Modeling of gas-solid flow in a CFB riser based on computational particle fluid dynamics

A three-dimensional model for gas-solid flow in a circulating fluidized bed（CFB） riser was developed based on computational particle fluid dynamics（CPFD）.The model was used to simulate the gas-solid flow behavior inside a circulating fluidized bed riser operating at various superficial gas velocities and solids mass fluxes in two fluidization regimes,a dilute phase transport（DPT） regime and a fast fluidization（FF） regime.The simulation results were evaluated based on comparison with experimental data of solids velocity and holdup,obtained from non-invasive automated radioactive particle tracking and gamma-ray tomography techniques,respectively.The agreement of the predicted solids velocity and holdup with experimental data validated the CPFD model for the CFB riser.The model predicted the main features of the gas-solid flows in the two regimes;the uniform dilute phase in the DPT regime,and the coexistence of the dilute phase in the upper region and the dense phase in the lower region in the FF regime.The clustering and solids back mixing in the FF regime were stronger than those in the DPT regime.

Application of computational fluid dynamics simulation for submarine oil spill

Computational fluid dynamics （CFD） codes are being increasingly used in the simulation of submarine oil spills. This study focuses on the process of oil spills, from damaged submarine pipes, to the sea surface, using numerical models. The underwater oil spill model is developed, and a description of the governing equations is proposed, along with modifications required for the particalization of the control volume. Available experimental data were introduced to evaluate the validity of the CFD predictions, the results of which proved to be in good agreement with the experimental data. The effects of oil leak rate, leak diameter, current velocity, and oil density are investigated, by the validated CFD model, to estimate the undersea leakage time, the lateral migration distance, and surface diffusion range when the oil reaches the sea surface. Results indicate that the leakage time and lateral migration distance increase with decreasing leak rates and leak diameter, and increase with increasing current velocity and oil density. On the other hand, a large leak diameter, high density, high leak rate, or fast currents result in a greater surface diffusion range. The findings and analysis presented here will provide practical predictions of oil spills, and guidance for emergency rescues.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION BY COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STIRRED BIOREACTOR WITH PUNCHED IMPELLER

Instantaneous flow field and temperature field of the two-phase fluid are measured by particle image velocimetry （PIV） and steady state method during the state of onflow. A turbulent two-phase fluid model of stirred bioreactor with punched impeller is established by the computational fluid dynamics （CFD）, using a rotating coordinate system and sliding mesh to describe the relative motion between impeller and baffles. The simulation and experiment results of flow and temperature field prove their warps are less than 10% and the mathematic model can well simulate the fields, which will also provide the study on optimized-design and scale-up of bioreactors with reference value.

啤酒糟流化床气化中颗粒粒径对气固流动和产气影响的CPFD模拟

我国酿酒工业每年产生大量废弃啤酒糟,其具有挥发分含量高、硫含量低的特点,特别适合作为气化原料,而流化床气化炉以优异的气固混合和温度均匀性而著称,通过流化床气化实现啤酒糟的资源化和能源化利用具有重要意义。为探究啤酒糟流化床气化过程中颗粒粒径对气固流动行为和产气的影响,基于计算颗粒流体动力学(CPFD)方法,对以空气和水蒸气为气化剂的啤酒糟鼓泡流化床气化过程进行了数值模拟,研究了床料粒径和啤酒糟粒径的影响。通过CPFD数值模拟,获得了鼓泡流化床气化炉内颗粒体积分数分布、酒糟和床料的颗粒分布等流动特征,以及产气中主要气体组分的摩尔分数。借助鼓泡流化床气化实验装置,研究了床料粒径和啤酒糟粒径对产气中各气体组分体积分数的影响规律,并对数值模拟结果进行了验证。结果表明,床料粒径的增加不利于气化炉内的充分流态化和颗粒混合,使气化炉内温度沿高度的分布不均匀,并且不利于碳颗粒和水蒸气的充分混合以及气固反应和气相反应的均匀吸放热,造成H_(2)摩尔分数显著降低;啤酒糟粒径的适当增大有助于延长其在气化炉内的停留时间,从而提高固态碳与水蒸气、二氧化碳之间的反应转化率,生成更多的H_(2)和CO,但过大的啤酒糟粒径会造成啤酒糟和床料的混合较差,使啤酒糟比表面积减小,不利于热解和气化反应,导致H_(2)、CO、CH_(4)和NH_(3)等可燃组分的摩尔分数均降低。

