Analysis of Cable-in-Conduit Conductors' DC Performance in Light of Strand's Experimental Properties

Conductor qualification will be carried out with four Cable-in-Conduit Conductor （CICC） samples made of superconducting strands. The direct current （DC） performance of these samples will be tested in the SULTAN facility. The critical current densities of the strands can be well simulated by empirical equations. In this paper, a model is illustrated to predict the DC behaviour of the cable in light of the single strand＇s experimental properties. The simulation results were compared with experimental results.

A 600-m Jacketing Line of Cable-In-Conduit Conductor (CICC) and the First 600-m Dummy Cable

A cable-in-conduit conductor(CICC ) production line was designed and constructed in Institute of Plasma Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences (IPPCAS) by the end of 2000. It can produce a length of 600 meters and three kinds of sections of 20.8±0. 1×20.8±0.1, 20.4±0. 1×20.4± 0.1 and 18.6±0.1×18.6±0.1mm2. If the rollers of the shaping machine are changed, it can also produce other sizes of CICCs. So-called inserting-cable technology is adopted in this production line, where the procedures consist of tube pre-treatment (cleaning, pressure and leakage testing, end cutting), conduits butt-welding, six kinds of quality checking (endoscopy, dye penetration, pressure control, leakage testing, ultrasonic inspection and X-ray testing), cable inserting, shaping (compacting & squaring), pre-bending & winding and final checking. Now all the instruments and facilities required for these technologies have been installed and got ready. Some key technologies have been explored and good results obtained. Some short samples were produced and a 600 meters long sample was made out in August, 2001.

Theoretical analysis for the mechanical behavior caused by an electromagnetic cycle in ITER Nb3Sn cable-in-conduit conductors

The central solenoid（CS）is one of the key components of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor（ITER）tokamak and which is often considered as the heart of this fusion reactor.This solenoid will be built by using Nb3Sn cablein-conduit conductors（CICC）,capable of generating a 13 T magnetic field.In order to assess the performance of the Nb3Sn CICC in nearly the ITER condition,many short samples have been evaluated at the SULTAN test facility（the background magnetic field is of 10.85 T with the uniform length of 400 mm at 1%homogeneity）in Centre de Recherches en Physique des Plasma（CRPP）.It is found that the samples with pseudo-long twist pitch（including baseline specimens）show a significant degradation in the current-sharing temperature（Tcs）,while the qualification tests of all short twist pitch（STP）samples,which show no degradation versus electromagnetic cycling,even exhibits an increase of Tcs.This behavior was perfectly reproduced in the coil experiments at the central solenoid model coil（CSMC）facility last year.In this paper,the complex structure of the Nb3Sn CICC would be simplified into a wire rope consisting of six petals and a cooling spiral.An analytical formula for the Tcs behavior as a function of the axial strain of the cable is presented.Based on this,the effects of twist pitch,axial and transverse stiffness,thermal mismatch,cycling number,magnetic distribution,etc.,on the axial strain are discussed systematically.The calculated Tcs behavior with cycle number show consistency with the previous experimental results qualitatively and quantitatively.Lastly,we focus on the relationship between Tcs and axial strain of the cable,and we conclude that the Tcs behavior caused by electromagnetic cycles is determined by the cable axial strain.Once the cable is in a compression situation,this compression strain and its accumulation would lead to the Tcs degradation.The experimental observation of the Tcs enhancement in the CS STP samples should be considered as a contribution of the shorter length of the high field zone in SULTAN and CSMC devices,as well as the tight cable structure.

Metallographic investigationof first full-sizehigh-Jc Nb_(3)Sn cable-in-conduit conductor aftercyclicloadingtests

In order to verify the feasibility of applying high-Jc Nb_(3)Sn strand in fusion magnet,a full-size cable-in-conduit conductor(CICC)with short twist pitch(STP)cable pattern was manufactured and tested in SULTAN facility at SPC,Switzerland.Three levels of cyclic electromagnetic(EM)load were applied on the sample stepwise,no visible decrease of current sharing temperature(TcsT was observed until the EM load increased to 80 kA×10.8 T,after that the Tcs decreased dramatically with the EM cycles,which suggested that irreversible deformation,causing a change in the strain state,or even damage has occurred in the superconducting strands.For investigating the reason which caused the conductor performance degradation,the tested conductor was dissected for metallographic observation.Eight segments which subjected to different EM loads were extracted from one of the legs,the geometric feature changes of the cable cross-sections were analyzed and compared.A good correlation was found between the decrease of the Tcs and deformation of the cable cross section.A mass of cracks were found on the sub-elements of strands in the segment which subjected to highest EM load,but the amount of crack is much lower in other segments.Combining the analyses,it is speculated that the critical EM load which causes irreversible degradation is between 850 kN/m and 870 kN/m for this conductor.The results could be a reference in high-Jc Nb_(3)Sn CICC design.

