Chemical composition and biological activities of volatile oil isolated from Curcumae rhizoma

Curcumae rhizoma(C.rhizoma),the rhizome of Curcuma Longa L.,Curcuma kwangsiensis L.and Curcuma wenyujin L.in the ginger family,is a treasure in traditional Chinese medicine.It has the effect of promoting qi and breaking blood,eliminating accumulation and relieving pain.With the development of modern medicine,the active ingredients and therapeutic mechanism of C.rhizoma have been gradually revealed.In this paper,the chemical composition and biological activities of volatile oil isolated from C.rhizoma are reviewed in detail,aiming to provide reference for further utilization of C.rhizoma volatile oil and provide more effective drug options for clinical treatment.

Comparative analysis of essential oils found in Rhizomes Curcumae and Radix Curcumae by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A comparison of the volatile compounds in Rhizomes Curcumae （Ezhu） and Radix Curcumae （Yujin） was undertaken using gas chromatography mass spectrometi-y （GC-MS）. Ultrasonic extraction and GC-MS methods were developed for the simultaneous determination of five sesquiterpenes, namely, α-pinene, β-elemene, curcumol, germacrone and curdione, in Ezhu and Yunjin. Good linearity （r〉0.999） and high inter-day precision were observed over the investigated concentration ranges. The validated method was successfully used for the simultaneous determination of five sesquiterpenes in Ezhu and Yujin. The quantitative method can be effectively used to evaluate and monitor the quality of Chinese curcuma in clinical use.

STUDY OF THE MECHANISM OF ARTEMISINE CAPILLARIES AND RADIX CURCUMAE PREVENTING GALLSTONE FORMATION INDUCED BY HIGH CHOLESTEROL DIET IN GUINEA PIGS

To study the effect of chinese herbal medicine preventing gallstone formation, morphology of livers and gallbladders as well as conjugated bile acids of the bile. 58 female guinea pigs were randomly divided into three groups. The control group was fed on normal diet; the lithogenous groups was high cholesterol diet (HCD) and the antilithic group was high cholesterol and the chinese herbal medicine capsule (13 5 g/kg). 8 weeks later the guinea pigs were killed. Liver and gallbladder were removed for light and electroscope observation. Gallbladder bile were withdrawn and gallbladder were collected. The minute construction of gallstones were observed by scanning electron microscope and gallstone components were quantified by Fourier Transform Infrand Spectros Copy (FT IR). The morphology of liver and gallbladder were observed by light microscope and transmission electron microscope. Conjugated bile acid of biles were determined by Thin layer Chromatograph. The effect of chinese herbal medicine preventing gallstone formation, morphololgy of livers and gallbladders as well as conjugated bile acids of the bile were also observed. We measured conjugated bile acids in all groups and found that decreased in lithogenic group and increased notably in antilithic group (P<0 01) . The gallstone formation rate was 100% when the animals were fed on HCD in lithogenic group. The rate decreased to 5 3% when the animals were fed on HCD and Chinese herbal medicine capsule inantilithic group. It indicates that changes in diet is an important factor in the process of gallstone formation and the chinese herbal medicine can prevent gallstone formation effectively.

Network pharmacology-based analysis on the anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effect of Curcumae Radix

As a traditional Chinese medicine,Curcumae Radix(CR)has exhibited anti-hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)activity.However,the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear.In the present study,network pharmacology was utilized to reveal the mechanism of the effects of CR in HCC.The analysis of the network results showed that the active components of CR,including curcumin,naringenin,sitosterol,demethoxycurcumin,andβ-elemene,were closely related to the screened hub-targets,such as AKT1,TP53,MAPK8,MAPK1,JUN,STAT3,VEGFA,MAPK3,IL6,TNF,CCND1,EP300,EGFR,and ESR1.GO and KEGG analyses revealed that these targets were associated with pathways in cancer,proteoglycans in cancer,PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications,MAPK signaling pathway,hepatitis B,hepatitis C,and other biological processes.The candidate active components of CR(curcumin and naringenin)prominently exhibited their antitumor effects by regulating PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,MAPK signaling pathway,hepatitis B and hepatitis C.This study successfully predicted,explained,and confirmed the multi-component,multi-target,and multi-channel characteristics of CR,which not only gave novel insights into the pharmacological and biological molecular mechanism of CR applying to HCC disease,but also provided a feasible method for discovering potential activated compounds from Chinese herbs.