Stochastic neuro-swarming intelligence paradigm for the analysis of magneto-hydrodynamic Prandtl-Eyring fluid flow with diffusive magnetic layers effect over an elongated surface

In recent years,the integration of stochastic techniques,especially those based on artificial neural networks,has emerged as a pivotal advancement in the field of computational fluid dynamics.These techniques offer a powerful framework for the analysis of complex fluid flow phenomena and address the uncertainties inherent in fluid dynamics systems.Following this trend,the current investigation portrays the design and construction of an important technique named swarming optimized neuroheuristic intelligence with the competency of artificial neural networks to analyze nonlinear viscoelastic magneto-hydrodynamic Prandtl-Eyring fluid flow model,with diffusive magnetic layers effect along an extended sheet.The currently designed computational technique is established using inverse multiquadric radial basis activation function through the hybridization of a well-known global searching technique of particle swarm optimization and sequential quadratic programming,a technique capable of rapid convergence locally.The most appropriate scaling group involved transformations that are implemented on governing equations of the suggested fluidic model to convert it from a system of nonlinear partial differential equations into a dimensionless form of a third-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation.The transformed/reduced fluid flow model is solved for sundry variations of physical quantities using the designed scheme and outcomes are matched consistently with Adam's numerical technique with negligible magnitude of absolute errors and mean square errors.Moreover,it is revealed that the velocity of the fluid depreciates in the presence of a strong magnetic field effect.The efficacy of the designed solver is depicted evidently through rigorous statistical observations via exhaustive numerical experimentation of the fluidic problem.

Desulfurization characteristics of slaked lime and regulation optimization of circulating fluidized bed flue gas desulfurization process--A combined experimental and numerical simulation study

Circulating fluidized bed flue gas desulfurization(CFB-FGD) process has been widely applied in recent years. However, high cost caused by the use of high-quality slaked lime and difficult operation due to the complex flow field are two issues which have received great attention. Accordingly, a laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor was constructed to investigate the effects of physical properties and external conditions on desulfurization performance of slaked lime, and the conclusions were tried out in an industrial-scale CFB-FGD tower. After that, a numerical model of the tower was established based on computational particle fluid dynamics(CPFD) and two-film theory. After comparison and validation with actual operation data, the effects of operating parameters on gas-solid distribution and desulfurization characteristics were investigated. The results of experiments and industrial trials showed that the use of slaked lime with a calcium hydroxide content of approximately 80% and particle size greater than 40 μm could significantly reduce the cost of desulfurizer. Simulation results showed that the flow field in the desulfurization tower was skewed under the influence of circulating ash. We obtained optimal operating conditions of 7.5 kg·s^(-1)for the atomized water flow, 70 kg·s^(-1)for circulating ash flow, and 0.56 kg·s^(-1)for slaked lime flow, with desulfurization efficiency reaching 98.19% and the exit flue gas meeting the ultraclean emission and safety requirements. All parameters selected in the simulation were based on engineering examples and had certain application reference significance.

Size dependent flow behaviors of particles in hydrocyclone based on multiphase simulation

To investigate the flow behaviors of different size particles in hydrocyclone,a designed process was numerically simulated by the transient solver,where the quartz particles possessing a size distribution were injected into a 100 mm diameter hydrocyclone with the steady water field and air core inside.A lab experimental work has validated the chosen models in simulation by comparing the classification efficiency results.The simulated process shows that the 25 μm quartz particles,close to the cut size,need much more time than the finer and coarser particles to reach the steady flow rate on the outlets of hydrocyclone.For the particles in the inner swirl,with the quartz size increasing from 5 to 25 μm,the particles take more time to enter the vortex finder.The 25 μm quartz particles move outward in the radial direction when they go up to the vortex finder,which is contrary to the quartz particles of 5 μm and 15 μm as they are closely surrounding the air core.The studies reveal that the flow behaviors of particles inside the hydrocyclone depend on the particle size.

