Blast wave characteristics of multi-layer composite charge:Theoretical analysis,numerical simulation,and experimental validation

This article investigates the characteristics of shock wave overpressure generated by multi-layer composite charge under different detonation modes.Combining dimensional analysis and the explosion mechanism of the charge,a peak overpressure prediction model for the composite charge under singlepoint detonation and simultaneous detonation was established.The effects of the charge structure and initiation method on the overpressure field characteristics were investigated in AUTODYN simulation.The accuracy of the prediction model and the reliability of the numerical simulation method were subsequently verified in a series of static explosion experiments.The results reveal that the mass of the inner charge was the key factor determining the peak overpressure of the composite charge under single-point detonation.The peak overpressure in the radial direction improved apparently with an increase in the aspect ratio of the charge.The overpressure curves in the axial direction exhibited a multi-peak phenomenon,and the secondary peak overpressure even exceeded the primary peak at distances of 30D and 40D(where D is the charge diameter).The difference in peak overpressure among azimuth angles of 0-90°gradually decreased with an increase in the propagation distance of the shock wave.The coupled effect of the detonation energy of the inner and outer charge under simultaneous detonation improved the overpressure in both radial and axial directions.The difference in peak overpressure obtained from model prediction and experimental measurements was less than 16.4%.

Strength prediction of multi-layered copper-based composites fabricated by accumulative roll bonding

This work aims to evaluate the feasibility of the fabrication of nanostructured Cu/Al/Ag multi-layered composites by accumulative roll bonding(ARB),and to analyze the tensile properties and electrical conductivity of the produced composites.A theoretical model using strengthening mechanisms and some structural parameters extracted from X-ray diffraction is also developed to predict the tensile strength of the composites.It was found that by progression of ARB,the experimental and calculated tensile strengths are enhanced,reach a maximum of about 450 and 510 MPa at the fifth cycle of ARB,respectively and then are reduced.The electrical conductivity decreased slightly by increasing the number of ARB cycles at initial ARB cycles,but the decrease was intensified at the final ARB cycles.In conclusion,the merit of ARB to fabricate this type of multi-layered nanocomposites and the accuracy of the developed model to predict tensile strength were realized.

Low-Velocity Impact Response of Stitched Multi-layer Foam Sandwich Composites

Low-velocity impact damage known as“imperceptible”damage usually destroys the structural integrity of the material and seriously affects the service life of the materials.To improve the low-velocity impact resistance of foam sandwich composites,an innovative concept of a stitched multi-layer sandwich structure by organically combining the discrete splitting of foam layer with full thickness stitching was proposed,and its low-velocity impact resistance obtained through drop-hammer impact tests was explored.The results showed that the multi-layer foam sandwich structure acted as a stress disperser and reduced the irreversible impact damage.The depth and area of low-velocity impact damage of multi-layer foam sandwich composites gradually decreased with increasing the number of the layers.The stitched structure would improve the integrity of the foam sandwich composites and inhibit the propagation of cracks.The maximum impact load of the stitched foam sandwich composite increased by approximately 5% compared with that of the non-stitched material.In addition,the low-velocity impact damage depth,damage area and absorbed energy of the stitched three-layer foam sandwich composite were reduced by 37.7%,34.6% and 20.7%,respectively,compared with those of the non-stitched single-layer sandwich material.

Experimental and Computational Study of the Microwave Absorption Properties of Recycled α-Fe2O3/OPEFB Fiber/PCL Multi-Layered Composites

The aim of this study was to fabricate multi-layered recycled α-Fe2O3/OPEFB fiber/PCL composites for microwave absorbing applications in the 1 - 4 GHz frequency range. The multi-layered composites were 6 mm thick and each consisted of a 2 mm thick layer of recycled α-Fe2O3/PCL composites at various loadings (5 wt% - 25 wt%) of 16.2 nm recycled α-Fe2O3 nanofiller, placed between two layers of 2 mm thick OPEFB fiber/PCL composites blended at a fixed ratio of 7:3. The real (ε') and imaginary (ε") components of the relative complex permittivity were measured using the open-ended coaxial probe technique and the values obtained were applied as inputs for the Finite Element Method to calculate the reflection coefficient magnitudes from which the reflection loss (RL) properties were determined. Both ε' and ε" increased linearly with recycled α-Fe2O3 nanofiller content and the values of ε' varied between 3.0 and 3.9 while the ε" values ranged between 0.26 and 0.64 within 1 - 4 GHz. The RL (dB) showed the most prominent values within the 1.38 - 1.46 GHz band with a minimum of -38 dB attained by the 25 wt% composite. Another batch of minimum values occurred in the 2.39 - 3.49 GHz range with the lowest of -25 dB at 2.8 GHz. The recycled α-Fe2O3/OPEFB fiber/PCL multi-layered composites are promising materials that can be engineered for solving noise problems in the 1 - 4 GHz range.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al/Cu/Mg laminated composite sheets produced by the ARB proces

