CRU数据集在黑龙江省ET_0计算中的应用

针对我国参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET0)计算中存在的气象数据不易获取、现有作物需水量数据空间分辨率较低等问题,以黑龙江省为例,基于10 min分辨率的CRU CL 2.0数据集,采用FAO Penman-Monteith公式建立了适于计算区域ET0的栅格模型,并应用黑龙江省14个气象站的实测气象数据对该模型计算成果进行了验证。结果表明:采用CRU CL 2.0数据计算区域ET0是可行的,其计算结果与应用实测气象数据计算所得的ET0符合较好,不仅可以细化我国ET0和作物需水量研究成果,也为气象资料缺乏情况下的ET0计算供了一种新的计算模式。

1901～2013年GPCC和CRU降水资料在中国大陆的适用性评估

利用1901~2013年中国大陆地区的气象台站实测降水资料,对东英吉利(East Anglia)大学气候研究中心(Climatic Research Unit,CRU)和全球降水气候中心(Global Precipitation Climatology Centre,GPCC)的降水资料分别从季节、年际和年代际尺度上进行了评估。结果表明:1961~2013年CRU与GPCC降水资料均能较准确地描述中国大陆地区的降水特征,且在东部较西部地区、夏季较冬季与站点实测降水情况更为一致。将中国大陆划分为不同区域并在其季节、年际和年代际时间尺度上通过比较降水偏差绝对值的百分比、均方根误差和相关系数等统计量后发现:CRU在青藏高原和其它较大的山脉附近与站点实测降水的差别较大,且年均降水趋势在西北一带的阿尔金山脉、黄土高原、东南地区和长江下游地区,比实测降水的年均趋势小、甚至出现趋势相反的情况。此外,CRU降水的年代际变化趋势也偏小。而GPCC数据不论是降水量还是降水趋势都更接近实际情况。在1901~1961年,通过与65个长期气象观测站点的降水时间序列比较发现,CRU在110°E以西地区与站点观测的降水资料间的差别较大,而GPCC与站点观测资料的吻合较好。最后,利用1961~2013年两套降水资料和站点实测资料分别计算了标准化降水指数(SPI),简单分析了中国大陆地区的干旱变化,发现GPCC对旱涝的时空变化特征的描述比CRU更接近站点实际观测;并且CRU也没有反映出1997年夏季中国地区出现的严重干旱情况,而GPCC较为准确地反映出了这一干旱事件特征。因此,本文的研究结果认为,就中国大陆地区长时期降水资料而言,GPCC的适用性优于CRU。

CRU产品在中国大陆的干旱事件时间性效用评估

基于1980—2016年CGDPA(China gauge-based precipitation daily analysis dataset)和PM-Ep(potential evapotranspiration calculated by Penman-Monteith)资料,以标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)为干旱指标,采用6种评估指标综合评价CRU降水(CRU-P)和潜在蒸散发(CRU-Ep)产品在中国大陆对干旱事件时间性的监测效用。结果表明:CRU-P与CGDPA在中国大陆空间分布特征具有较好的相似性,而CRU-Ep与PM-Ep有明显差异,但它们在大部分地区的精度较高;SPEIc(基于CRU-P和CRU-Ep计算的SPEI)在中国东部和西部部分地区的性能较好,其与SPEIm(基于CGDPA和PM-Ep计算的SPEI)的相关系数在中国东部、西北、西南地区均大于0.7,均方根误差小于0.8,命中率大于0.6;利用文中提出的干旱率、平均开始时间误差、平均结束时间误差评价得出不同时间尺度的SPEIc在中国大陆大部分地区监测干旱事件时间性的精度较高,且在中国东部地区优于西部地区;基于长序列CRU产品驱动的SPEI可适用于中国东部、西北、西南地区的干旱监测。

CRU高分辨率格点降水资料在海河流域的适用性

利用海河流域及其子流域漳河流域的实测站点资料,采用皮尔逊相关系数、均方根误差、平均绝对误差以及相对偏差作为评价指标,对CRU(climate research unit)数据降水产品的月尺度降水数据在海河与漳河流域的适用性进行评估分析,结果表明:CRU数据在海河子流域漳河流域的适用性好于整个海河流域,各项评价结果均达到预期期望;突变性与周期性规律检验结果与以往基于实测数据分析结果相符;从相关系数角度来看,应用于2个流域的CRU数据在1990年之前整体表现良好,但在1990年后海河流域的相关系数显著下降。综上CRU数据可应用于海河流域与漳河流域的气候变化背景下水文过程模拟与分析,但应用于海河流域实测站点数据的还原时,应充分考虑其年际表现不一的问题。

