种抑制剂对CH_(4)在空气中爆炸极限范围的影响;研究了不同体积分数的2种抑制剂对CH_(4)体积分数9.5%爆炸压力参数影响,分析了2种抑制剂针对CH_(4)在空气中爆炸的爆炸三角形。结果表明:CF_(3)H和CO_(2)均能缩小CH_(4)在空气中的爆炸极限范围,抑制CH_(4)至失爆所需CF_(3)H和CO_(2)体积分数分别为12.5%和21.5%;对比抑制CH_(4)体积分数9.5%的爆炸参数(反应峰值压力和升压速率),10%CF_(3)H的抑爆能力是等量CO_(2)的1.95倍和1.3倍,但是低于体积分数4%的CF_(3)H单独使用时对CH_(4)爆炸存在微弱的促进作用;2种抑制剂作用下的爆炸三角形显示CF_(3)H抑制下的可爆区域面积小于CO_(2),安全区域内CF_(3)H的窒息比是CO_(2)的57%。

CO_(2)-多孔材料协同抑制甲烷爆炸特性

为探究CO_(2)协同多孔材料对甲烷爆炸特性的影响,自主设计了100 mm×100 mm×1 000 mm爆炸管道并搭建实验平台,研究不同多孔材料孔隙度及CO_(2)喷气压力对甲烷爆炸火焰结构、火焰传播速度和爆炸超压的影响。结果表明:多孔材料对火焰波有衰减和促进2种效果,当多孔材料孔隙度为10和20 PPI时,未能成功阻爆,而当孔隙度为40 PPI时,阻爆效果明显;CO_(2)喷气压力有一定的阻爆效果,当多孔材料为10和20 PPI时,随着CO_(2)喷气压力的升高,火焰速度峰值逐渐减小,衰减率最大可达13.64%,且爆炸超压峰值也随之下降,其衰减率最大可达52.83%。综合火焰速度和压力变化分析可知,当多孔材料的孔隙度为40 PPI、CO_(2)喷气压力为0.4 MPa时,阻抑爆效果最显著。

CO_(2)相变冲击下岩石损伤演化规律研究

【目的】CO_(2)相变致裂技术具有环保、低危险、便于控制等优点,被广泛应用于矿产开采、工程施工等领域。探究CO_(2)相变致裂损伤演化规律对爆破施工参数的选取具有重要意义。【方法】针对等当量炸药损伤模型描述CO_(2)相变破岩过程的局限性,采用理想气体状态方程表述超临界CO_(2)相变过程,结合Mises准则给出相变作用下的岩石损伤半径计算模型,基于LS-DYNA软件建立相变作用下岩石损伤计算模型,分析了CO_(2)相变作用下岩石损伤演化规律,并进一步讨论了破裂压力、致裂管型号等参数对岩石损伤演化的影响。【结果】建立的相变岩石损伤半径计算模型能较好地评价岩石的损伤范围;相变冲击使岩石产生径向裂隙,CO_(2)相变气体嵌入主裂纹附近的裂缝中,裂纹尖端效应促使岩体产生更为密集的环向裂隙及细小的轴向裂隙。数值模拟结果显示,在174、250、290 MPa三种破裂压力下,85型致裂管产生的裂隙区范围分别为0.42、0.43、0.46 m;裂隙长度的增大幅度则随着管径的增大而减小,51型、85型、100型三种型号致裂管在290 MPa的破裂压力下产生的裂隙平均长度比在174 MPa下的分别提高13.2%、5.75%、1.41%;破裂压力为250 MPa时,三种致裂管所产生的裂隙区范围分别为0.42、0.43、0.47 m;在这三种破裂压力下,100型致裂管下的裂隙平均长度比51型致裂管下的分别增加14.2%、11.1%、2.4%;此外,随着破裂压力和致裂管管径两个参数的增大,相变致裂所产生的主裂隙和环向裂隙增多,岩石的裂隙平均长度增大。【结论】研究结果可为CO_(2)相变致裂施工的损伤控制、技术参数选取等提供参考。