Calculation model of AC loss for CICC(cable-in-conduit conductor) based on strain

The CICC (cable-in-conduit conductor) in ITER (International Thermal-nuclear Experimental Reactor) will run in high-current, fast transient magnet field and complex environment. In response to the impact of magnet fields above 10 T, the Nb3Sn conductor has been introduced. However, the AC (alternating current) loss mechanism of Nb3Sn conductor on strain has not been explored. So, it is necessary to study the AC loss calculation method with transient electromagnetic field and wide range of strain, the coupling current in complex field and current signal of field is simplified to the spectrum effects of coil excitation, and calculation technology of AC loss, which contains the frequency, magnet field, coil characteristics and other parameters, is constructed to meet the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). By comparative analysis of simulation, it is found that the AC loss calculation of the conductor with spectrum algorithm is closer to the actual project value than the traditional algorithm. For the rapid excitation, in particular plasma discharge and burst, spectrum algorithm and the traditional algorithm are consistent. For the relative error calculation of hysteresis loss and coupling loss, it is found that the coupling loss is cumulative linearly, where the hysteresis loss is not so. As a function of the amplitude, frequency and phase angle, the relative error is less than 40%. The results showed that the method of Fourier restructuring is satisfactory.

Numerical Analyses of Ice Jamming in Jacket Platform Conductor Array in Bohai Sea

Serious ice accumulating,pile-up and ice jamming occur around the conductor array of offshore jacket platforms during the winter every year in Bohai Sea,which could cause grave threats to the stability of platform structure,the safety of people and equipment,and even severer calamity.Therefore,the process of ice accumulation and ice jamming in the jacket platform area needs more concern.This study focuses on ice accumulation and jamming behaviors in the jacket platform conductor area by using a coupled two-dimensional hydro-ice dynamics model.A series of cases are conducted with different flow conditions,such as flow velocity,drifting direction and oscillatory flow.Through the simulation,the ice pile-up process is described and changes in ice-jamming thickness,ice pile-up location and ice pile-up volume are investigated.The differences in ice pile-up in the steady flow and oscillatory flow are analyzed.This study proposes a new approach to simulate the ice jamming process in the jacket platform conductor area,providing a reference for ice management on the platform.

Numerical Analysis of the Influence of Turbulence Intensity on Iced Conductors Gallop Phenomena

Turbulence is expected to play a relevant role in the so-called conductor gallop phenomena,namely,the high-amplitude,low-frequency oscillation of overhead power lines due to the formation of ice structures and the ensu-ing effect that wind can have on these.In this work,the galloping time history of a wire with distorted(fixed in time)shape due to the formation of ice is analyzed numerically in the frame of afluid-solid coupling method for different wind speeds and levels of turbulence.The results show that the turbulence intensity has a moderate effect on the increase of the conductor’s aerodynamic lift and drag coefficients due to ice accretion;nevertheless,the corresponding changes in the torsion coefficient are very significant and complicated.A high turbulence intensity can affect the torsion coefficient in a certain range of attack angles and increase the torsion angle of the conductor.Through comparison of the galloping phenomena for different wind velocities,it is found that the related amplitude grows significantly with an increase of the wind speed.For a relatively large wind speed,the galloping amplitude is more sensitive to the turbulence intensity.Moreover,the larger the turbulence intensity,the larger the conductor’s vertical and horizontal galloping amplitudes after icing.The torsion angle also increases with an increase in the wind speed and turbulence intensity.