基于2CRU/2PRRR并联式灌装机构的设计与工作空间分析

目的 针对目前流水线上的灌装机构,对含有不同倾角瓶子的通用性不强等问题,提出一种新型2CRU/2PRRR并联机构来解决这一问题。方法 首先用SolidWorks软件创建2CRU/2PRRR并联机构的立体模型。利用螺旋理论分析得出该机构的自由度,并用修正的Kutzbach-Grübler公式对分析得出的自由度进行验证。然后利用运动学模型和D-H法分析求解机构动平台的位置反解。最后应用Matlab软件编写相应的极限边界搜索程序,运算求解出工作空间,并给出该灌装机构在流水线的应用实例。结果2CRU/2PRRR并联机构拥有1个转动自由度,3个方向的移动自由度。工作空间为规则立方体,内部连续无空洞且无奇异位型。结论 2CRU/2PRRR并联式灌装机构结构简单、运行稳定、性能良好,完全可以满足流水线上对含有倾角的瓶子进行灌装时的运动和工作范围需求,提高了灌装机构的通用性。

从对苯二甲酸生产系统的水平衡分析CRU流程简化的可行性

通过对对苯二甲酸（ＴＡ）生产过程中水含量的平衡计算与分析，并根据有关试验结果，从工艺上、经济上以及各项消耗方面，对催化剂回收单元（ＣＲＵ）流程简化（即取消浓缩、闪蒸部分）的可行性和必要性进行了探讨，并指出了存在的问题。

基于CRU数据的1901—2018年全球陆表气温时空变化特征分析

基于英国东英格利亚大学气候研究所单位时间序列网格数据集,1901—2018年的陆表平均气温、最高气温和最低气温数据(0.5°×0.5°,月值数据),采用时间序列趋势分析、趋势显著性检验、空间相关性分析等方法对气温进行年内变化、年际变化和空间分布分析.结果表明:(1)1901—2018年平均、最高、最低气温的气候倾向率(曼-肯德尔检验结果)分别为0.11℃/10 a(1.739),0.09℃/10 a(1.640)和0.12℃/10 a(1.807),表明全球具有较明显的升温趋势;(2)在步长为6 a,显著水平α=0.01的情况下,滑动t检验结果显示平均温和最高温的突变点为2个,最低温的突变点为3个,1964年的突变较明显;(3)北纬45°以北地区的最低温升温所涉及的范围比平均、最高温更大;(4)相比于最低气温,平均气温和最高气温的空间差异性变化较小,1980年以来最低气温的空间异质性呈现减小趋势.

基于CRU资料的山西百年气温时空演变特征

全球变暖的背景下,百年尺度上的区域气温变化规律,近年来已成为气候变化研究的热点。本文基于1901-2016年英国东英吉利(East Anglia)大学气候研究中心(Climatic Research Unit,CRU)提供的高分辨率、逐月气温数据集,采用一元线性回归法、滑动平均法和Mann-Kendall突变检验法分析了116年来山西气温的时空分布特征。结果表明:百年来山西年平均气温和各季节气温均呈波动上升趋势,年均和各季节气温倾向率分别为0.13℃·(10a)-1(年平均)、0.16℃·(10a)-1(春季)、0.05℃·(10a)-1(夏季)、0.09℃·(10a)-1(秋季)、0.22℃·(10a)-1(冬季),其中冬季气温增幅最大,对年均温增长的贡献最大,贡献率为42.31%,夏季气温增幅最小,贡献率也最小(9.62%)。研究时段内,山西各季节气温均发生突变,春季季均温突变开始于1993年,夏季在1917年和1996年都发生了气温突变,秋季、冬季出现突变的年份分别为2001年、1984年。空间上,山西多年平均气温和季均温均以南高北低的纬度变化规律为主,同时受到地形的影响,分别形成不同气温中心,其中冬季受地形影响最小,尤其是最冷月。

Quinclorac Resistance in Echinochloa crus-galli from China

Echinochloa crus-galli is a major weed in rice fields in China,and quinclorac has been long used for its control.Over-reliance of quinclorac has resulted in quinclorac resistance in E.crus-galli.Two resistant(R)E.crus-galli populations from Hunan,China were confirmed to be at least 78-fold more resistant to quinclorac than the susceptible(S)population.No difference in foliar uptake of 14C-labelled quinclorac was detected between the R and S plants.However,a higher level of 14C translocation and a lower level of quinclorac metabolism were found in the R plants.Basal and induced expression levels ofβ-cyanoalanine synthase(β-CAS)gene andβ-CAS activity were not significantly different between the R and S plants.However,the induction expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase(ACO1)gene by quinclorac treatment was evident in the S plants but not in the R plants.Quinclorac resistance in the two resistant E.crus-galli populations was not likely to be related to foliar uptake,translocation or metabolism of quinclorac,nor to cyanide detoxification viaβ-CAS.Thus,target-site based quinclorac signal reception and transduction and regulation of the ethylene synthesis pathway should be the focus for further research.

