Effects of strain rate and temperature on microstructure and texture for AZ31 during uniaxial compression

In order to investigate the effects of strain rate and temperature on the microstructure and texture evolution during warm deformation of wrought Mg alloy,AZ31 extruded rods were cut into cylinder samples with the dimension of d8 mm×12 mm.The samples were compressed using a Gleeble 1500D thermo-mechanical simulation machine at various strain rates(0.001,0.01,0.1,1 and 5 s- 1)and various temperatures(300,350,400 and 450℃).The microstructure and texture of the compressed samples at the same strain under different deformation conditions were studied and compared by electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)in scanning electron microscope(SEM).The results show that the size of recrystallized grains in the deformed samples generally increases with the decrease of strain rate and the increase of temperature.After 50%reduction,most basal planes are aligned perpendicular to the compression direction at relatively high strain rate(>0.01 s- 1)or low temperature(<350℃).The optimized strain rate is 0.1 s- 1for uniaxial compression at 300℃,which produces about 80%of small grains(<5μm).

Microstructure and mechanical properties of automobile beam steels produced by EAF-CSP process

The microstructure, mechanical properties, and misorientation of automobile beam steels produced by EAF-CSP process were studied using optical microscopy （OM） and electron back-scattered diffraction （EBSD）. It is shown that the microstructure of strips is mainly polygonal ferrite, and the average grain size is about 5-8 μm. The electron back-scattered diffraction results show that grain boundaries in ferrite are basically high-angle grain boundaries without remarkable preferred orientation. Hot strips of automobile beam steels possess a good combination of strength and plasticity because of their fine microstructures and low quantity of impurities.

Microstructure and texture characteristics of ZK60 Mg alloy processed by cyclic extrusion and compression

The microstructure and crystallographic texture characteristics of an extruded ZK60 Mg alloy subjected to cyclic extrusion and compression(CEC) up to 8 passes at 503 K were investigated.The local crystallographic texture,grain size and distribution,and grain boundary character distributions were analyzed using high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD).The results indicate that the microstructure is refined significantly by the CEC processing and the distributions of grain size tend to be more uniform with increasing CEC pass number.The fraction of low angle grain boundaries(LAGBs) decreases after CEC deformation,and a high fraction of high angle grain boundaries(HAGBs) is revealed after 8 passes of CEC.Moreover,the initial fiber texture becomes random during CEC processing and develops a new texture.

Analysis on Microstructure and Misorientation of Ultrathin Hot Strip of Low Carbon Steel Produced by Compact Strip Production

The microstructure and misorientation of ultrathin hot strip were analyzed by CSP technology using electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) method and Autoforge finite element program. The experimental results showed that the finishing hot rolling microstructures were the mixture of recrystallized and deformed austenite. After phase transformation, ferrite grains embody substructures and dislocations, leading to the high strength and relatively low elongation rate of the ultrathin hot strip. The FEM simulation of strain mode and distribution in deformation area has been fulfilled. The simulation results are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis and experimental results.

CSP线热轧薄板的组织演变及微观取向研究

利用背电子散射衍射 (EBSD)技术 ,研究了 3种不同厚度规格的低碳钢 CSP热轧薄板的组织演变和微观取向 ,实验结果表明 :热轧终轧组织为再结晶奥氏体和变形奥氏体的混合体 ;相变后的铁素体晶粒中含有亚晶和位错 ,导致板带的强度升高而伸长率下降。板带的最终组织中含有残留的热轧织构 ,织构组分较杂且弱。最终组织中的铁素体晶粒尺寸不均匀 ,由

CSP流程试制高牌号无取向硅钢瓦楞缺陷的织构分析

研究了CSP流程生产的高牌号无取向电工钢中瓦楞缺陷的产生机理。采用EBSD技术对热轧、常化工序样品织构进行检测和分析。结果表明:热轧板织构在厚度方向上差异显著,中心层存在很强的旋转立方织构及较弱的α纤维织构和γ纤维织构,旋转立方织构是铸坯中心处原始<001>位向柱状晶演变得到的,它经历了小应变量及简单应变类型并绕ND轴转动,其轧制形变储能低,再结晶驱动力低,难以回复再结晶。它们是高牌号无取向电工钢中瓦楞缺陷产生的根本原因。热轧板常化后织构发生显著改变,中心层形变纤维组织消失,存在较强的旋转立方织构和{115}<110>织构,但旋转立方织构强度比热轧板中的织构强度已大幅减弱,因此常化工艺可有效减轻瓦楞缺陷。