Reconcile the contradictory wettability requirements for the reduction and oxidation half-reactions in overall CO_(2) photoreduction via alternately hydrophobic surfaces

The overall photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction reaction(OPCRR)that can directly convert CO_(2) and H_(2)O into fuels represents a promising renewable energy conversion technology.As a typical redox reaction,the OPCRR involves two half-reactions:the CO_(2) reduction half-reaction(CRHR)and the water oxidation half-reaction(WOHR).Generally,both half-reactions can be promoted by adjusting the wettability of catalysts.However,there is a contradiction in wettability requirements for the two half-reactions.Specifically,CRHR prefers a hydrophobic surface that can accumulate more CO_(2) molecules on the active sites,ensuring the appropriate ratio of gas-phase(CO_(2))to liquid-phase(H_(2)O)reactants.Conversely,the WOHR prefers a hydrophilic surface that can promote the departure of the gaseous product(O_(2))from the catalyst surface,preventing isolation between active sites and the reactant(H_(2)O).Here,we successfully reconciled the contradictory wettability requirements for the CRHR and WOHR by creating an alternately hydrophobic catalyst.This was achieved through a selectively hydrophobic modification method and a charge-transfer-control strategy.Consequently,the collaboratively promoted CRHR and WOHR led to a significantly enhanced OPCRR with a solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency of 0.186%.Notably,in ethanol production,the catalyst exhibited a 10.64-fold increase in generation rate(271.44μmol g^(-1)h~(-1))and a 4-fold increase in selectivity(55.77%)compared to the benchmark catalyst.This innovative approach holds great potential for application in universal overall reactions involving gas participation.

Electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction to C_(2)H_(4): From lab to fab

The global concerns of energy crisis and climate change,primarily caused by carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),are of utmost importance.Recently,the electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR) to high value-added multi-carbon(C_(2+)) products driven by renewable electricity has emerged as a highly promising solution to alleviate energy shortages and achieve carbon neutrality.Among these C_(2+) products,ethylene(C_(2)H_(4))holds particular importance in the petrochemical industry.Accordingly,this review aims to establish a connection between the fundamentals of electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction reaction to ethylene(CO_(2)RRto-C_(2)H_(4)) in laboratory-scale research(lab) and its potential applications in industrial-level fabrication(fab).The review begins by summarizing the fundamental aspects,including the design strategies of high-performance Cu-based electrocatalysts and advanced electrolyzer devices.Subsequently,innovative and value-added techniques are presented to address the inherent challenges encountered during the implementations of CO_(2)RR-to-C_(2)H_(4) in industrial scenarios.Additionally,case studies of the technoeconomic analysis of the CO_(2)RR-to-C_(2)H_(4) process are discussed,taking into factors such as costeffectiveness,scalability,and market potential.The review concludes by outlining the perspectives and challenges associated with scaling up the CO_(2)RR-to-C_(2)H_(4) process.The insights presented in this review are expected to make a valuable contribution in advancing the CO_(2)RR-to-C_(2)H_(4) process from lab to fab.

Potential of eNose Technology for Monitoring Biological CO_(2) Conversion Processes

Electronic nose(eNose) is a modern bioelectronic sensor for monitoring biological processes that convert CO_(2) into valueadded products, such as products formed during photosynthesis and microbial fermentation. eNose technology uses an array of sensors to detect and quantify gases, including CO_(2), in the air. This study briefly introduces the concept of eNose technology and potential applications thereof in monitoring CO_(2) conversion processes. It also provides background information on biological CO_(2) conversion processes. Furthermore, the working principles of eNose technology vis-à-vis gas detection are discussed along with its advantages and limitations versus traditional monitoring methods. This study also provides case studies that have used this technology for monitoring biological CO_(2) conversion processes. eNose-predicted measurements were observed to be completely aligned with biological parameters for R~2 values of 0.864, 0.808, 0.802, and 0.948. We test eNose technology in a variety of biological settings, such as algae farms or bioreactors, to determine its effectiveness in monitoring CO_(2) conversion processes. We also explore the potential benefits of employing this technology vis-à-vis monitoring biological CO_(2) conversion processes, such as increased reaction efficiency and reduced costs versus traditional monitoring methods. Moreover, future directions and challenges of using this technology in CO_(2) capture and conversion have been discussed. Overall, we believe this study would contribute to developing new and innovative methods for monitoring biological CO_(2) conversion processes and mitigating climate change.