Spatiotemporal variations of evapotranspiration and reference crop water requirement over 1957-2016 in Iran based on CRU TS gridded dataset

Agriculture needs to produce more food to feed the growing population in the 21st century.It makes the reference crop water requirement(WREQ)a major challenge especially in regions with limited water and high water demand.Iran,with large climatic variability,is experiencing a serious water crisis due to limited water resources and inefficient agriculture.In order to overcome the issue of uneven distribution of weather stations,gridded Climatic Research Unit(CRU)data was applied to analyze the changes in potential evapotranspiration(PET),effective precipitation(EFFPRE)and WREQ.Validation of data using in situ observation showed an acceptable performance of CRU in Iran.Changes in PET,EFFPRE and WREQ were analyzed in two 30-a periods 1957-1986 and 1987-2016.Comparing two periods showed an increase in PET and WREQ in regions extended from the southwest to northeast and a decrease in the southeast,more significant in summer and spring.However,EFFPRE decreased in the southeast,northeast,and northwest,especially in winter and spring.Analysis of annual trends revealed an upward trend in PET(14.32 mm/decade)and WREQ(25.50 mm/decade),but a downward trend in EFFPRE(-11.8 mm/decade)over the second period.Changes in PET,EFFPRE and WREQ in winter have the impact on the annual trend.Among climate variables,WREQ showed a significant correlation(r=0.59)with minimum temperature.The increase in WREQ and decrease in EFFPRE would exacerbate the agricultural water crisis in Iran.With all changes in PET and WREQ,immediate actions are needed to address the challenges in agriculture and adapt to the changing climate.

CRU称2030年汽车产业需求铝10 Mt

据伦敦商品研究所(CRU)的预测,2030年汽车工业对车身薄板ABS和电动车对挤压材总需求(combined requirement)可达约10 Mt,其中ABS为8 Mt,挤压材2 Mt,它们之间的比例关系为30/20,而目前,在汽车工业中,挤压材的用量仅占铝材总用量的10%~11%。

<i>In Vitro</i>Digestibility and Gas Production from <i>E. crus-pavonis</i>Used in Wetlands from Domestic Wastewater Treatment

In order to evaluate the possibilities of valorization as the feed of the plant biomass produced during wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands, a study of the in vitro digestibility and gas production of Echinochloa crus-pavonis was carried out in the Laboratory of Animal Production and Nutrition of the University of Dschang. The in vitro digestibility of Echinochloa crus-pavonis was evaluated at different harvesting periods. The digestibility parameters of E. crus-pavonis samples were determined by the in vitro method at different phenological stages. The gas production (GP) during 24 h of incubation was assessed using the in vitro incubation technique with bovine rumen fluid. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDM) values ranged from 52.09% to 64.76% with a decrease observed with the phenological stages of E. crus-pavonis (from 64.76% at the leafy stage to 52.09% at the flowering stage). The microbial biomass (MB) values varied significantly between 67.99 and 88.45 mg, with no significant difference observed between the leafy (88.45 mg), bolting (82.93 mg), and early heading (80.26 mg) stages (P > 0.05). On the other hand, changes in the gas produced during 24 h from the studied samples of E. crus-pavonis (34.9 and 48 ml/500mg) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) values (1.08 and 0.80 mmol/ml) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with the change in the phenological stage. The values of the partitioning factors (CF) of E. crus-pavonis in rumen fluid significantly decreased with advanced plant maturity (P < 0.05). The numerical values ranged from 0.52 to 1.19 ml/mg. A decrease in NDF-N was observed with the phenological stages of E. crus-pavonis. By combining the requirements of an optimal quantitative and qualitative production of E. crus-pavonis, harvesting at the bolting or early heading stage is an option of choice for exploitation as forage, under the conditions of this study. Based on the in vitro digestibility parameters studied, E. crus-pavonis is suitable as a ruminant feed.