Study on Load Bearing Characteristics of Novel Expandable Deepwater Drilling Conductor Based on Laboratory Experiment and Field Test

A novel expandable conductor was designed and applied in deep-water drilling to improve the vertical and lateral bearing capacity with a significant reduction of conductor jetting depth and soaking time. The vertical and lateral bearing capability of expandable conductors was depicted based on the ultimate subgrade reaction method and pile foundation bearing theory. The load-bearing characteristics of a laboratory-scale expandable conductor were analyzed through laboratory experiments. The serial simulation experiments are accomplished to study the bearing characteristics(vertical ultimate bearing capacity, lateral soil pressure, and lateral displacement) during the conductor soaking process. The laboratory experimental results show that the larger the length and thickness of expandable materials are,the higher the bearing capacity of the wellhead will be. During the conductor soaking process, the soil pressure around the three expandable conductors increases faster, strings representing a stronger squeezing effect and resulting in higher vertical bearing capacity. Furthermore, the lateral displacement of novel expandable conductor is smaller than that of the conventional conductor. All the advantages mentioned above contributed to the reduction of conductor’s jetting depth and soaking time. Lastly, the application workflow of a novel expandable deep-water drilling conductor was established and the autonomous expandable conductor was successfully applied in the South China Sea with a significant reduction of conductor’s jetting depth and soaking time. According to the soil properties and designed installation depth of the surface conductor, the arrangement of expandable materials should be designed reasonably to meet the safety condition and reduce the construction cost of the subsea wellhead.

Simulation analysis on microscopic discharge characteristics of the bipolar corona of a floating conductor

A floating conductor exhibits a bipolar corona phenomenon with microscopic discharge characteristics that are still unclear.In this study,a plasma simulation model of the bipolar corona with 108 chemical reaction equations is established by combining hydrodynamics and plasma chemical reactions.The evolution characteristics of electrons,positive ions,negative ions and neutral particles,as well as the distribution characteristics of space charges are analyzed,and the evolutionary flow of microscopic particles is summarized.The results indicate that the positive end of the bipolar corona initiates discharge before the negative end,but the plasma chemistry at the negative end is more vigorous.The electron generation rate can reach 1240 mol(m^(3) s)^(-1),and the dissipation rate can reach 34 mol(m^(3) s)^(-1).The positive ion swarm is dominated by O_(4)^(+),and the maximum generation rate can reach 440 mol((m^(3) s)^(-1).The negative ion swarm is mainly O_(2) and O_(4).The O_(2) content is approximately 1.5-3 times that of O_(4),and the maximum reaction rate can reach 51 mol(m^(3) s)^(-1).The final destination of neutral particles is an accumulation in the form of O_(3) and NO,and the amount of O3 produced is approximately 4-6 times that of NO.The positive end of the bipolar corona is dominated by positive space charges,which continue to develop and spread outwards in the form of a pulse wave.The negative end exhibits a space charge distribution structure of concentrated positive charges and diffused negative charges.The validity of the microscopic simulation analysis is verified by the macroscopic discharge phenomenon.

Research on Breeze Vibration Law and Modal Identification Method of Conductor Considering Anti-Vibration Hammer Damage

In the harsh environment,the structural health of the anti-vibration hammer,which suffers from the coupled effects of corrosion and fatigue damage,is significantly reduced.As part of the conductor structure,the anti-vibration hammer is rigidly attached to the conductor,effectively suppressing conductor vibration.The conductor’s breeze vibration law and natural modal frequency are altered damage to the anti-vibration hammer structure.Through built a vibration experiment platform to simulate multiple faults such as anti-vibration hammer head drop off and position slippage,which to obtained the vibration acceleration signal of the conductor.The acceleration vibration signal is processed and analyzed in the time and frequency domains.The results are used to derive the breeze vibration law of the conductor under multiple faults and propose an anti-vibration hammer damage online monitoring technology.The results show that the vibration acceleration value and vibration intensity of the conductor are significantly increased after the anti-vibration hammer damage.The natural frequency increases for each order,with an absolute change ranging from 0.15 to 6.49 Hz.The anti-vibration hammer slipped due to a loose connection,the 1st natural frequency increases from 8.18 to 16.62 Hz.Therefore,in engineering applications,there can be no contact to determine the anti-vibration hammer damage situation by monitoring the modal natural frequency of the conductor.This is even a tiny damage that cannot be seen.This method will prevent the further expansion of the damage that can cause accidents.