In the present study, an Al/Cu/Mg multi-layered composite was produced by accumulative roll bonding(ARB) through seven passes, and its microstructure and mechanical properties were evaluated. The microstructure investigations show that plastic instability occurred in both the copper and magnesium reinforcements in the primary sandwich. In addition, a composite with a perfectly uniform distribution of copper and magnesium reinforcing layers was produced during the last pass. By increasing the number of ARB cycles, the microhardness of the layers including aluminum, copper, and magnesium was significantly increased. The ultimate tensile strength of the sandwich was enhanced continually and reached a maximum value of 355.5 MPa. This strength value was about 3.2, 2, and 2.1 times higher than the initial strength values for the aluminum, copper, and magnesium sheets, respectively. Investigation of tensile fracture surfaces during the ARB process indicated that the fracture mechanism changed to shear ductile at the seventh pass.

Generating multi-layer nested chaotic attractor and its FPGA implementation

Complex chaotic sequences are widely employed in real world, so obtaining more complex sequences have received highly interest. For enhancing the complexity of chaotic sequences, a common approach is increasing the scroll-number of attractors. In this paper, a novel method to control system for generating multi-layer nested chaotic attractors is proposed.At first, a piecewise(PW) function, namely quadratic staircase function, is designed. Unlike pulse signals, each level-logic of this function is square constant, and it is easy to realize. Then, by introducing the PW functions to a modified Chua's system with cubic nonlinear terms, the system can generate multi-layer nested Chua's attractors. The dynamical properties of the system are numerically investigated. Finally, the hardware implementation of the chaotic system is used FPGA chip.Experimental results show that theoretical analysis and numerical simulation are right. This chaotic oscillator consuming low power and utilization less resources is suitable for real applications.

Experimental investigation of sound absorption in a composite absorber

A composite absorber made of a polyurethane sponge and multi-layer micro-perforated plates is pre-sented in this study.Results from an acoustic impedance tube test show that the polyurethane sponge can exhibits higher low-frequency sound absorption in front of the micro-perforated plate,while sound absorption at medium and high-frequencies remains low.The physical mechanism behind this is that the micro-perforated plate increases the denpth cavity.If the polyurethane sponge is placed behind the micro-perforated plate,the amplitude of the original absorption peak will remain constant,but the ab-sorption peaks will shift to lower frequencies.The reason for this phenomenon is that porous materials with low flow resistance can be approximately equivalent to fluid,which not only does not affect the res-onance absorption coefficient of micro-perforated plate,but also makes the peaks move to low frequency.This study has the potential applications in the sound absorption design of composite structure.

荷载作用下短路基处AC+CPC复合式路面结构应力响应分析

为研究短路基处斜向预应力混凝土上覆沥青层(AC+CPC)复合式路面结构在荷载作用下的应力响应,以短路基处AC+CPC复合式路面结构为研究对象,应用ANSYS有限元软件建立AC+CPC复合式路面结构三维有限元模型,分析短路基处AC+CPC复合式路面结构在荷载作用下的应力响应。研究结果表明:两桥(隧)之间路基长度少于200m均可视为短路基;CPC层层底的弯拉应力最大,特别是板的纵缝边缘中部和横缝中部位置,分别为1.385 5 MPa和1.359 4 MPa,从而得知短路基处AC+CPC复合式路面结构的临界荷位为板的纵缝边缘中部;采用麦考特法和通用全局优化算法,得到斜向预应力混凝土层层底的拉应力计算公式。

Experimental investigation on weak shock wave mitigation characteristics of flexible polyurethane foam and polyurea