A Research Progress of CO_(2)-Responsive Plugging Channeling Gels

In the heterogeneous reservoirs,CO_(2) flooding easily leads to CO_(2) gas channeling,which can seriously affect sweeping efficiency and reduce oil recovery.After thoroughly investigating the advantages and shortcomings of various CO_(2) plugging technologies,this paper focuses on the feasibility of improving conventional water-alternating gas(WAG)through CO_(2)-responsive gel materials.Based on the different chemical reaction mechanisms between the unique chemical structure and CO_(2),changes in the material’s physical and chemical properties can respond to CO_(2).The feasibility of utilizing these property changes for CO_(2)-responsive plugging is explored.Various CO_(2)-responsive gels and gel nanoparticles have been extensively researched in different fields,such as energy,medicine,and biology.This paper surveys the molecular structures,chemical compositions,response mechanisms,and changes of these CO_(2)-responsive gels,aiming to draw insights into the carbon dioxide-enhanced oil recovery(CO_(2)-EOR)field.Finally,the key issues and future development direction of CO_(2)-responsive plugging gels were analyzed.

Comparison of Perovskite Systems Based on AFeO_(3)(A=Ce,La,Y)in CO_(2) Hydrogenation to CO

CO_(2) is the most cost-eff ective and abundant carbon resource,while the reverse water-gas reaction(rWGS)is one of the most eff ective methods of CO_(2) utilization.This work presents a comparative study of rWGS activity for perovskite systems based on AFeO_(3)(where A=Ce,La,Y).These systems were synthesized by solution combustion synthesis(SCS)with diff erent ratios of fuel(glycine)and oxidizer(φ),diff erent amounts of NH 4 NO_(3),and the addition of alumina or silica as supports.Various techniques,including X-ray diff raction analysis,thermogravimetric analysis,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),scanning electron microscopy,energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy,N 2-physisorption,H_(2) temper-ature-programmed reduction,temperature-programmed desorption of H_(2) and CO_(2),Raman spectroscopy,and in situ FTIR,were used to relate the physicochemical properties with the catalytic performance of the obtained composites.Each specifi c perovskite-containing system(either bulk or supported)has its own optimalφand NH_(4) NO_(3) amount to achieve the highest yield and dispersion of the perovskite phase.Among all synthesized systems,bulk SCS-derived La-Fe-O systems showed the highest resistance to reducing environments and the easiest hydrogen desorption,outperforming La-Fe-O produced by solgel combustion(SGC).CO_(2) conversion into CO at 600°C for bulk ferrite systems,depending on the A-cation type and preparation method,follows the order La(SGC)<Y<Ce<La(SCS).The diff erences in properties between La-Fe-O obtained by the SCS and SGC methods can be attributed to diff erent ratios of oxygen and lanthanum vacancy contributions,hydroxyl coverage,morphology,and free iron oxide presence.In situ FTIR data revealed that CO_(2) hydrogenation occurs through formates generated under reaction conditions on the bulk system based on La-Fe-O,obtained by the SCS method.γ-Al_(2)O_(3) improves the dispersion of CeFeO_(3) and LaFeO_(3) phases,the specifi c surface area,and the quantity of adsorbed H_(2) and CO_(2).This led to a signifi cant increase in CO_(2) conversion for supported CeFeO_(3) but not for the La-based system compared to bulk and SiO_(2)-supported perovskite catalysts.However,adding alumina increased the activity per mass for both Ce-and La-based perovskite systems,reducing the amount of rare-earth components in the catalyst and thereby lowering the cost without substantially compromising stability.