特高压电网不等高差短导线的受力性能

目前中国的特高压电网技术得到了快速发展。然而,工程中常由于忽视对导线受力性能的分析而酿成绝缘事故。根据导线两端挂线点的空间位置,其连接方式可分为等高差导线连接和不等高差导线连接。为此,本文提出了一种计算不等高差短导线端子在不同方向上受力性能的经验公式。通过改变挂线点之间的水平间隔距离、竖直高度差两个因素,开展了不同空间布局组合状态下的导线端子的受力特性分析,提出了可供设计参考的导线端部力学分析公式。结果表明经验公式具有良好的工程适用性。导线两端的受力特性不仅与环境荷载有关,与导线型号、两端竖直高度差、两端水平间隔距离等因素有关。

毫米波多内导体布喇格结构电磁特性研究

基于多模耦合理论,利用三维电磁仿真软件CST对毫米波双内导体和三内导体布喇格结构电磁特性分别进行了比较研究。结果表明:双内导体布喇格结构相比同轴布喇格结构可以抑制竞争模式,反射率稳定并接近1,对称性结构电磁特性优于非对称性结构;随着内导体距离同轴轴心距离的增大,双内导体布喇格结构频率响应带宽变宽,且当内导体距离同轴轴心距离较远时,带宽变宽趋势明显,而反射率值趋于稳定;对于三内导体布喇格结构,随着内导体距离同轴轴心距离的增大,频率响应带宽变窄,且当内导体距离同轴轴心距离较近时,带宽变宽趋势明显。因此,可根据实际需要恰当选择毫米波多内导体布喇格结构参数,拓宽其作为反射器或者滤波器的性能,提高模式的选择性及模式的纯度,改善布喇格结构的性能。

基于充电导体模型的水力压裂电磁响应特征分析

随着中国非常规、超低渗油气资源的大力开发,压裂监测技术迎来重大发展机遇。电磁法在地球物理探测方面具有成本低、时效性强、探测深度大等优点,但面对大深度压裂环境,电磁压裂监测技术的可行性亟须论证。基于充电导体和电偶极源扩散电磁场理论,首先构建了不同深度和不同长度下的裂缝压裂模型,分析了各模型的地面总场及异常场的电磁响应特征。分析结果表明:利用井地电磁法进行压裂监测时,观测总场对裂缝长度增加引起的电磁响应不敏感,异常场存在低值带;深度为4000 m时,电磁异常小于1%,深度越大异常场衰减越严重,且相邻测点间异常场的绝对值与深度呈负相关,电磁法压裂监测技术难以兼顾探测精度与探测深度。然后,通过建立压裂监测物理模型,分析实测数据电磁异常曲线特征,验证了理论计算的正确性。最后,结合前人理论成果和实践经验,提出了一种井中激发—地面接收的测网式电磁法压裂监测观测系统,对测区范围与测点间距进行合理约束,系统具有野外施工简捷、监测深度大等优势,为电磁法压裂监测提供了新的发展方向。

导线倾角与覆冰过程扭转因素对覆冰形状特性影响研究

输电导线覆冰严重威胁电网运行安全,准确预测导线覆冰形状和增长趋势,可以有效预防次生灾害的发生.已有输电导线覆冰增长预测模型较少考虑覆冰偏心扭转对导线表面覆冰形状的影响.为此,综合考虑覆冰偏心、风速等对导线的耦合扭转特性,建立输电导线动态扭转覆冰预测模型.基于预测模型对导线表面覆冰形状进行预测模拟并与文献实验数据对比,验证了模型的有效性.利用预测模型,进一步讨论导线倾角及温度、风速和MVD(水滴中值直径)对冰形和扭转速度的影响.研究发现,导线迎风面覆冰厚度随着倾斜角度的增加,分层现象逐渐明显.与水平布置(零倾角)导线对比,倾斜角度为60°时,导线覆冰面积分别增加18.26%(覆冰125 min)、26.30%(覆冰245 min),扭转角度分别增加10.4°(覆冰125 min)、16.2°(覆冰245 min),冰形呈“沟壑”状.