In recent years,explosion shock wave has been considered as a signature injury of the current military conflicts.Although strong shock wave is lethal to the human body,weak shock wave can cause many more lasting consequences.To investigate the protection ability and characteristics of flexible materials and structures under weak shock wave loading,the blast wave produced by TNT explosive is loaded on the polyurethane foam with the density of 200.0 kg/m3(F-200)and 400.0 kg/m3(F-400),polyurea with the density of 1100.0 kg/m^(3)(P-1100)and structures composed of the two materials,which are intended for individual protection.Experimental results indicate that the shock wave is attenuated to weak pressure disturbance after interacting with the flexible materials which are not damaged.The shock wave protective capability of single-layer materials is dependent on their thickness,density and microscopic characteristics.The overpressure,maximum pressure rise rate and impulse of transmitted wave decrease exponentially with increase in sample thickness.For the same thickness,F-400 provides better protective capability than F-200 while P-1100 shows the best protective capability among the three materials.In this study,as the materials are not destroyed,F-200 with a thickness more than10.0 mm,F-400 with a thickness more than 4.0 mm,and P-1100 with a thickness more than 1.0 mm can attenuate the overpressure amplitude more than 90.0%.Further,multi-layer flexible composites are designed.Different layer layouts of designed structures and layer thickness of the single-layer materials can affect the protective performance.Within the research range,the structure in which polyurea is placed on the impact side shows the optimal shock wave protective performance,and the thicknesses of polyurea and polyurethane foam are 1.0 mm and 4.0 mm respectively.The overpressure attenuation rate reached maximum value of 93.3%and impulse attenuation capacity of this structure are better than those of single-layer polyurea and polyurethane foam with higher areal density.

退火工艺对轧制复合CPC电子封装材料性能的影响

研究了不同退火工艺对轧制复合CPC电子封装材料力学性能、物理性能的影响。结果表明退火工艺对复合材料的剪切强度、轧向导电能力和厚度方向导热能力有显著影响。退火工艺为900℃/1.5 h时,CPC电子封装材料的综合性能最好。

短路基处CPC层对AC+CPC复合式路面应力变形的影响

目的研究斜向预应力混凝土(CPC)层厚度和模量对短路基处斜向预应力混凝土上覆沥青层(AC+CPC)复合式路面结构荷载应力和变形的影响。方法以AC+CPC复合式路面结构为研究对象,应用ANSYS有限元软件建立AC+CPC复合式路面结构三维有限元模型,分析CPC层厚度和模量对短路基处AC+CPC复合式路面结构临界荷位处荷载应力和变形的影响。结果当CPC层厚度从16 cm增大到28 cm,CPC板底的弯拉应力减小47.4%;沥青层最大剪应力及层底拉应力分别减小50.2%和18.5%;基层层底弯拉应力和路表弯沉分别减小37.6%和24.3%。随着CPC层模量的增大,沥青层剪应力和CPC层层底拉应力分别增大了12.4%和19.9%;路表弯沉和基层层底弯拉应力则降低了7%和11%。结论CPC层厚度对AC+CPC复合式路面结构的应力和变形影响较大。

Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Multi-layer Graphene Filled Poly(vinyl chloride) Composite Films

In order to improve mechanical properties of soft poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC) films,we used commercial multi-layer graphene(MLG) with large size and high structural integrity as reinforcing fillers,and prepared MLG/PVC composite films by using conventional melt-mixing methods.Microstructures,static and dynamic mechanical properties of the MLG/PVC composite films were investigated.The results showed that a small amount of MLG loading could greatly increase the mechanical properties of the MLG/PVC composites.The tensile modulus of the 0.96 wt%MLG/PVC composites was up to 40 MPa,increasing by31.3%in comparison to the neat PVC.Such a significant mechanical reinforcement was mainly attributed to uniform dispersion of the large-size MLG,good compatibility and strong interactions among MLG and plasticizers and PVC.