Advances in studies on anti-cancer mechanism of Rhizome Curcumae

The anti-cancer mechanism of Rhizome Curcumae mainly includes inhibiting the proliferation of tumor cells,promoting the apoptosis of tumor cells,inhibiting tumor angiogenesis,increasing the effect of chemotherapy drugs and reducing its side effects,reversing tumor multidrug resistance and improving immunity.This paper summarizes and describes the extracts and anticancer actives of Rhizome Curcumae in recent years,as well as their anticancer mechanism.It provides theoretical basis and ideas for the research of Rhizome Curcumae in the field of anticancer.

Network Pharmacology-Based and Pharmacological Evaluation of the Effects of Curcumae Radixon Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the network pharmacology of curcumae radix(CR, Yujin) and explore the mechanism of CR in the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury(CIRI). Materials and Methods: Network analysis and pharmacological evaluation were performed to explore the protective role of CR to treat CIRI. The potential target genes of the active components and CIRI were identified using SwissTarget Prediction, Bioinformatics Analysis Tool for Molecular mechANism of Traditional Chinese Medicine, GeneCards, and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Furthermore, network analysis was performed using Cytoscape software.Gene ontology analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis were performed using the R software. In vivo experiments were performed using the water extract of CR(WECR) on PC12 cells induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation(H/R) to simulate ischemia/reperfusion injury. Results: The results exhibited that 21 active compounds identified in CR were associated with 73 targets of CIRI. Functional analysis showed that multiple pathways, including response to stress, regulation of apoptotic process, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 signaling pathway, were significantly enriched. In addition, STAT3, IL4, HIFIA, and CTNNB1 were predicted to be the most important genes among the 36 hub genes. Furthermore, WECR treatment significantly improved PC12 cell injury and decreased apoptosis levels in cells induced by H/R, with malondialdehyde contents reduced and superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase levels increased. Conclusions: Network analysis and pharmacological evaluation of CR could provide valuable directions for further research on CR and improve comprehension of CIRI.

Extracts from Huangqi(Radix Astragali Mongoliciplus) and Ezhu(Rhizoma Curcumae Phaeocaulis) inhibit Lewis lung carcinoma cell growth in a xenograft mouse model by impairing mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, vascular endothelial growth factor prod