Concurrent inheritance of microstructure and texture after slow β→α cooling of commercially pure Zr

A rolled and recrystallized commercially pure Zr sheet was β-solution treated and then cooled at two rates, i.e. air cooling(AC)and furnace cooling(FC). Microstructures and textures of original and β-cooled specimens were characterized by use of electron channeling contrast imaging, electron backscatter diffraction and X-ray diffraction techniques. Results reveal a novel phenomenon, i.e. the concurrent inheritance of microstructure and texture in the FC specimen cooled at a very slow rate. In contrast, for the AC specimen with faster cooling, typical lamellar α phases are obtained with relatively scattered texture.Based on comparatively crystallographic and thermodynamic analyses, reasons accounting for microstructure and texture differences in both cases are discussed, highlighting the significant role played by the variant selection behavior. It is postulated that increasing cooling rates should be more feasible to change the transformed texture in Zr materials.

Grain Refinement Mechanism and Texture Evolution of Polycrystalline Cu Sheets during the Electromagnetic Forming Process

The grain refinement mechanism and texture evolution of electromagnetically formed polycrystalline Cu sheets were investigated using the electron back-scattered diffraction(EBSD) technique. It is found that the average grain size decreases from 35.88 μm to 8.77 μm. The grain refinement was mainly attributed to dynamic recrystallization(DRX) at the grain boundary regions of bulged Cu samples where the inhomogeneous dislocation density and the large lattice misorientation were observed. The DRX mechanisms at the grain boundaries were discussed with respect to the strain-induced grain boundary migration nucleation. Moreover, the orientation distribution function(ODF) of the sample with the strain of 50% demonstrated a strong {110}<211> texture and a relatively weak {001}<100> texture. The texture evolution was discussed using the plastic work values of the grains with various orientations, which were calculated according to the Taylor model and the virtual work principle. The experimental results show that the expended plastic work of the grains with {110} orientation is 9.69 MPa, which is distinctly higher than those of the grains with the {001} and {111} orientations. This indicates that the formation of the {110} orientated texture would be preferred with increasing strain in good agreement with the experimental result.

Microstructure of AISI 304 stainless steel strips produced by a twin-roll caster

By optical inspection of macro-etched metallography and electron back-scattered diffraction （EBSD） mapping, this paper analyzed the microstructure of austenitic stainless steel strips produced with an equal-diameter twin-roll strip caster. The results indicate that the microstructure of the strips includes two columnar zones with highly compact dendrites and one equiaxed zone. The characteristics, such as grain size and growing direction of columnar grains and equiaxed grains, were investigated. An additional transitional area with many finer grains between the columnar zone and the equiaxed zone was found. As shown in EBSD analysis, small angle boundaries exist both in the columnar zone and the equiaxed zone, although they are especially more in the transitional area. Additionally, some 〈111〉 twin boundaries were found in the microstructure of the strips.

Opposite Relationship between Orientation Selection and Texture Memory in the Deformed Electrical Steel Sheets during α→γ→α Transformation

The undesired {111} texture component for the magnetic properties mainly exists in the sheets of electrical steels by the conventional process, whereas the sheets with the non-{111} texture can be obtained by α→γ→α transformation. In this paper, we mainly investigate the opposite relationship between orientation selection and texture memory in the deformed ultra-low carbon steel sheet during →→ transformation annealing. A 0.5 mm thick hot-rolled sheet is directly subjected to transformation. The result shows that the specific transformation textures are not possible to generate in the sheets without deformation. Besides, transformation annealing is conducted on the recrystallized sheets in hydrogen and vacuum, respectively. The near {100} and {110} grains have the growth advantage at the atmosphere/metal interface, and the initial ferrite textures are retained in vacuum. Cold-rolled sheets with different thicknesses are annealed for transformation in vacuum, hydrogen and nitrogen, respectively.The near {100} and {110} textures are still the preferential orientations at the atmosphere/metal interface. When the surface grains have sufficiently large growth advantage, the {111} grains developed by texture memory effect will be annexed. Otherwise, the {111} grains at the center layer of the sheets are hard to be replaced, and they are retained after α→γ→α transformation cycle. The results of deformed sheets annealed with different heating rates in hydrogen show that the growth of initial recrystallization grains has a great effect on variant selection.

