If a partial contralateral C7 nerve is transferred to a recipient injured nerve, results are not satisfactory. However, if an entire contralateral C7 nerve is used to repair two nerves, both recipient nerves show goo...If a partial contralateral C7 nerve is transferred to a recipient injured nerve, results are not satisfactory. However, if an entire contralateral C7 nerve is used to repair two nerves, both recipient nerves show good recovery. These findings seem contradictory, as the above two methods use the same donor nerve, only the cutting method of the contralateral C7 nerve is different. To verify whether this can actually result in different repair effects, we divided rats with right total brachial plexus injury into three groups. In the entire root group, the entire contralateral C7 root was transected and transferred to the median nerve of the affected limb. In the posterior division group, only the posterior division of the contralateral C7 root was transected and transferred to the median nerve. In the entire root ＋ posterior division group, the entire contralateral C7 root was transected but only the posterior division was transferred to the median nerve. After neurectomy,the median nerve was repaired on the affected side in the three groups. At 8, 12, and 16 weeks postoperatively, electrophysiological examination showed that maximum amplitude, latency, muscle tetanic contraction force, and muscle fiber cross-sectional area of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle were significantly better in the entire root and entire root ＋ posterior division groups than in the posterior division group. No significant difference was found between the entire root and entire root ＋ posterior division groups. Counts of myelinated axons in the median nerve were greater in the entire root group than in the entire root ＋ posterior division group, which were greater than the posterior division group. We conclude that for the same recipient nerve, harvesting of the entire contralateral C7 root achieved significantly better recovery than partial harvesting, even if only part of the entire root was used for transfer. This result indicates that the entire root should be used as a donor when transferring contralateral C7 nerve.展开更多
Contralateral C7（cC7） root transfer to the healthy side is the main method for the treatment of brachial plexus root injury. A relatively new modification of this method involves cC7 root transfer to the lower trunk...Contralateral C7（cC7） root transfer to the healthy side is the main method for the treatment of brachial plexus root injury. A relatively new modification of this method involves cC7 root transfer to the lower trunk via the prespinal route. In the current study, we examined the effectiveness of this method using electrophysiological and histological analyses. To this end, we used a rat model of total brachial plexus injury, and cC7 root transfer was performed to either the lower trunk via the prespinal route or the median nerve via a subcutaneous tunnel to repair the injury. At 4, 8 and 12 weeks, the grasping test was used to measure the changes in grasp strength of the injured forepaw. Electrophysiological changes were examined in the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle. The change in the wet weight of the forearm flexor was also measured. Atrophy of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle was assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Toluidine blue staining was used to count the number of myelinated nerve fibers in the injured nerves. Compared with the traditional method, cC7 root transfer to the lower trunk via the prespinal route increased grasp strength of the injured forepaw, increased the compound muscle action potential maximum amplitude, shortened latency, substantially restored tetanic contraction of the forearm flexor muscles, increased the wet weight of the muscle, reduced atrophy of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle, and increased the number of myelinated nerve fibers. These findings demonstrate that for finger flexion functional recovery in rats with total brachial plexus injury, transfer of the cC7 root to the lower trunk via the prespinal route is more effective than transfer to the median nerve via subcutaneous tunnel.展开更多
Nerve grafting has always been necessary when the contralateral C7 nerve root is transferred to treat brachial plexus injury. Acellular nerve allograft is a promising alternative for the treatment of nerve defects, an...Nerve grafting has always been necessary when the contralateral C7 nerve root is transferred to treat brachial plexus injury. Acellular nerve allograft is a promising alternative for the treatment of nerve defects, and results were improved by grafts laden with differentiated adipose stem cells. However, use of these tissue-engineered nerve grafts has not been reported for the treatment of brachial plexus injury. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the outcome of acellular nerve allografts seeded with differentiated adipose stem cells to improve nerve regeneration in a rat model in which the contralateral C7 nerve was transferred to repair an upper brachial plexus injury. Differentiated adipose stem cells were obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats and transdifferentiated into a Schwann cell-like phenotype. Acellular nerve allografts were prepared from 15-mm bilateral sections of rat sciatic nerves. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: acellular nerve allograft, acellular nerve allograft + differentiated adipose stem cells, and autograft. The upper brachial plexus injury model was established by traction applied away from the intervertebral foramen with micro-hemostat forceps. Acellular nerve allografts with or without seeded cells were used to bridge the gap between the contralateral C7 nerve root and C5–6 nerve. Histological staining, electrophysiology, and neurological function tests were used to evaluate the effect of nerve repair 16 weeks after surgery. Results showed that the onset of discernible functional recovery occurred earlier in the autograft group first, followed by the acellular nerve allograft + differentiated adipose stem cells group, and then the acellular nerve allograft group;moreover, there was a significant difference between autograft and acellular nerve allograft groups. Compared with the acellular nerve allograft group, compound muscle action potential, motor conduction velocity, positivity for neurofilament and S100, diameter of regenerating axons, myelin sheath thickness, and density of myelinated fibers were remarkably increased in autograft and acellular nerve allograft + differentiated adipose stem cells groups. These findings confirm that acellular nerve allografts seeded with differentiated adipose stem cells effectively promoted nerve repair after brachial plexus injuries, and the effect was better than that of acellular nerve repair alone. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University of China(approval No. 2016-150) in June 2016.展开更多
Direct coaptation of contralateral C7 to the upper trunk could avoid the interposition of nerve grafts. We have successfully shortened the gap and graft lengths, and even achieved direct coaptation. However, direct re...Direct coaptation of contralateral C7 to the upper trunk could avoid the interposition of nerve grafts. We have successfully shortened the gap and graft lengths, and even achieved direct coaptation. However, direct repair can only be performed in some selected cases, and partial procedures still require autografts, which are the gold standard for repairing neurologic defects. As symptoms often occur after autografting, human acellular nerve allografts have been used to avoid concomitant symptoms. This study investigated the quality of shoulder abduction and elbow flexion following direct repair and acellular allografting to evaluate issues requiring attention for brachial plexus injury repair. Fifty-one brachial plexus injury patients in the surgical database were eligible for this retrospective study. Patients were divided into two groups according to different surgical methods. Direct repair was performed in 27 patients, while acellular nerve allografts were used to bridge the gap between the contralateral C7 nerve root and upper trunk in 24 patients. The length of the harvested contralateral C7 nerve root was measured intraoperatively. Deltoid and biceps muscle strength, and degrees of shoulder abduction and elbow flexion were examined according to the British Medical Research Council scoring system;meaningful recovery was defined as M3–M5. Lengths of anterior and posterior divisions of the contralateral C7 in the direct repair group were 7.64 ± 0.69 mm and 7.55 ± 0.69 mm, respectively, and in the acellular nerve allografts group were 6.46 ± 0.58 mm and 6.43 ± 0.59 mm, respectively. After a minimum of 4-year follow-up, meaningful recoveries of deltoid and biceps muscles in the direct repair group were 88.89% and 85.19%, respectively, while they were 70.83% and 66.67% in the acellular nerve allografts group. Time to C5/C6 reinnervation was shorter in the direct repair group compared with the acellular nerve allografts group. Direct repair facilitated the restoration of shoulder abduction and elbow flexion. Thus, if direct coaptation is not possible, use of acellular nerve allografts is a suitable option. This study was approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, China (Application ID:[2017] 290) on November 14, 2017.展开更多
The peripheral nervous system has the potential to regenerate after nerve injury owing to the intrinsic regrowth ability of neurons and the permissive microenvironment.The regenerative process involves numerous gene e...The peripheral nervous system has the potential to regenerate after nerve injury owing to the intrinsic regrowth ability of neurons and the permissive microenvironment.The regenerative process involves numerous gene expression changes,in which transcription factors play a critical role.Previously,we profiled dysregulated genes in dorsal root ganglion neurons at different time points（0,3 and 9 hours,and 1,4 and 7 days） after sciatic nerve injury in rats by RNA sequencing.In the present study,we investigated differentially expressed transcription factors following nerve injury,and we identified enriched molecular and cellular functions of these transcription factors by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis.This analysis revealed the dynamic changes in the expression of transcription factors involved in cell death at different time points following sciatic nerve injury.In addition,we constructed regulatory networks of the differentially expressed transcription factors in cell death and identified some key transcription factors（such as STAT1,JUN,MYC and IRF7）.We confirmed the changes in expression of some key transcription factors（STAT1 and IRF7） by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.Collectively,our analyses provide a global overview of transcription factor changes in dorsal root ganglia after sciatic nerve injury and offer insight into the regulatory transcription factor networks involved in cell death.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.H0605/81501871