OBJECTIVE: To study the anti-tumor effects of the extracts from Huangqi(Radix Astragali Mongolici)and Ezhu(Rhizoma Curcumae Phaeocaulis) on the growth of Lewis lung carcinoma(LLC) in a xenograft mouse model and to investigate the possible underlying mechanism.METHODS: LLC tumor-bearing C57 BL/6 mice were treated with normal saline, cisplatin(2 mg/kg intraperitoneally every other day), or Huangqi(Radix Astragali Mongolici) and Ezhu(Rhizoma Curcumae Phaeocaulis)(1∶1, 2∶1, or 3∶1 ratio;5, 8, or 11 g/kg crude drug intragastrically every day) for 15 d.Body weights and tumor volumes were measured every other day. Tumors were excised on day 15 and analyzed. Tumor microvessel density(MVD)was assessed by immunohistochemical staining of CD34;and expression of vascular endothelial cell growth factor(VEGF), the mitogen-activated protein kinases p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2(ERK1/2), and Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK)and their phosphorylated forms were assessed by Western blotting.RESULTS: Treatment with cisplatin caused a significant loss of body weight compared with controls,whereas Huangqi(Radix Astragali Mongolici) and Ezhu(Rhizoma Curcumae Phaeocaulis) extract combinations had no effect. Extracts from Huangqi(Radix Astragali Mongolici) and Ezhu(Rhizoma Curcumae Phaeocaulis) significantly decreased tumor weight and tumor MVD compared with controls,and at the 3∶1 treatment group had similar efficacy to cisplatin in reducing MVD. Tumors from Huangqi(Radix Astragali Mongolici) and Ezhu(Rhizoma Curcumae Phaeocaulis) treatments also showed decreased p38 MAPK, p-p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2,JNK, and p-JNK expression compared with the control group(all P < 0.01). VEGF protein expression was significantly reduced in the 2∶1 and 3∶1 treatment groups compared with the control group(P < 0.01).CONCLUSION: Extracts from Huangqi(Radix Astragali Mongolici) and Ezhu(Rhizoma Curcumae Phaeocaulis) hindered LLC growth in the xenograft mouse model, possibly via inhibition of the MAPK signaling pathway, VEGF production, and tumor angiogenesis.

Effect of optimal combination of Huangqi(Radix Astragali Mongolici) and Ezhu(Rhizoma Curcumae Phaeocaulis) on proliferation and apoptosis of A549 lung cancer cells

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of optimal combination(E) of Huangqi(Radix Astragali Mongolici) and Ezhu(Rhizoma Curcumae Phaeocaulis) on proliferation and apoptosis of A549 lung cancer cells and the possible mechanism underpinning the action.METHODS: A uniform design method was used to optimize the E of Huangqi(Radix Astragali Mongolici) and Ezhu(Rhizoma Curcumae Phaeocaulis) in A549 lung cancer cells. MTS assay was applied to analyze the effect of the component formula ofHuangqi(Radix Astragali Mongolici) and Ezhu(Rhizoma Curcumae Phaeocaulis) on A549 cells viability in various uniform design groups. A549 cells with exponential growth in routine culture were exposed to Co Cl_2(200 μmol/L) to mimic hypoxic conditions. Group 0 was treated with RPMI-1640, the group Co Cl_2 was treated with Co Cl_2(200 μmol/L),the group DDP + Co Cl_2 was treated with 4 mg/L Cisplatin injection(DDP) + Co Cl_2(200 μmol/L), and the drug group was treated with various dose of E(0.5 E, 1 E, 2 E) + Co Cl_2(200 μmol/L). All groups were cultured for 24 h. Cell apoptosis was measured by Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide double staining and flow cytometry. Western blot assay and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(q RT-PCR) were employed to detect the protein and m RNA expression of B-celllymphoma-2(Bcl-2),Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax) and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3(caspase-3).RESULTS: The E obtained by the uniform design was comprise of 200 mg/L Astragalus polysaccharide(X1) and 32 mg/L Curcumin(X3). Group DDP+Co Cl_2, group 1 E + Co Cl_2 and group 2 E + Co Cl_2 promoted the apoptosis of A549 cells(P < 0.05). Group1 E + Co Cl_2 and group 2 E + Co Cl_2 had no statistically significant differences compared with the group DDP + Co Cl_2(P > 0.05). Compared with group 0, various doses of E + Co Cl_2 could up-regulate the expression of Bax and caspase-3 and down-regulate the expression of Bcl-2 at protein and m RNA levels(P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Astragalus polysaccharide and Curcumin was the optimal combination of Huangqi(Radix Astragali Mongolici) and Ezhu(Rhizoma Cur-cumae Phaeocaulis). E promoted the apoptosis of A549 cells. Combination of Astragalus polysaccharide and Curcumin increased the expression of Bax and caspase-3, and decreased the expression of Bcl-2 to initiate apoptosis in A549 cells under chemical-induced hypoxia.

