The Ca-Pb electrode couple is considered to be one of the least expensive(~36$/(k W·h))among various optional materials for liquid-metal batteries(LMBs).The electrochemical properties of Ca-Pb alloy in a Ca|Li Cl...The Ca-Pb electrode couple is considered to be one of the least expensive(~36$/(k W·h))among various optional materials for liquid-metal batteries(LMBs).The electrochemical properties of Ca-Pb alloy in a Ca|Li Cl-Na Cl-Ca Cl_(2)|Pb cell were investigated in this paper.The electrode potential maintained a linear relationship in the current density range of 50-200 m A·cm^-2,which indicates that the alloying and dealloying processes of Ca with Pb attained rapid charge transfer and mass transport in the interface between the liquid electrode and electrolyte.The Ca-Pb electrode exhibited remarkable properties with a high discharge voltage of 0.6 V,a small self-discharge current density(<2 m A·cm^-2 at 600℃),and a high coulombic efficiency(>98.84%).The postmortem analysis showed that intermetallics Ca Pb3 and Ca Pb were uniformly distributed in the electrode with different molar fractions of Ca,which indicates that the nucleation of solid intermetallics did not hinder the diffusion of Ca in the electrode.This investigation on Ca-Pb electrode sheds light on the further research and the design of electrodes for Ca-based LMBs.展开更多
在Pb Ca Sn合金基础上添加Ce作试验,探讨Ce对Pb Ca Sn合金板栅腐蚀膜导电性的改善。采用交流阻抗法、线性电位扫描法和电镜扫描等技术,研究含Ce的Pb Ca Sn合金在硫酸溶液中形成的腐蚀膜的阻抗、组成和形貌结构,并以此合金作为板栅材料...在Pb Ca Sn合金基础上添加Ce作试验,探讨Ce对Pb Ca Sn合金板栅腐蚀膜导电性的改善。采用交流阻抗法、线性电位扫描法和电镜扫描等技术,研究含Ce的Pb Ca Sn合金在硫酸溶液中形成的腐蚀膜的阻抗、组成和形貌结构,并以此合金作为板栅材料制成电池,测定和比较电池在深充放循环条件下的寿命。结果表明:Ce的加入,合金的交流阻抗明显减少,Ce有效地抑制了腐蚀膜中PbO的形成,降低腐蚀膜的厚度,腐蚀膜的颗粒趋于细化均匀,从而改善了正极板栅与活性物质之间的导电性,实验电池循环寿命延长了2倍左右。展开更多
利用线性电位扫描、恒电位阶跃、交流阻抗等方法分别研究了Pb Ca Bi合金被阳极或阴极极化后,表面上析氧、析氢以及合金腐蚀行为。结果表明:与Pb Ca合金相比,Pb Ca Bi合金可增加氧的析出,但抑制氢的析出,同时铋的加入,使Pb Ca耐蚀性提高...利用线性电位扫描、恒电位阶跃、交流阻抗等方法分别研究了Pb Ca Bi合金被阳极或阴极极化后,表面上析氧、析氢以及合金腐蚀行为。结果表明:与Pb Ca合金相比,Pb Ca Bi合金可增加氧的析出,但抑制氢的析出,同时铋的加入,使Pb Ca耐蚀性提高,且不同含量的铋对合金腐蚀有不同的影响。展开更多
用交流阻抗(EIS)和交流伏安(ACV)法研究了纯铅、铅锡以及两种Pb Ca Sn Al合金在900mV(vs.Hg/Hg2SO4)极化不同时间后的行为。测试表明腐蚀膜是由外层的PbSO4和内部的PbO构成,PbO的导电性较差,是形成钝化层的主要原因,加Sn有助于降低PbO...用交流阻抗(EIS)和交流伏安(ACV)法研究了纯铅、铅锡以及两种Pb Ca Sn Al合金在900mV(vs.Hg/Hg2SO4)极化不同时间后的行为。测试表明腐蚀膜是由外层的PbSO4和内部的PbO构成,PbO的导电性较差,是形成钝化层的主要原因,加Sn有助于降低PbO的厚度,有效防止钝化层的形成。原因可能是由于Sn的氧化产物导电性较好,夹杂到腐蚀膜中提高了腐蚀膜的导电性,并有利于导电性PbOx的生成,保证电池在深循环条件下的应用。但对于长时间的极化来说,钝化层的导电性还是逐渐降低,这可能是由于锡的氧化物又逐渐溶解于硫酸中所造成的。展开更多
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFB0905600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51874228 and U1766216)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province,China(No.2020JM-068)。
文摘The Ca-Pb electrode couple is considered to be one of the least expensive(~36$/(k W·h))among various optional materials for liquid-metal batteries(LMBs).The electrochemical properties of Ca-Pb alloy in a Ca|Li Cl-Na Cl-Ca Cl_(2)|Pb cell were investigated in this paper.The electrode potential maintained a linear relationship in the current density range of 50-200 m A·cm^-2,which indicates that the alloying and dealloying processes of Ca with Pb attained rapid charge transfer and mass transport in the interface between the liquid electrode and electrolyte.The Ca-Pb electrode exhibited remarkable properties with a high discharge voltage of 0.6 V,a small self-discharge current density(<2 m A·cm^-2 at 600℃),and a high coulombic efficiency(>98.84%).The postmortem analysis showed that intermetallics Ca Pb3 and Ca Pb were uniformly distributed in the electrode with different molar fractions of Ca,which indicates that the nucleation of solid intermetallics did not hinder the diffusion of Ca in the electrode.This investigation on Ca-Pb electrode sheds light on the further research and the design of electrodes for Ca-based LMBs.
文摘在Pb Ca Sn合金基础上添加Ce作试验,探讨Ce对Pb Ca Sn合金板栅腐蚀膜导电性的改善。采用交流阻抗法、线性电位扫描法和电镜扫描等技术,研究含Ce的Pb Ca Sn合金在硫酸溶液中形成的腐蚀膜的阻抗、组成和形貌结构,并以此合金作为板栅材料制成电池,测定和比较电池在深充放循环条件下的寿命。结果表明:Ce的加入,合金的交流阻抗明显减少,Ce有效地抑制了腐蚀膜中PbO的形成,降低腐蚀膜的厚度,腐蚀膜的颗粒趋于细化均匀,从而改善了正极板栅与活性物质之间的导电性,实验电池循环寿命延长了2倍左右。
文摘用交流阻抗(EIS)和交流伏安(ACV)法研究了纯铅、铅锡以及两种Pb Ca Sn Al合金在900mV(vs.Hg/Hg2SO4)极化不同时间后的行为。测试表明腐蚀膜是由外层的PbSO4和内部的PbO构成,PbO的导电性较差,是形成钝化层的主要原因,加Sn有助于降低PbO的厚度,有效防止钝化层的形成。原因可能是由于Sn的氧化产物导电性较好,夹杂到腐蚀膜中提高了腐蚀膜的导电性,并有利于导电性PbOx的生成,保证电池在深循环条件下的应用。但对于长时间的极化来说,钝化层的导电性还是逐渐降低,这可能是由于锡的氧化物又逐渐溶解于硫酸中所造成的。