A Comprehensive Review on Multi-Dimensional Heat Conduction of Multi-Layer and Composite Structures:Analytical Solutions

Heat conduction in multi-layer and composite materials is one of the fundamental heat transfer problems in many industrial applications.Due to different materials types,interface conditions,and various geometries of these laminates,the heat conduction mechanism is more complicated than that of one-layer isotropic media.Analytical solutions are the best ways to study and understand such problems in depth.In this study,different existing analytical solutions for heat conduction in multi-layer and composite materials are reviewed and classified in rectangular,cylindrical,spherical,and conical coordinates.Applied boundary conditions,internal heat source,and thermal contact resistance as the most critical parameters in the solution complexity investigated in the literature,are discussed and summarized in different tables.Various types of multi-layer structures such as isotropic,anisotropic,orthotropic,and reinforced laminates are included in this study.It is found that although more than half a century has passed since the beginning of the research on heat transfer in multi-layer composites,new researches that can help with a better understanding in this area are still being offered.The challenges and shortcomings in this area are also discussed to guide future researches.

2D Carbon Fiber Reinforced High Density Polyethylene Multi-Layered Laminated Composite Panels:Structural,Mechanical,Thermal,and Morphological Profile

Carbon fiber reinforced high density polyethylene multi-layered laminated composite panels（HDPE/CF MLCP） with excellent in-plane properties along transverse direction have been formulated. Composite architectures with carbon fiber（CF） designed in 2D layout in conventional composites can alleviate their properties in thickness direction, but all attempts so far developed have achieved restrained success. Here,we have exposed an approach to the high strength composite challenge, without altering the 2D stack design on the basis of concept of fiber reinforced laminated composites that would provide enhanced mechanical and thermal properties along transverse direction. CF sheets allowed the buckling of adjoining plies in 2D MLCP. We fabricated 2D MLCP by stacking the alternative CF and HDPE layers under different loading conditions, which resulted in high strength composites. These plies of CF and HDPE served as unit cells for MLCP, with CF offering much-needed fracture toughness and hardness to these materials.For 2D HDPE/CF MLCP, we demonstrated noteworthy improvement in physical and chemical interaction between CF and HDPE, in-plane fracture strain, flexural strength（30.684 MPa）, bending modulus（7436.254 MPa）, thermal stability（40.94%）, and surface morphology, upon increasing the CF layers up to twenty, enabling these composites truly for high temperature and high strength applications.

电子封装用Cu-MoCu-Cu（CPC）材料与Al2O3陶瓷钎焊及变形研究

利用AgCu钎料在N 2保护气钎焊氛围、合适的工艺参数下,探究具备高导热、高可靠、低膨胀系数的新型Cu-MoCu-Cu(CPC)多层复合材料与表面共烧W金属化层的Al2O3陶瓷的钎焊工艺及接头界面结构,以实现其在电子封装领域的应用。同时,通过在CPC与Al2O3陶瓷间增加可伐中间层,探究中间层对界面结构及构件变形的影响。研究表明,在800℃、保温5 min条件下,CPC与Al2O3陶瓷典型界面结构为Al2O3/W+Al2O3/(Cu,Ni)/Ag基固溶体+Cu基固溶体/Cu基固溶体/CPC。可伐中间层引入后,界面结构基本一致,但中间层两侧形成了Cu Ni固溶体,仍保证了母材间的可靠冶金结合。可伐中间层的膨胀系数介于Al2O3与CPC之间,通过中间层逐层缓解残余应力,减小组件的焊后变形。相比于直接钎焊,钎焊组件的下底面翘曲变形缓解50%以上。

Development of impact resistant 3D printed multi-layer carbon fibre reinforced composites by structural design

In this study,a high impact resistant multi-layered composite consisting of continuous carbon fibre/nylon(CCF)and short carbon fibre/nylon(SCF)layers is developed via 3D printing technology.The effect of CCF/SCF layers configuration on the impact resistance is investigated by low-velocity impact test,and the impact failure mechanism of the 3D printed composites is explored by microscopic observations and finite element(FE)simulation analysis.The results show that the 3D printed multi-layered composite with SCF layers distributed in the middle(HFA)exhibits higher impact resistant performance than the specimens with alternating SCF/CCF layers(HFB)and CCF layers distributed in the middle(HFC).The effect of CCF/SCF layers proportion on the impact performance is also studied by FE simulation,and the results show that the specimen with a CCF/SCF proportion of 7.0 exhibits the highest impact strength.