Effecacy of Biejia(Carapax Trionycis) and Ezhu(Rhizoma Curcumae Phaeocaulis) couplet medicine on epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and migration of MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cells via PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the efficacy of Biejia(Carapax Trionycis)and Ezhu(Rhizoma Curcumae Phaeocaulis)couplet medicine on epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT),invasion and migration of MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer(TNBC)cells based on PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.METHODS:MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with different medicated serum as Biejia-,Ezhu-,Biejia-Ezhu(BJ-,EZ-,BJ-EZ-)groups,intervened with no drug rat serum and paclitaxel with final concentration of 33 nM(IC50)as negative and positive control(NC and PC)groups.CCK-8 assay,scratch test,and Transwell assay were used to examine cell proliferation,invasion,and migration.The expression of E-cadherin,N-cadherin,Vimentin,MMP-2,MMP-9,PI3K,Akt,p-Akt,mTOR,and p-mTOR was determined by Western blot,and the m RNA expression of PI3K,Akt and mTOR was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS:BJ-EZ group inhibited proliferation after 24,48,and 72 h compared with the NC group(P<0.05,<0.01 or<0.001)and reduced the invasion and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells(P<0.01 or<0.001).In addition,BJ-EZ group upregulated the expression of E-cadherin,downregulated the expression of N-cadherin,Vimentin,MMP-2,and MMP-9(P<0.05,P<0.01 or P<0.001),and inhibited the m RNA and protein expression of PI3K,Akt(p-Akt),mTOR(p-mTOR)(P<0.05,<0.01 or<0.001).CONCLUSION:Biejia(Carapax Trionycis)and Ezhu(Rhizoma Curcumae Phaeocaulis)couplet medicine can inhibit the proliferation,invasion,migration and EMT of MDA-MB-231 cells through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway,and the effect is better than that of Biejia(Carapax Trionycis)or Ezhu(Rhizoma Curcumae Phaeocaulis)alone.

A Review: The Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Pharmacokinetics of Curcumae Longae Rhizoma(Turmeric)

Curcumae Longae Rhizoma(CLR)is the rhizome of Curcuma longa L.Pharmacological studies show that CLR can be used to treat cervical cancer,lung cancer,lupus nephritis,and other conditions.In this paper,we review botany,traditional application,phytochemistry,pharmacological activity,and pharmacokinetics of CLR.The literature from 1981 to date was entirely collected from online databases,such as Web of Science,Google Scholar,China Academic Journals full-text database(CNKI),Wiley,Springer,PubMed,and ScienceDirect.The data were also obtained from ancient books,theses and dissertations,and Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae.There are a total of 275 compounds that have been isolated from CLR,including phenolic compounds,volatile oils,and others.The therapeutic effect of turmeric has been expanded from breaking blood and activating qi in the traditional sense to antitumor,anti-inflammatory,antioxidation,neuroprotection,antibacterial,hypolipidemic effects,and other benefits.However,the active ingredients and mechanisms of action related to relieving disease remain ill defined,which requires more in-depth research and verification at a clinical level.

三七及其混伪品的紫外谱线组法鉴别研究

[目的]建立鉴别三七及其混伪品高良姜、白及、姜黄和莪术的紫外谱线组鉴别方法。[方法]采用水、乙醇、石油醚、乙酸乙酯和氯仿对5种药材分别进行提取,然后进行紫外检测及其一阶导数光谱检测。[结果]正品三七与高良姜、白及、姜黄和莪术的紫外吸收光谱的峰位置和吸光度有明显的差异。[结论]该方法简便、准确、灵敏,能够很好的区别三七及其混伪品。

Research Progress and Prospects on the Anti-liver Fibrosis,Blood Circulation-promoting and Stasis-resolving Effects of Curcuma kwangsiensis Based on W-P Bodies