<110> Fiber Texture Evolution of Ferrite Wires during Drawn-torsion and Drawn-annealing-torsion Process

In this paper, the texture and microstructure evolution of drawn-torsion and drawn-annealing-torsion ferrite wires are studied by electron back scattering diffraction （EBSD） in order to investigate the special torsion texture evolution. Compared to the simulation results, the stable texture components {110}〈 110 〉 and {110}〈112〉 in both drawn-torsion and drawn-annealing-torsion wires display different evolution processes. The texture of the drawn-annealing-torsion wire fits to the Taylor model. A special texture evolution is found in drawn-torsion wires, related to the grain shape, and the heterogeneous deformation. A new plastic deformation viewpoint is suggested based on the special microstructure of drawn ferrite wire.

基于EBSD系统的工业纯铁微观结构观测方法

简述了电子背散射衍射(EBSD)的技术原理和试样的制备工艺,简要说明了工业纯铁EBSD试样的制备过程和测试参数选择等。利用EBSD技术分析表征了未发生塑性变形的工业纯铁、发生塑性变形的工业纯铁以及塑性变形后回复再结晶的工业纯铁。通过数据处理分析,研究讨论了三种不同处理条件下的工业纯铁的组织变化规律,包括晶粒尺寸、晶粒取向、晶粒取向差和晶界特征等信息。通过实例进一步表明EBSD是材料微观组织结构表征中一种非常有效的分析手段。

C110级油套管钢的显微组织和晶体学特征对硫化物应力开裂的影响

通过单轴拉伸试验即NACE-A法评估了C110级油套管钢的抗硫化物应力开裂(sulfide stress cracking,SSC)性能,对拉伸试验断裂和未断裂的试样进行了金相检验,以揭示显微组织、夹杂物、晶界和位错对C110级油套管钢抗SSC性能的影响。结果表明:断裂试样中的裂纹从夹杂物处萌生和扩展,裂纹附近区域几乎都是变形晶粒,晶粒中心平均取向差较大,从而增大了钢的SSC倾向。未断裂试样中以再结晶晶粒和亚结构晶粒为主,且高角度晶界较多,能有效阻止裂纹的萌生。

冷轧及退火对310S奥氏体不锈钢的微观结构和组织的影响:基于X射线和电子背散射衍射分析

本文研究了热处理对310S奥氏体不锈钢的微观结构和组织的影响。对样品材料进行冷轧,使其厚度分别减少20%、50%和90%,然后在1023、1223和1323 K下退火5、15和30 min。在厚度减少20%后,奥氏体内产生孪晶,且可观察到形变诱发的α’马氏体,孪晶的体积分数大于α’马氏体。当厚度变化由50%增加到90%,α’马氏体的体积分数由11%增加到69%,孪晶被α’马氏体取代。发生形变后奥氏体相主要为Brass、Goss和S织构,α’马氏体的主要纹理为R-Cu、R-cube、F和E组份。随着形变量增大,Brass织构增加,Goss织构减少。退火过程中,马氏体向奥氏体转变,并发生了再结晶,使Goss和Brass再结晶织构的体积分数增加。材料退火后的结构与冷轧后的大致相同。1223 K下退火5 min的马氏体转变速度明显高于1023 K下的。在1023 K下退火5 min,由于马氏体不完全转变和初级再结晶,未能检测到等轴组织。获得超细晶粒组织的最佳退火温度为1023 K,退火时间为15 min。在1173 K和1273 K时出现快速再结晶和晶粒生长。

电子背散射衍射(EBSD)及其在材料研究中的应用

论述了电子背散射衍射(EBSD)的形成原理、花样包含的物理意义,并给出了EBSD在测定晶体取向、织构、取向关系、物相鉴定、应变分布、晶格常数及晶界性质研究等方面的应用实例。

大应变量冷轧AA1050铝合金微观组织与织构的演变

采用ECC和EBSD技术研究了AA1050铝合金冷轧到大应变量下微观组织和织构的演变规律。结果表明,AA1050合金冷轧到大形变量时,微观组织由低应变下的胞块组织结构转变成典型的层片状界面(LBs)结构,其内部的LBs基本与轧向(RD)平行;主要存在两种转变机制,即由于轧制变形(机制Ⅰ)和借助于S-bands结构的剪切作用(机制Ⅱ),从而导致GNBs逐渐旋转到与RD平行,且以机制Ⅰ为主。变形过程中,由于晶粒的分裂形成大量的大角度界面,随应变的增加,大角度界面的间距逐渐减小、数目逐渐增多;当冷轧到90%应变量时,除原始晶界外,约为47%的大角度界面起源于变形诱导的界面。冷轧变形主要形成典型的Brass+S+Copper轧制织构,且强度随应变的增加而逐渐增加。