FPSC复合砂浆及CPC防碳化涂料在水利工程上的应用

混凝土在工程上的使用并不是永固的,自浇灌成型开始,就会受到碳化、碱-集料反应、冻融和盐害等多方面的腐蚀破坏,其中以碳化最为常见,损失也最为严重。为此,文章选定江西省九江市永修县柘林灌区2008年度续建配套与节水改造项目工程中大坪渡槽作为现场应用工程,通过对大坪渡槽、发电灌溉隧洞的碳化、冲刷、裂缝、露筋等损坏情况,采用FPSC水泥砂浆、CPC混凝土防碳化涂料进行修复补强,分析处理措施的补强效果和投资情况,总结FPSC水泥砂浆及CPC混凝土防碳化涂料应用效果和经验。

Na_(2)SeO_(3)-SA/CS微球/α-CPC基复合骨水泥的制备与性能

结合壳聚糖(CS)和海藻酸钠(SA)的生物相容性及元素硒的生理活性功能,研究功能性磷酸钙复合骨水泥的制备及性能。Na_(2)SeO_(3)为药物模型,乳化交联法制备Na_(2)SeO_(3)-SA/CS纳米微球,沉淀-煅烧-球磨法制备α-TCP,按10.0∶0.5∶0.5的物质的量比将α-TCP、DCPD和CaCO_(3)粉末混均磨匀制得α-CPC,以壳聚糖和柠檬酸复合物为固化液,将载硒微球与α-CPC调和制备Na_(2)SeO_(3)-SA/CS纳米微球/α-TCP基复合骨水泥。通过IR、DTG、DSC、SEM和XRD等手段表征其结构和性能,并采用原子荧光测定硒含量。探究球磨时间、载硒微球掺入量、固化液组分和固液比对复合骨水泥固化、强力、降解、抗溃散、缓释等性能的影响,并以MG63肉骨瘤细胞为模型进行体外抗肿瘤活性试验。结果表明:在球磨时间为4 h、复合固化液中固液比为1.0∶0.6(柠檬酸与壳聚糖的质量比为30∶1)、载硒微球的质量分数为5%的条件下制备的Na_(2)SeO_(3)-SA/CS/α-CPC复合骨水泥,相比于纯α-CPC,其降解速率和强度增大、抗溃散能力增强、固化时间略微缩短。SEM照片表明:缓释前圆滑的Na_(2)SeO_(3)-SA/CS微球被α-CPC均相包裹,缓释后形成了完善的三维蜂窝状多孔结构,利于细胞黏附和血管组织的长入。缓释前后的IR和XRD谱图表明:微球的掺入不影响CPC水化生成组分HA,只因降解率提升导致HA的量略微增加。复合骨水泥有效避免了Na_(2)SeO_(3)的突释现象,在40 d时硒累积释放率达32.34%,保证了活性硒的长时作用功效,肉骨瘤MG63细胞增殖抑制率在7 d时达到28.46%,故Na_(2)SeO_(3)-SA/CS/α-CPC复合骨水泥具有良好的细胞生物学效应和成骨活性。本文为植骨后所需的促修复、防止肿瘤细胞复发的功能性骨水泥材料的研究奠定了必要的实验基础。

组织的调适:大革命失败后中共四川党组织的社会构成与党员发展研究(1927—1935)

大革命失败后,根据共产国际指示,中共形成了以实现领导机关工人化,重点发展工人阶级党员,并联系农民同盟军为主要内容的组织路线。在四川省的落实中,六届四中全会之前,支部以上各级组织以知识分子干部为主,基层支部则以农民干部为主。在党员发展上,农民党员和士兵党员的数量发展迅速,相比之下,工人党员的发展十分缓慢。党的第二次“左”倾错误致使四川党的系统和党员受到重大损失,六届四中全会后,中央指示四川党组织贯彻“布尔什维克化”的组织方针。通过中央巡视员的督促和省委委派等方式,四川各级党组织中工农成分有了显著的增加。但党员恢复收效甚微,相比第二次“左”倾路线后的统计,甚至有所下降。

高热导率材料的发展和应用

概述了高热导率材料的分类、优缺点、制备方法和应用,包括陶瓷基封装材料、聚合物基封装材料和金属基封装材料。重点论述了金属基复合材料的应用和分类,金属层合板轧制工艺的研究,Cu/MoCu/Cu-Cu-MoCu-Cu(CPC)金属基层状复合材料的发展等。