中国境内稗(Echinochloa crus-galli)形态变异及其遗传和地理背景分析

采集了浙江、福建、江苏、湖南、湖北、四川、重庆、黑龙江、河南9个省的稗(Echinochloa crus-galli(L.)P.Beauv.)及其变种的33份种子,分别播种在相同的环境下,获得33个种群,测定了种群的16个形态性状,筛选出重复性好的9条ISSR引物,从33个种群中扩增出了109个位点。基于这些形态性状和ISSR位点信息,对33个种群先进行主成分分析,在此基础上再进行模糊均值聚类分析,探讨了它们的形态和遗传变化特点,及其与形态—遗传—地理背景三者之间的关系。主要结论如下:(1)33个种群可以鉴别出形态性状相对一致的4组,能够识别出西来稗(E.crus-galli var.zelayensis(Kunth)Farw.)、无芒稗(E.crus-galli var.mitis(Pursh)Peterm.)、细叶旱稗(E.crus-galli var.praticola Ohwi);(2)基于109个位点信息对33个种群进行聚类分析得到了6组,部分组与形态聚类分组有一定的对应性;(3)33个稗草种群的遗传分化受地理背景因素的影响(r=0.684,n=33,P<0.001);形态变异也有较明显的遗传背景因素(r=0.425,n=33,P<0.02)。在相对一致的稻田生境中,可能存在着形态上的趋同适应,使遗传上分化的组间在形态上又往往有交叉过渡,致使稗原变种(E.crus-galli var.crus-galli)、西来稗、无芒稗、短芒稗(E.crus-galli var.breviseta(D9ll)Podp.)在形态上难以区别;(4)基于遗传和形态数据分析,发现细叶旱稗无论在形态上,还是遗传上,均形成了明显的一组,推测与该种长期适应于干旱生境有关,建议将细叶旱稗提升为种的水平,并将其命名为Echinochloa praticola(Ohwi)Guo S L,Lu Y L,Yin L P&Zou M Y。

绝密永远保存——前苏联CRU情报机构

车臣战争进行的如火如荼。面临不断增长的伤亡数字和装备的损失，俄罗斯痛下决心，打算一举消灭麻烦制造者——车臣“总统”杜达耶夫。然而决心好下行动却难：杜达耶夫平时行动谨慎、出没无常，很难抓住他的踪迹，更无生活上的规律可以利用，车臣地形复杂且俄军又是人生地不熟，看上去这实在是一个不可能的任务。

CRU光纤光缆大会中国首秀 我国将成全球光纤光缆行业“四大中心”

得益于市场需求的持续增长以及技术创新能力的不断提升,我国将成为全球光纤光缆行业的研发中心、制造中心、销售中心、咨询与服务中心。

Dormancy release and germination of Echinochloa crus-galli grains in relation to galactomannan-hydrolysing enzyme activity

Echinochloa crus-galli, one of the world's most serious weeds, influences seriously the yield and quality of cereal crop plant.It is well known that E.crus-galli grain is dormant, but its dormant type, as well as its dormancy release and germination in relation to galactomannan-hydrolysing enzyme activity were poorly understood.The cooperation of endo-β-mannanase(EC 3.2.1.78), β-mannosidase(EC 3.2.1.25) and α-galactosidase(EC 3.2.1.22) can hydrolyze the cell walls rich in mannan-based polymers.In the present paper, the mature grains are used as experimental materials, we investigated the water uptake of grains, the effect of removing partial endosperm, after-ripening, stratification and phytohormone on grain germination, and the change in endo-β-mannanase, β-mannosidase and α-galactosidase activities of grains during after-ripening and germination.The results showed that the freshly-collected grains were water-permeable and had only phase I and II of water uptake, while the grains after-ripened for 150 d had an obvious phase III of water uptake.In alternating photoperiod, the germination of grains freshly-collected was zero at 10–35°C, and that of half grains was 11% at 20°C only.The grain germination was notably promoted by after-ripening and stratification, but not by gibberellic acid and 6-benzyladenine at 0.0001–1 mmol L–1.β-Mannosidase activity increased during 0 to 300 d of after-ripening and then decreased.The activity of endo-β-mannanase and α-galactosidase of grains decreased with after-ripening.During grain germination, endo-β-mannanase and β-mannosidase activities obviously increased, while α-galactosidase activity decreased.Our data showed that E.crus-galli grain was a deep physiological dormant, the dormancy release by after-ripening was related to an increasing β-mannosidase activity, and its germination was closely associated with an increasing endo-β-mannanase and β-mannosidase activity; which have provided new knowledge to decrease the harm of E.crus-galli on production of cereal crop plant.

Biological Characteristies of Methane Emission of Oryzasativa，Panicumcrus－galliand Cyperusdif for misGrown on PaddySoil

ＢｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｅｓｏｆＭｅｔｈａｎｅＥｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｏｆＯｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａ，Ｐａｎｉｃｕｍｃｒｕｓ－ｇａｌｌｉａｎｄＣｙｐｅｒｕｓｄｉｆｆｏｒｍｉｓＧｒｏｗｎｏｎＰａｄｄｙＳｏｉｌＭＩＮＨＡＮＧ；ＣＨＥＮＭＥＩ－Ｃ...