Gas channeling control with an in-situ smart surfactant gel during water-alternating-CO_(2) enhanced oil recovery

Undesirable gas channeling always occurs along the high-permeability layers in heterogeneous oil reservoirs during water-alternating-CO_(2)(WAG)flooding,and conventional polymer gels used for blocking the“channeling”paths usually suffer from either low injectivity or poor gelation control.Herein,we for the first time developed an in-situ high-pressure CO_(2)-triggered gel system based on a smart surfactant,N-erucamidopropyl-N,N-dimethylamine(UC22AMPM),which was introduced into the aqueous slugs to control gas channeling inWAG processes.The water-like,low-viscosity UC22AMPM brine solution can be thickened by high-pressure CO_(2) owing to the formation of wormlike micelles(WLMs),as well as their growth and shear-induced structure buildup under shear flow.The thickening power can be further potentiated by the generation of denser WLMs resulting from either surfactant concentration augmentation or a certain range of heating,and can be impaired via pressurization above the critical pressure of CO_(2) because of its soaring solvent power.Core flooding tests using heterogeneous cores demonstrated that gas channeling was alleviated by plugging of high-capacity channels due to the in-situ gelation of UC22AMPM slugs upon their reaction with the pre-or post-injected CO_(2) slugs under shear flow,thereupon driving chase fluids into unrecovered low-permeability areas and producing an 8.0% higher oil recovery factor than the conventional WAG mode.This smart surfactant enabled high injectivity and satisfactory gelation control,attributable to low initial viscosity and the combined properties of one component and CO_(2)-triggered gelation,respectively.This work could provide a guide towards designing gels for reducing CO_(2) spillover and reinforcing the CO_(2) sequestration effect during CO_(2) enhanced oil recovery processes.

铝粉粒径对CO_(2)相变爆炸激发药剂性能影响研究

为了研究铝粉粒径对CO_(2)相变爆炸激发药剂性能的影响,通过热量法(TG)、引燃试验、耐温试验和反应热试验,研究其热分解特性、安全性、耐温性和反应热的变化。结果表明:加入40、80和120μm的铝粉后,激发药剂的热分解特性无明显变化,含40μm铝粉激发药剂表观活化能降低52.92 kJ/mol,含80μm和120μm铝粉激发药剂表观活化能分别增加55.21 kJ/mol和57.53 kJ/mol。加入不同粒径铝粉后,各试样均能在空气中被引燃,燃烧过程均伴随着白烟产生。其中,加入120μm铝粉的激发药剂与不含铝粉以及含40、80μm铝粉的激发药剂相比燃烧更剧烈。实验结果表明,含不同粒径铝粉的激发药剂均能被电引火药头激发,但试样未被完全引燃。这些激发药剂在封闭环境和一定压力下(大于或等于0.2 MPa)时,能够被可靠引燃且无明显爆炸现象,表明其安全性良好。在70℃保温48 h后,加入铝粉的激发药剂整体并未发生明显变化,温度指数T_(s)在70℃左右,表明其耐温性能良好。当不同粒径的铝粉质量百分数相同时,反应热提高均为12%左右,表明粒径对激发药剂反应热影响很小。

煤层液态CO_(2)爆破增透技术研究

为了强化煤层瓦斯抽采效果,采用数值模拟和工业试验相结合的方法,以霍尔辛赫煤矿作为研究对象,利用模拟软件构建了煤层液态CO_(2)气爆致裂数值模型,开展了布孔参数优化模拟研究。结果表明,CO_(2)爆破的致裂孔最佳布置间距为4.5 m,经布孔间距优化后,钻孔瓦斯抽采浓度提高了73.7%,抽采流量约提高5.1倍,取得了良好的瓦斯促抽效果。

CO_(2)和细水雾对地下变电站变压器火灾抑制作用研究

为了研究CO_(2)和细水雾对地下变电站变压器油火灾爆炸的抑制作用及其化学动力学机理,利用实验和Chemkin软件数值模拟研究了不同体积分数的细水雾和CO_(2)对化学当量比条件下20%H_(2)-CH_(4)-air混合物爆炸的影响。实验和模拟结果表明:细水雾对H_(2)-CH_(4)-air混合物的火焰结构和爆炸压力的抑制作用随着细水雾体积分数的增加而愈发明显;细水雾蒸发产生的水蒸气分子和CO_(2)在反应体系中主要起稳定的第三体作用,从而减缓了爆炸链式反应的发展。另外,CO_(2)是CH_(4)氧化反应的主要产物,加入CO_(2)会削弱甲烷氧化的基元反应;反应体系中加入细水雾会通过降低基元反应温度敏感性来抑制反应体系升温,并且加入CO_(2)会促进消耗·H自由基的基元反应发生。这也是CO_(2)和细水雾共同作用抑制效果优于细水雾单独作用的原因。以上研究结果可为地下变电站变压器油火灾爆炸防治技术的发展提供理论依据。