CFB密相区床料粒径分布对其横向扩散影响的CPFD模拟

该文运用基于计算颗粒流体力学（computational particle fluid dynamics,CPFD）方法的barracuda 17.0软件,对尺寸为900mm×100mm×1200mm的准三维流化床的密相区大颗粒扩散行为进行模拟试验。模拟中,主要考虑在不同流化风速与不同示踪颗粒粒径的条件下,床料粒径分布对密相区中颗粒横向扩散系数的影响。模拟结果显示,宽筛分床内不同粒径颗粒分布十分均匀,无明显分层现象。流化风速及平均粒径相同条件下,单一床料粒径条件下得到的颗粒横向扩散系数略大于宽筛分条件下得到的结果;流化风速相同但床料平均粒径不同条件下,床料平均粒径为1 050μm床内获得的颗粒横向扩散系数要小于床料平均粒径为600μm床内得到的结果。

竖直管气固鼓泡流化床传热机理的CPFD模拟

针对细颗粒气固鼓泡流化床中床料与竖直传热管壁面间的传热行为,在前期实验的基础上,采用计算颗粒流体力学(CPFD)方法从颗粒在传热壁面更新的角度,深入分析了传热特性与壁面气固流动行为之间的关联性。结果表明,模拟得到的传热管壁面颗粒更新通量和基于颗粒团更新模型的颗粒团平均停留时间均能很好解释实验测得的传热系数变化规律,这证实颗粒团更新是影响传热过程的控制性因素。模拟还发现随加热管从床层中心向边壁的移动,加热管周向方向上颗粒更新通量和传热系数的不均匀性都呈增大趋势。随着表观气速的增大,气泡行为导致床层颗粒内循环流率增大,这是导致颗粒团在加热管壁面上的更新频率增大以及床层与壁面间传热系数增大的根源。

循环流化床脱硫塔气固流动特性CPFD模拟

采用计算颗粒流体力学(computation particle fluid dynamics,CPFD)方法对工业规模的循环流化床脱硫塔内气固两相流场进行三维、全尺寸数值模拟。在计算中充分考虑颗粒–气体、颗粒–颗粒以及颗粒–壁面之间相互作用。通过网格无关性分析和试验验证,证明所建模型及其结果的正确性,对比分析调节前后脱硫塔内部气固流场特征的变化规律。研究结果表明,调整后的气流场分布更加均匀,紊乱度更小,流体回流及返混程度降低,促进脱硫剂颗粒均匀满布塔体,从而有利于脱硫效率提高;壁面磨损率随颗粒速度增大而增大,颗粒径向运动对壁面造成的磨损较为严重;颗粒停留时间随着颗粒粒径增加而增加。根据文中计算条件,综合对比分析发现加装4片直挡板的调节方案其调节效果最佳。

三维单旋导向挡板鼓泡流化床内气固流动的CPFD模拟

单旋导向挡板是一种广泛应用于流化床反应器中的横向内构件,研究其对鼓泡流化床内气固流动的影响具有重要意义。采用计算颗粒流体力学(CPFD)方法耦合Igci曳力模型研究带有两层单旋导向挡板的鼓泡流化床内的三维气固流动,并与空筒鼓泡流化床作对比。首先将轴向和径向时均固含率分布的模拟结果和实验数据进行对比,验证了该计算方法的可靠性;随后考察了单旋导向挡板对鼓泡流化床内气泡平均当量直径沿床高的分布以及气体停留时间分布的影响,计算结果表明,单旋导向挡板对大气泡具有一定的破碎作用,在挡板影响区域内气泡平均当量直径变小。同时,有、无挡板流化床内的气体停留时间分布曲线与其数学特征基本一致,表明单旋导向挡板的存在对鼓泡流化床内的气体返混没有明显影响。

