Due to concerns regarding the future availability,cost,and safety of lithium in Li-ion batteries(LIBs),researchers are exploring alternative chemistries such as Na-ion,Li-S,Li-air,and multivalent ion technologies.Mult...Due to concerns regarding the future availability,cost,and safety of lithium in Li-ion batteries(LIBs),researchers are exploring alternative chemistries such as Na-ion,Li-S,Li-air,and multivalent ion technologies.Multivalent ion technologies,which utilize divalent or trivalent ions,like Mg^(2+),Ca^(2+),and Al^(3+),show promise in achieving greater energy densities than LIBs due to their ability to deposit uniformly on anodes and intercalate into cathodes.While magnesium-ion batteries(MIBs) have been the primary area of research for multivalent ion batteries,the cost-effectiveness and abundance of calcium have sparked a growing interest in calcium-ion batteries(CIBs) in recent years.Compared to LIBs,CIBs have the potential to provide longer cycle life,enhanced safety,and increased energy densities.However,the development of CIBs comes with several challenges,such as finding suitable electrode and electrolyte materials that ensure the stability and safety of the battery.The primary hurdle in CIBs lies in the plating/stripping process.There is a significant hindrance preventing the occurrence of plating/stripping in CIBs,which lies in the formation of a passive layer resulting from the decomposition of the electrolyte.The objective of this article is to examine the advancements made in CIBs.Additionally,it aims to comprehensively assess the mechanisms and materials employed in various battery components,as well as the obstacles encountered in CIBs.This includes recent advancements in electrode materials,electrolytes,cell configurations,and the challenges and opportunities for enhancing the performance and commercial viability of CIBs.展开更多
Recently,multivalent metal-ion batteries have attracted considerable interests on the merits of their natural abundance and multielectron redox property.However,the development of Ca-ion battery is still in their prel...Recently,multivalent metal-ion batteries have attracted considerable interests on the merits of their natural abundance and multielectron redox property.However,the development of Ca-ion battery is still in their preliminary stage because of the lack of suitable electrode material.The Ca-storage performance of the existing materials is still unsatisfactory with low capacity,poor cyclic stability,as well as sloping discharge profiles,which cannot provide stable energy output.In this work,transition metal oxide Sn-doped In2O3(ITO)has been explored as the aqueous Ca-ion battery anode,which could deliver a high discharge capacity of 71.2 mAh·g^(-1) with an ultra-flat discharge voltage plateau.The Ca storage mechanism was revealed to be reversible conversion reaction based on ex-situ X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)characterizations.A flexible aqueous Ca-ion battery was subsequently assembled with zinc hexacyanoferrate(ZnHCF)cathode and ITO anode sandwiched by hydrogel electrolyte,which could deliver a high specific capacity of 75.3 mAh·g^(-1) at 0.4 A·g^(-1) with a flat output voltage plateau at around 0.8 V.The bendable and flexible Ca-ion battery with decent voltage output will pave the way for the energy storage devices towards practical applications in flexible and wearable electronics.展开更多
文摘Due to concerns regarding the future availability,cost,and safety of lithium in Li-ion batteries(LIBs),researchers are exploring alternative chemistries such as Na-ion,Li-S,Li-air,and multivalent ion technologies.Multivalent ion technologies,which utilize divalent or trivalent ions,like Mg^(2+),Ca^(2+),and Al^(3+),show promise in achieving greater energy densities than LIBs due to their ability to deposit uniformly on anodes and intercalate into cathodes.While magnesium-ion batteries(MIBs) have been the primary area of research for multivalent ion batteries,the cost-effectiveness and abundance of calcium have sparked a growing interest in calcium-ion batteries(CIBs) in recent years.Compared to LIBs,CIBs have the potential to provide longer cycle life,enhanced safety,and increased energy densities.However,the development of CIBs comes with several challenges,such as finding suitable electrode and electrolyte materials that ensure the stability and safety of the battery.The primary hurdle in CIBs lies in the plating/stripping process.There is a significant hindrance preventing the occurrence of plating/stripping in CIBs,which lies in the formation of a passive layer resulting from the decomposition of the electrolyte.The objective of this article is to examine the advancements made in CIBs.Additionally,it aims to comprehensively assess the mechanisms and materials employed in various battery components,as well as the obstacles encountered in CIBs.This includes recent advancements in electrode materials,electrolytes,cell configurations,and the challenges and opportunities for enhancing the performance and commercial viability of CIBs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21805063)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.2018B030306022)+2 种基金the Project of International Science and Technology Cooperation in Guangdong Province(No.2020A0505100016)the Shenzhen Sauvage Nobel Laureate Laboratory for Smart Materials and Research Innovation Fund of Harbin Institute of Technology(No.HIT.NSRIF.2020063)The authors also acknowledge the support from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2018M641823).
文摘Recently,multivalent metal-ion batteries have attracted considerable interests on the merits of their natural abundance and multielectron redox property.However,the development of Ca-ion battery is still in their preliminary stage because of the lack of suitable electrode material.The Ca-storage performance of the existing materials is still unsatisfactory with low capacity,poor cyclic stability,as well as sloping discharge profiles,which cannot provide stable energy output.In this work,transition metal oxide Sn-doped In2O3(ITO)has been explored as the aqueous Ca-ion battery anode,which could deliver a high discharge capacity of 71.2 mAh·g^(-1) with an ultra-flat discharge voltage plateau.The Ca storage mechanism was revealed to be reversible conversion reaction based on ex-situ X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)characterizations.A flexible aqueous Ca-ion battery was subsequently assembled with zinc hexacyanoferrate(ZnHCF)cathode and ITO anode sandwiched by hydrogel electrolyte,which could deliver a high specific capacity of 75.3 mAh·g^(-1) at 0.4 A·g^(-1) with a flat output voltage plateau at around 0.8 V.The bendable and flexible Ca-ion battery with decent voltage output will pave the way for the energy storage devices towards practical applications in flexible and wearable electronics.