电沉积镍和轧制镍显微组织和力学性能的对比

通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜、背散射电子衍射等多种材料分析方法对国内外不同商用电沉积镍和轧制纯镍进行显微组织表征,并对其力学性能进行测试,研究不同轧制工艺N6纯镍的强度和韧性。结果表明:电沉积镍板的化学成分均优于国内外相关标准的,国内电沉积镍板的杂质含量低。电沉积镍晶粒尺寸为30~300 nm,晶粒取向随机。国内电沉积镍板在水平和重力方向上抗拉强度分别为479 MPa和581 MPa。国外电沉积镍板在水平和重力方向上抗拉强度分别为681 MPa和687 MPa。冷轧冷加工态纯镍抗拉强度最高,为695 MPa;热轧热加工态纯镍塑性韧性最好(伸长率最大,为47.1%;冲击功最大,为33.59 J),两种电沉积镍两个方向上的伸长率均高于30%。几种纯镍的断口均由等轴韧窝、山脊纹和被拉长的韧窝组成,属于韧性断裂。两种电沉积镍板适合作为制备镍箔的原料进行不经重熔的直接轧制。

利用道次间退火改善镁合金轧制成形性的研究

塑性较差的六方结构镁合金轧制时易出现裂纹,尤其是在1mm以下薄板带的终轧阶段。其原因是在较低温度下基面取向晶粒内形成的切变带不易扩展所致。研究了MB1,AZ31(MB2 )镁合金在热模拟条件和实验室热轧过程中利用静态再结晶改善形变组织、细化晶粒、提高成形性的规律。实验表明,在选择的多道次轧制退火工艺下可顺利轧出0 3mm厚的薄板带,得到平均尺寸～7μm的等轴细晶。热模拟条件下得到的形变温度、形变量和形变组织的关系可帮助确定实际生产轧制过程中各道次轧制的温度。织构测定表明,各阶段退火前后都得到强的基面织构。终轧阶段无法利用{ 10 12 }拉伸孪晶的静态再结晶细化晶粒,而只能利用压缩孪晶扩展的切变带的再结晶细化晶粒。本文对轧制时利用动、静态再结晶细化晶粒的潜力及工艺优化进行了讨论。

镁合金AZ31高温形变机制的织构分析

利用X射线衍射和背散射电子衍射方法测定了镁合金AZ31高温动态再结晶和超塑形变时的宏观和微观织构,分析了晶粒内部的形变机制.结果表明,在动态再结晶和超塑形变过程中,晶粒内部的滑移机制仍起重要作用,表现为再结晶晶粒出现择优取向以及一些晶粒可充分均匀形变成长条状.宏观织构的测定表明,具有不同初始织构的两类样品高温动态再结晶时,新晶粒有不同的取向择优过程,形成相似的织构;长条形变晶粒内部开动的滑移系也有一定的差异.分析了不同温度下相同的织构对应的不同塑变机理.取向成像分析表明,基面织构取向的晶粒间总伴随着较高比例的小角晶界和30°<0001>的取向关系,这是六方结构的六次对称性限制了动态再结晶时(亚)晶粒间取向差的有效增大的缘故.

等通道角挤压中纯铜的晶粒取向演变及织构起伏效应

用XRD和EBSD对等通道角挤压(ECAP)过程中纯铜(99.9%)的晶粒取向变化进行研究,对挤压后的组织和晶粒取向变化机理进行分析。结果表明:纯铜经路径A挤压时,随着应变量的增大,晶粒在细化的同时原始〈101〉织构逐渐减弱,材料均匀性提高;从小角度向大角度晶界转变过程中,晶界取向差分布的峰值不断向大角度晶界的均值(40°)移动,逐渐呈现正态分布特征,取向差梯度逐渐减小;挤压过程中,织构的形成是动态过程,存在"织构起伏"效应,其强度和方向与材料的应变状态密切相关。认为"织构起伏"效应是材料晶体结构、晶界特征以及晶粒聚集状态在一定的温度和外力作用下的综合应变反映;材料内部新织构的产生与消失是晶群在受到外力作用后偏聚方向发生变化、内应力向相邻晶界传递的过程中,原来的聚集状态被破坏所致。