基于CPFD方法的锥形阀流量特性模型构建

锥形阀作为一种性能优异的灰控阀,具有运行稳定,系统故障率低等特点,经常应用于循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)锅炉外置式换热器以及排渣系统中。目前锥形阀流率控制研究尚处于空白状态,缺乏相关数据和理论的支持,工业应用中也大多是通过经验来配置和使用锥形阀,所以对锥形阀流量特性进行研究,为锥形阀的设计和使用提供理论支持,是十分有必要的。利用计算颗粒流体动力学(computational particle fluid dynamics,CPFD)方法搭建锥形阀流动数值模拟模型,对锥形阀物料流动进行数值模拟,通过对网格数、曳力模型、应力参数等进行选取和调节,得到与实际实验情况相符合的锥形阀流动模型。在选取的工况下,Wen Yu-Ergun曳力模型模拟得到的结果与实验结果匹配度最高;网格密度比取2.24、网格数取35万时,网格质量及模拟速度满足要求;通过参数调节对比,确认了模拟时最佳的密堆积体积分数与应力模型参数值。经验证,选取的模型参数可适用于改文所涉及的几乎所有工况条件,同时可使流量误差控制在±10%以内,床压误差控制在±2%以内。

循环流化床生物质颗粒掺混流动特性CPFD模拟

针对循环流化床(CFB)燃煤锅炉掺混生物质颗粒对床内颗粒流动特性的影响,文中基于计算颗粒流体动力学(CPFD)方法对CFB内煤炭颗粒掺混生物质颗粒的混合流动特性进行模拟研究,考察床层压降,并分析生物质掺混比以及不同的掺混方式对颗粒流动特性的影响。结果表明:掺混质量分数15%生物质的混合颗粒最小流化速度为0.7 m/s;生物质掺混比例的增加使最小流化速度有所提升,但提升程度不大;此外,2种颗粒的堆积方式对颗粒流动特性存在影响,当生物质堆积在煤炭上方时,会阻碍床层内颗粒的正常流化,出现节涌现象。

湿法烟气脱硫系统脱硫效率的CPFD模拟研究

采用计算颗粒流体力学(CPFD)方法与Barracuda软件,并结合传质理论对湿法烟气脱硫喷淋塔内再生烟气与脱硫浆液液滴之间的传质过程进行了数值模拟,定量研究了脱硫喷嘴的性能、运行、安装参数对脱硫效率的影响。实验结果表明,喷淋液滴粒径与脱硫效率成反比,液滴粒径不宜大于1.4 mm;喷雾锥角与脱硫效率成正比;液气比与脱硫效率成正比,宜取6.5~7.5 L/m^3;喷淋层间距对脱硫效率影响不大,一般可取为1.5~2.0 m;喷嘴布置取叉排布置形式;喷淋液滴初始速度宜取在2~4 m/s范围内,对本工作的研究对象,取3 m/s为宜;喷淋浆液粒径和液气比对脱硫效率影响最为显著,是脱硫喷嘴的关键性能参数和运行参数。

A computational particle fluid-dynamics simulation of hydrodynamics in a three-dimensional full-loop circulating fluidized bed: Effects of particle-size distribution

A computational particle fluid-dynamics model coupled with an energy-minimization multi-scale(EMMS)drag model was applied to investigate the influence of particle-size distribution on the hydrodynamics of a three-dimensional full-loop circulating fluidized bed.Different particle systems,including one monodisperse and two polydisperse cases,were investigated.The numerical model was validated by comparing its results with the experimental axial voidage distribution and solid mass flux.The EMMS drag model had a high accuracy in the computational particle fluid-dynamics simulation of the three-dimensional full-loop circulating fluidized bed.The total number of parcels in the system(Np)influenced the axial voidage distribution in the riser,especially at the lower part of the riser.Additional numerical simulation results showed that axial segregation by size was predicted in the two polydisperse cases and the segregation size increased with an increase in the number of size classes.The axial voidage distribution at the lower portion of the riser was significantly influenced by particle-size distribution.However,radial segregation could only be correctly predicted in the upper region of the riser in the polydisperse case of three solid species.