Liver fibrosis is a necessary stage in the progression of chronic liver disease to cirrhosis.So far,no satisfactory drugs have been found to intervene in liver fibrosis.Liver microcirculation disorders are one of the important pathogenesis of chronic liver disease,and hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells(HSECs)are the main cells that constitute the liver microcirculation barrier.In clinical practice,W-P bodies have been detected in HSECs of most patients with liver fibrosis.W-P bodies serve as a site for the synthesis and storage of vW factors,ET-1 and other cytokines that promote liver fibrosis.They can disrupt the structure and function of HSECs,cause liver microcirculation disorders,and exacerbate the progression of liver fibrosis.Previous studies have found that the Guangxi specialty ethnic medicine,C.kwangsiensis S.G.Lee et C.F.Liang,has definite effects in promoting blood circulation,resolving blood stasis,and resisting liver fibrosis.Based on this,a further research idea has been derived,stating that the blood circulation-promoting,blood stasis-resolving,and anti-liver fibrosis effects of C.kwangsiensis are produced by affecting the formation of W-P bodies,the synthesis and storage of contents in W-P bodies,and intervening in their exocytosis capacity.

The Acute and Chronic Effects of Co-Administration of Turmeric and Black Pepper Extracts in Genetic Hypertension

High blood pressure is the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, it affects many people worldwide and is a public health problem. This study explored the acute and chronic actions of a mixture of turmeric (95% curcumin) plus black pepper (95% piperine) extracts, in the blood pressure pattern in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) along they age. For the acute study male adult (4 - 7 months old) SHR and their control Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were used. A single oral dose of the mixture of turmeric/black pepper extracts (200 mg/2mg, respectively) suspension was administered. Tail-cuff was used to determine blood pressure during 180 min. For the chronic study, young (1-month-old) male SHR and their control WKY rats were fed with standard chow, or standard chow combined with cocoa, or combined with cocoa plus the mixture of turmeric/black pepper extracts;tail-cuff was used to determine blood pressure once a week, along 12 weeks. In a second chronic assay adult (5 months old) male SHR and their control WKY rats were fed with standard chow, or standard chow combined with cocoa, or combined with cocoa plus the mixture of turmeric/black pepper extracts;tail-cuff was used to determine blood pressure once a week, along 12 weeks. In all three studies, a decrease in systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure was observed, being higher in SHR and negligible in WKY rats. The mixture of turmeric/black pepper extracts showed antihypertensive actions in SHR rats with no effect on WKY rats. The mixture delayed the onset of hypertension in young SHR rats.

不同基原的郁金类药材中郁金多糖的含量测定

[目的]研究不同基原的郁金类药材中郁金多糖的含量,为郁金类药材的质量控制提供依据。[方法]采用热水浸提法提取郁金粗多糖,经过纯化得到郁金多糖,然后采用分光光度法,经苯酚-硫酸显色后,在489 nm波长处测定其总糖、还原糖及多糖的含量。[结果]不同基原的郁金中多糖的含量不同;3个不同基原的郁金药材中,以绿丝郁金多糖含量最大,其多糖的平均含量为25.775%;桂郁金的次之,其多糖含量为3.955%;黄丝郁金的多糖含量最低,为2.695%。[结论]该方法操作简单,稳定性好,可用于郁金中多糖的含量测定。

不同产地广西莪术的质量研究

[目的]对广西灵山、桂平、贵港等不同产地莪术药材中挥发油及吉马酮含量进行比较。[方法]采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,高效液相色谱法测定吉马酮,色谱条件为：乙腈-水（V/V,70∶30）,流速为1 ml/min,柱温为35℃,检测波长为215 nm,进样量为10μl。[结果]吉马酮检测浓度在0.022 3~0.139 8 mg/ml范围内线性关系良好,不同产地莪术药材中挥发油及吉马酮含量均有一定差距。[结论]灵山县产的莪术药材挥发油及吉马酮含量高于其他8个地区。