文摘If a partial contralateral C7 nerve is transferred to a recipient injured nerve, results are not satisfactory. However, if an entire contralateral C7 nerve is used to repair two nerves, both recipient nerves show good recovery. These findings seem contradictory, as the above two methods use the same donor nerve, only the cutting method of the contralateral C7 nerve is different. To verify whether this can actually result in different repair effects, we divided rats with right total brachial plexus injury into three groups. In the entire root group, the entire contralateral C7 root was transected and transferred to the median nerve of the affected limb. In the posterior division group, only the posterior division of the contralateral C7 root was transected and transferred to the median nerve. In the entire root ＋ posterior division group, the entire contralateral C7 root was transected but only the posterior division was transferred to the median nerve. After neurectomy,the median nerve was repaired on the affected side in the three groups. At 8, 12, and 16 weeks postoperatively, electrophysiological examination showed that maximum amplitude, latency, muscle tetanic contraction force, and muscle fiber cross-sectional area of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle were significantly better in the entire root and entire root ＋ posterior division groups than in the posterior division group. No significant difference was found between the entire root and entire root ＋ posterior division groups. Counts of myelinated axons in the median nerve were greater in the entire root group than in the entire root ＋ posterior division group, which were greater than the posterior division group. We conclude that for the same recipient nerve, harvesting of the entire contralateral C7 root achieved significantly better recovery than partial harvesting, even if only part of the entire root was used for transfer. This result indicates that the entire root should be used as a donor when transferring contralateral C7 nerve.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81572127
文摘Contralateral C7（cC7） root transfer to the healthy side is the main method for the treatment of brachial plexus root injury. A relatively new modification of this method involves cC7 root transfer to the lower trunk via the prespinal route. In the current study, we examined the effectiveness of this method using electrophysiological and histological analyses. To this end, we used a rat model of total brachial plexus injury, and cC7 root transfer was performed to either the lower trunk via the prespinal route or the median nerve via a subcutaneous tunnel to repair the injury. At 4, 8 and 12 weeks, the grasping test was used to measure the changes in grasp strength of the injured forepaw. Electrophysiological changes were examined in the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle. The change in the wet weight of the forearm flexor was also measured. Atrophy of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle was assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Toluidine blue staining was used to count the number of myelinated nerve fibers in the injured nerves. Compared with the traditional method, cC7 root transfer to the lower trunk via the prespinal route increased grasp strength of the injured forepaw, increased the compound muscle action potential maximum amplitude, shortened latency, substantially restored tetanic contraction of the forearm flexor muscles, increased the wet weight of the muscle, reduced atrophy of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle, and increased the number of myelinated nerve fibers. These findings demonstrate that for finger flexion functional recovery in rats with total brachial plexus injury, transfer of the cC7 root to the lower trunk via the prespinal route is more effective than transfer to the median nerve via subcutaneous tunnel.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81601057(to JTY)
文摘Nerve grafting has always been necessary when the contralateral C7 nerve root is transferred to treat brachial plexus injury. Acellular nerve allograft is a promising alternative for the treatment of nerve defects, and results were improved by grafts laden with differentiated adipose stem cells. However, use of these tissue-engineered nerve grafts has not been reported for the treatment of brachial plexus injury. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the outcome of acellular nerve allografts seeded with differentiated adipose stem cells to improve nerve regeneration in a rat model in which the contralateral C7 nerve was transferred to repair an upper brachial plexus injury. Differentiated adipose stem cells were obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats and transdifferentiated into a Schwann cell-like phenotype. Acellular nerve allografts were prepared from 15-mm bilateral sections of rat sciatic nerves. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: acellular nerve allograft, acellular nerve allograft + differentiated adipose stem cells, and autograft. The upper brachial plexus injury model was established by traction applied away from the intervertebral foramen with micro-hemostat forceps. Acellular nerve allografts with or without seeded cells were used to bridge the gap between the contralateral C7 nerve root and C5–6 nerve. Histological staining, electrophysiology, and neurological function tests were used to evaluate the effect of nerve repair 16 weeks after surgery. Results showed that the onset of discernible functional recovery occurred earlier in the autograft group first, followed by the acellular nerve allograft + differentiated adipose stem cells group, and then the acellular nerve allograft group;moreover, there was a significant difference between autograft and acellular nerve allograft groups. Compared with the acellular nerve allograft group, compound muscle action potential, motor conduction velocity, positivity for neurofilament and S100, diameter of regenerating axons, myelin sheath thickness, and density of myelinated fibers were remarkably increased in autograft and acellular nerve allograft + differentiated adipose stem cells groups. These findings confirm that acellular nerve allografts seeded with differentiated adipose stem cells effectively promoted nerve repair after brachial plexus injuries, and the effect was better than that of acellular nerve repair alone. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University of China(approval No. 2016-150) in June 2016.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81572130(to LQG)and 81601057(to JTY)the National Key Research and Development Plan of China,No.2016YFC1101603(to XLL)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China,No.2015A030310350(to JTY)
文摘Direct coaptation of contralateral C7 to the upper trunk could avoid the interposition of nerve grafts. We have successfully shortened the gap and graft lengths, and even achieved direct coaptation. However, direct repair can only be performed in some selected cases, and partial procedures still require autografts, which are the gold standard for repairing neurologic defects. As symptoms often occur after autografting, human acellular nerve allografts have been used to avoid concomitant symptoms. This study investigated the quality of shoulder abduction and elbow flexion following direct repair and acellular allografting to evaluate issues requiring attention for brachial plexus injury repair. Fifty-one brachial plexus injury patients in the surgical database were eligible for this retrospective study. Patients were divided into two groups according to different surgical methods. Direct repair was performed in 27 patients, while acellular nerve allografts were used to bridge the gap between the contralateral C7 nerve root and upper trunk in 24 patients. The length of the harvested contralateral C7 nerve root was measured intraoperatively. Deltoid and biceps muscle strength, and degrees of shoulder abduction and elbow flexion were examined according to the British Medical Research Council scoring system;meaningful recovery was defined as M3–M5. Lengths of anterior and posterior divisions of the contralateral C7 in the direct repair group were 7.64 ± 0.69 mm and 7.55 ± 0.69 mm, respectively, and in the acellular nerve allografts group were 6.46 ± 0.58 mm and 6.43 ± 0.59 mm, respectively. After a minimum of 4-year follow-up, meaningful recoveries of deltoid and biceps muscles in the direct repair group were 88.89% and 85.19%, respectively, while they were 70.83% and 66.67% in the acellular nerve allografts group. Time to C5/C6 reinnervation was shorter in the direct repair group compared with the acellular nerve allografts group. Direct repair facilitated the restoration of shoulder abduction and elbow flexion. Thus, if direct coaptation is not possible, use of acellular nerve allografts is a suitable option. This study was approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, China (Application ID:[2017] 290) on November 14, 2017.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31500823the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China,No.BK20150403the Natural Science Fund for Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province of China,No.16KJB180024
文摘The peripheral nervous system has the potential to regenerate after nerve injury owing to the intrinsic regrowth ability of neurons and the permissive microenvironment.The regenerative process involves numerous gene expression changes,in which transcription factors play a critical role.Previously,we profiled dysregulated genes in dorsal root ganglion neurons at different time points（0,3 and 9 hours,and 1,4 and 7 days） after sciatic nerve injury in rats by RNA sequencing.In the present study,we investigated differentially expressed transcription factors following nerve injury,and we identified enriched molecular and cellular functions of these transcription factors by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis.This analysis revealed the dynamic changes in the expression of transcription factors involved in cell death at different time points following sciatic nerve injury.In addition,we constructed regulatory networks of the differentially expressed transcription factors in cell death and identified some key transcription factors（such as STAT1,JUN,MYC and IRF7）.We confirmed the changes in expression of some key transcription factors（STAT1 and IRF7） by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.Collectively,our analyses provide a global overview of transcription factor changes in dorsal root ganglia after sciatic nerve injury and offer insight into the regulatory transcription factor networks involved in cell death.