Particle dispersion modeling in ventilated room using artificial neural network

Due to insufficiency of a platform based on experimental results for numerical simulation validation using computational fluid dynamic method(CFD) for different geometries and conditions,in this paper we propose a modeling approach based on the artificial neural network(ANN) to describe spatial distribution of the particles concentration in an indoor environment.This study was performed for a stationary flow regime.The database used to build the ANN model was deducted from bibliography literature and composed by 261 points of experimental measurement.Multilayer perceptron-type neural network(MLP-ANN) model was developed to map the relation between the input variables and the outputs.Several training algorithms were tested to give a choice of the Fletcher conjugate gradient algorithm(TrainCgf).The predictive ability of the results determined by simulation of the ANN model was compared with the results simulated by the CFD approach.The developed neural network was beneficial and easy to predict the particle dispersion curves compared to CFD model.The average absolute error given by the ANN model does not reach 5%against 18%by the Lagrangian model and 28% by the Euler drift-flux model of the CFD approach.

Effects of cartilaginous rings on airflow and particle transport through simplified and realistic models of human upper respiratory tracts

In the present study, computational fluid dynamics （CFD） is used to investigate inspiratory and expiratory airflow characteristics in the human upper respiratory tract for the purpose of identifying the probable locations of particle deposition and the wall injury. Computed tomography （CT） scan data was used to reconstruct a three dimensional respiratory tract from trachea to first generation bronchi. To compare, a simplified model of respiratory tract based on Weibel was also used in the study. The steady state results are obtained for an airflow rate of 45 L/min, corresponding to the heavy breathing condition. The velocity distribution, wall shear stress, static pressure and particle deposition are compared for inspiratory flows in simplified and realistic models and expiratory flows in realistic model only. The results show that the location of cartilaginous rings is susceptible to wall injury and local particle deposition.

Removal of SiC particles from solar grade silicon melts by imposition of high frequency magnetic field

Non-metallic particles and metallic impurities present in the feedstock affect the electrical and mechanical properties of high quality silicon which is used in critical applications such as photovoltaic solar cells and electronic devices. SiC particles strongly deteriorate the mechanical properties of photovoltaic cells and cause shunting problem. Therefore, these particles should be removed from silicon before solar cells are fabricated from this material. Separation of non-metallic particles from liquid metals by imposing an electromagnetic field was identified as an enhanced technology to produce ultra pure metals. Application of this method for removal of SiC particles from metallurgical grade silicon （MG-Si） was presented. Numerical methods based on a combination of classical models for inclusion removal and computational fluid dynamics （CFD） were developed to calculate the particle concentration and separation efficiency from the melt. In order to check efficiency of the method, several experiments were done using an induction furnace. The experimental results show that this method can be effectively applied to purifying silicon melts from the non-metallic inclusions. The results are in a good agreement with the predictions made by the model.

Study on Optimizing High-Gradient Magnetic Separation—Part 1: Improvement of Magnetic Particle Retention Based on CFD Simulations

The introduction of functionalized magnetizable particles for the purification of enzymes or for the multi-use of pre-immobilized biocatalysts offers a great potential for time and cost savings in biotechnological process design. The selective separation of the magnetizable particles is performed for example by a high-gradient magnetic separator. In this study FEM and CFD simulations of the magnetic field and the fluid flow field within a filter chamber of a magnetic separator were carried out, to find an optimal separator design. The motion of virtual magnetizable particles was calculated with a one-way coupled Lagrangian approach in order to test many geometric and parametric variations in reduced time. It was found that a flow homogenisator smoothed the fluid flow, so that the linear velocity became nearly equal over the cross section in the direction of flow. Furthermore the retention of magnetizable particles increases with a high total edge length within the filter matrix.

低负荷下CFB锅炉二次风优化对NO_(x)排放影响的数值模拟

为控制循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)锅炉低负荷下NO_(x)的原始排放,以某350 MW超临界CFB锅炉为研究对象,基于计算颗粒流体力学(computational particle fluid dynamics,CPFD)方法对40%负荷下燃烧过程进行数值模拟。分析了不同二次风角度、新增二次风量对NO_(x)排放的影响。结果表明:随着射流角度的减小,炉膛出口NO浓度逐渐降低,CO浓度无明显增加。部分二次风上移后炉膛密相区氧浓度降低,不完全燃烧增加,还原性氛围增强,抑制了NO的生成。当新增风量从10%增加到30%时,NO排放浓度降低了17.2%。但随着比例的进一步提高,炉膛密相区的缺氧环境造成燃烧效率下降,温度大幅降低。因此,在不影响燃烧的前提下可以通过提高新增二次风比例来降低NO的原始排放浓度。