Investigation of influence factors on CO_(2) flowback characteristics and optimization of flowback parameters during CO_(2) dry fracturing in tight gas reservoirs

CO_(2) dry fracturing is a promising alternative method to water fracturing in tight gas reservoirs,especially in water-scarce areas such as the Loess Plateau.The CO_(2) flowback efficiency is a critical factor that affects the final gas production effect.However,there have been few studies focusing on the flowback characteristics after CO_(2) dry fracturing.In this study,an extensive core-to-field scale study was conducted to investigate CO_(2) flowback characteristics and CH_(4) production behavior.Firstly,to investigate the impact of core properties and production conditions on CO_(2) flowback,a series of laboratory experiments at the core scale were conducted.Then,the key factors affecting the flowback were analyzed using the grey correlation method based on field data.Finally,taking the construction parameters of Well S60 as an example,a dual-permeability model was used to characterize the different seepage fields in the matrix and fracture for tight gas reservoirs.The production parameters after CO_(2) dry fracturing were then optimized.Experimental results demonstrate that CO_(2) dry fracturing is more effective than slickwater fracturing,with a 9.2%increase in CH_(4) recovery.The increase in core permeability plays a positive role in improving CH_(4) production and CO_(2) flowback.The soaking process is mainly affected by CO_(2) diffusion,and the soaking time should be controlled within 12 h.Increasing the flowback pressure gradient results in a significant increase in both CH_(4) recovery and CO_(2) flowback efficiency.While,an increase in CO_(2) injection is not conducive to CH_(4) production and CO_(2) flowback.Based on the experimental and field data,the important factors affecting flowback and production were comprehensively and effectively discussed.The results show that permeability is the most important factor,followed by porosity and effective thickness.Considering flowback efficiency and the influence of proppant reflux,the injection volume should be the minimum volume that meets the requirements for generating fractures.The soaking time should be short which is 1 day in this study,and the optimal bottom hole flowback pressure should be set at 10 MPa.This study aims to improve the understanding of CO_(2) dry fracturing in tight gas reservoirs and provide valuable insights for optimizing the process parameters.

Effects of CH_(4)/CO_(2) multi-component gas on components and properties of tight oil during CO_(2) utilization and storage: Physical experiment and composition numerical simulation

An essential technology of carbon capture, utilization and storage-enhanced oil recovery (CCUS-EOR) for tight oil reservoirs is CO_(2) huff-puff followed by associated produced gas reinjection. In this paper, the effects of multi-component gas on the properties and components of tight oil are studied. First, the core displacement experiments using the CH_(4)/CO_(2) multi-component gas are conducted to determine the oil displacement efficiency under different CO_(2) and CH_(4) ratios. Then, a viscometer and a liquid density balance are used to investigate the change characteristics of oil viscosity and density after multi-component gas displacement with different CO_(2) and CH_(4) ratios. In addition, a laboratory scale numerical model is established to validate the experimental results. Finally, a composition model of multi-stage fractured horizontal well in tight oil reservoir considering nano-confinement effects is established to investigate the effects of multi-component gas on the components of produced dead oil and formation crude oil. The experimental results show that the oil displacement efficiency of multi-component gas displacement is greater than that of single-component gas displacement. The CH_(4) decreases the viscosity and density of light oil, while CO_(2) decreases the viscosity but increases the density. And the numerical simulation results show that CO_(2) extracts more heavy components from the liquid phase into the vapor phase, while CH_(4) extracts more light components from the liquid phase into the vapor phase during cyclic gas injection. The multi-component gas can extract both the light components and the heavy components from oil, and the balanced production of each component can be achieved by using multi-component gas huff-puff.