Elucidating the molecular targets of Curcuma longa for breast cancer treatment using network pharmacology,molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation

Background:To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of Curcuma longa(C.longa)in breast cancer treatment.Methods:Phytocompounds of C.longa were obtained from Dr.Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Database.Potential active targets were retrieved from Bindingdb,SEA and Swiss Target Prediction databases.Breast cancer targets were retrieved from the Therapeutic Target Database.Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses were done using DAVID and KOBAS3.0 databases respectively.The Cytoscape software was used to construct the phytocompound-target-pathway network.The PyRx and Desmond software were utilized for molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation respectively.Results:Out of one hundred and fifty-six phytocompounds,fifty-four modulated proteins involved in breast cancer.Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis indicated C.longa exerts its therapeutic effect through regulating several key pathways.Molecular docking analysis revealed that most phytocompounds of C.longa had a good affinity with the key targets.Molecular dynamics simulation showed that ethinylestradiol formed stable ligand-protein complexes.Conclusion:The results of this study will enhance our understanding of the potential molecular mechanisms by which C.longa inhibits breast cancer and lay a foundation for future experimental studies.

贵州南北盘江地区姜黄挥发油成分的气相色谱-质谱联用分析

[目的]分析贵州南北盘江地区姜科植物姜黄挥发油的化学成分。[方法]用水蒸气蒸馏法提取姜黄挥发油,并用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)法对挥发油成分进行分析。[结果]共分离了68个峰,确认了其中14个化合物,含量最多的是芳姜黄酮(28.17%)。[结论]该试验为贵州南北盘江地区姜黄植物药材的品质评价提供科学的参考依据。

中药莪术研究进展

莪术为我国常用中药,具有行气破血和消积止痛的功效,现代研究发现该药材具有抗癌、抗凝血、抗氧化和保肝的作用,应用愈加广泛,对其需求亦不断增加。该文分别从莪术的基原植物、主要活性成分、药理与临床和栽培技术等方面总结近些年国内外的研究状况,并探寻尚未解决的问题,为今后进行莪术的深入开发和产业化发展提供参考资料。

温郁金地上部分的化学成分(英文)

目的:研究中药莪术来源植物之一温郁金地上部分的化学成分。方法:利用反复硅胶色谱柱进行分离纯化,通过理化性质和波谱数据分析鉴定化合物结构。结果:分离并鉴定出6种化合物:codonolactone(1),vole-neol(2),octacosanoic ac id(3),β-谷甾醇(4),m angdesisterol(5)和胡萝卜苷(6)。结论:两个倍半萜化合物1,2和一个甾醇5为首次从该植物中分得。

用GC-MS法分析姜黄和片姜黄中挥发油成分并研究其体外抗肿瘤作用

目的:分析姜黄和片姜黄中的挥发油成分,对其体外抗肿瘤作用进行研究。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取两种药材饮片中的挥发油,用GC-MS法对挥发油成分做鉴别和分析。采用四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法,以A-549人肺癌细胞株和SGC-7901人胃癌细胞株研究姜黄和片姜黄中挥发油成分的体外抗肿瘤作用。结果:姜黄和片姜黄中挥发油成分的含量分别为1.5%和1.2%。姜黄挥发油的主要成分为β-姜黄酮、芳姜黄烯、β-倍半水芹烯、吉玛酮和姜烯等,抑制A-549人肺癌细胞株和SGC-7901人胃癌细胞株的IC50分别为227.8和129.7μg/ml。片姜黄挥发油的主要成分为莪术二酮、1,8-桉树脑、吉玛酮、异莪术醇、莪术醇和樟脑等,抑制A-549人肺癌细胞株和SGC-7901人胃癌细胞株的IC50分别为202.1和230.0μg/ml。结论:姜黄和片姜黄中的挥发油成分有显著差异,两种挥发油对A-549人肺癌细胞株和SGC-7901人胃癌细胞株均有较弱的抑制作用。