A Feasibility Study of Using Geothermal Energy to Enhance Natural Gas Production from Offshore Gas Hydrate Reservoirs by CO_(2) Swapping

The energy industry faces a significant challenge in extracting natural gas from offshore natural gas hydrate(NGH)reservoirs,primarily due to the low productivity of wells and the high operational costs involved.The present study offers an assessment of the feasibility of utilizing geothermal energy to augment the production of natural gas from offshore gas hydrate reservoirs through the implementation of the methane-CO_(2)swapping technique.The present study expands the research scope of the authors beyond their previous publication,which exclusively examined the generation of methane from marine gas hydrates.Specifically,the current investigation explores the feasibility of utilizing the void spaces created by the extracted methane in the hydrate reservoir for carbon dioxide storage.Analytical models were employed to forecast the heat transfer from a geothermal zone to an NGH reservoir.A study was conducted utilizing data obtained from a reservoir situated in the Shenhu region of the Northern South China Sea.The findings of the model indicate that the implementation of geothermal heating can lead to a substantial enhancement in the productivity of wells located in heated reservoirs during CO_(2)swapping procedures.The non-linear relationship between the temperature of the heated reservoir and the rate of fold increase has been observed.It is anticipated that the fold of increase will surpass 5 when the gas hydrate reservoir undergoes a temperature rise from 6℃ to 16℃.The mathematical models utilized in this study did not incorporate the impact of heat convection resulting from CO_(2)flow into the gas reservoir.This factor has the potential to enhance well productivity.The mathematical models’deviation assumptions may cause over-prediction of well productivity in geothermal-stimulated reservoirs.Additional research is required to examine the impacts of temperature drawdown,heat convection resulting from depressurization,heat-induced gas pressure increment,and the presence of free gas in the formation containing hydrates.The process of CH4-CO_(2)swapping,which has been investigated,involves the utilization of geothermal stimulation.This method is highly encouraging as it enables the efficient injection of CO_(2)into gas hydrate reservoirs,resulting in the permanent sequestration of CO_(2)in a solid state.Additional research is warranted to examine the rate of mass transfer of CO_(2)within reservoirs of gas hydrates.

基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA的液态CO_(2)相变破岩裂纹扩展特征研究

为研究液态CO_(2)相变爆破技术破岩机理,更好地推广这种安全爆破技术,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA仿真软件对液态CO_(2)相变爆破岩石的裂纹扩展特征及影响致裂结果的关键因素进行研究。基于仿真结果对比CO_(2)爆破和炸药爆破岩石损伤裂纹的区别,并研究岩石爆破裂纹的扩展形式与应力波加载速率和岩石强度的关系,以及地应力对爆破裂纹扩展的影响。研究结果表明:CO_(2)爆破岩石产生裂纹条数较少的原因是其爆炸应力波的加载速率较低,且只有爆炸应力波强度高于岩石动态抗压强度时才会产生粉碎区。初始地应力会抑制爆破裂纹的扩展,在各向异性的地应力作用下,裂纹会朝着最大地应力的方向扩展。研究结果可为实际工程中的爆破参数选取提供参考。

CO_(2)相变爆破致裂管内压力变化试验研究

为研究CO_(2)相变爆破过程中致裂管内压力变化规律,通过现场试验获得压力与时间关系曲线,并且通过改变CO_(2)充装质量、激发药剂质量和泄能片厚度,获得致裂管中压力变化规律,采用试验参数计算出73型号致裂器爆破当量。研究结果表明,致裂管体不同位置处达到的峰值压力不同,最大处峰值压力比最小处峰值压力高1.30~1.67倍;爆破过程致裂管中压力变化分为4个阶段,泄压阶段极为迅速,在数微秒间,并且随CO_(2)充装质量增大而增加;在CO_(2)充装质量1100 g、激发药剂质量180 g和泄能片厚度4.0 mm条件下,该型号致裂器爆破当量最大为0.378 kg乳化炸药,研究成果为工程应用提供技术参考。