应用脉冲回波的避雷线断线检测系统研究

为高效率、低成本地检测风力发电机组桨叶避雷线断线位置,设计基于脉冲回波的避雷线断线检测系统。该系统以单端行波法为原理,由信号发生模块,传感器模块,信号采集模块、控制器模块四部分构成。信号发生模块负责产生行波脉冲信号,传感器模块负责采集回波信号,信号采集模块负责将采集到的回波信号处理转化送给控制模块,控制模块负责分析回波信号,判断故障类型和故障点位置。该文对各个模块的电路和性能参数进行设计,搭建整体的检测系统。经实验验证,该系统可以精准的实现断线判断,并获得断线位置,测量误差精确到0.5 m以内。

三相导线-相间间隔体系直流融冰热特性有限元及脱冰动力响应分析

为研究输电线路导线直流融冰非对称运行特性,以LGJ-400/50输电导线为研究对象,建立不同运行条件下的输电导线实体模型,采用COMSOL软件探究不同覆冰厚度对导线温度分布的影响,并对不同环境温度和不同风速对导线中心点温度变化进行分析,得到脱冰时刻导线温度作为初始条件施加,应用ANSYS LS-DYNA PrepPost非线性结构动力学模型,建立实际运行过程三相导线-相间间隔体系有限元模型,分析导线体系直流融冰非对称脱冰动力响应。结果表明,在采用不同融冰方案工况下,不同脱冰相数下导线体系最大脱冰跳跃高度不同,三相导线-相间间隔导线体系在融冰过程中相比单导线脱冰情况具有非对称性,依据间隔棒布置条件对导线体系脱冰动力响应影响规律,能够优化导线相间距进而保证直流融冰过程安全运行。

狭窄空间内矩形导体电流测量装置设计与优化

针对狭窄空间内矩形导体电流测量,提出了一种基于霍尔元件椭圆阵列的电流测量装置,通过理论计算和有限元仿真分析确定了相对最优的阵列分布,搭建实验平台并通过实验验证了该方法的可行性,以及导体偏心状态下电流测量的有效性,同时分析了导体偏心状态下的电流测量偏心误差。仿真和实验结果表明,椭圆阵列电流测量装置在行业允许的±1%误差限内,允许导线X轴偏心-4.1~4.1 mm,Y轴无限制;且与传统电流测量装置相比,重量减轻82.9%,安装占用面积减小72.4%,对狭窄空间的适用性更强,为新能源产品轻量化、小型化、持续降本提供了技术支持。

具有双螺旋结构的超弹性柔性导体研究

柔性电子器件由于其稳定、高导电性和高拉伸性等特点而受到广泛的关注。本文制备了一种由热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)线和铜(Cu)丝组成的双螺旋柔性导体(DHFC),导体初始电导率为5.71×10^(7) S/m。通过增大螺旋直径,使其拉伸性能增加,DHFC可恢复的最大形变量可达6706%。在弹性应变范围内,DHFC在重复形变(1000次循环的拉伸,应变为2200%)下表现出较高的稳定性,电阻的增加可以忽略不计。此外,由于导体外部涂有水性聚氨酯(WPU)而使其具有优异的防水性能,在水中所测的电阻值与在空气环境中所测的电阻值基本一致。

基于VMD-SSA-LSTM的架空输电导线覆冰预测模型

针对输电导线覆冰过程间断性强且波动性大而导致的现有模型预测精度不高的问题,从覆冰厚度数据的时序信息和气象信息出发,提出一种基于变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)的麻雀搜索算法(sparrow search algorithm,SSA)优化长短期记忆网络(long short-term memory network,LSTM)的覆冰组合预测模型.该方法首先使用VMD分解覆冰厚度数据,降低了原始序列的不稳定性,得到具有不同中心频率的本征模态分量;其次,采用SSA算法对LSTM中的3个参数进行寻优;最后,对模态分量分别建立LSTM预测模型,将各个模态分量的预测值叠加为覆冰厚度的总预测值.通过实例仿真,对所提预测模型进行验证.结果表明:VMD-SSA-LSTM组合模型与其他模型相比,其预测精度有进一步提高,验证了所提方法的有效性.

滤波电缆原理与应用展望

电缆被称为工业的“血管”和“神经”,广泛应用于设备互联。然而,传统电缆不具备分布式滤波功能,通常成为电磁兼容(EMC)性问题的主要耦合路径。滤波电缆,可以通过在绝缘电线上包裹采用柔性印刷电路板(FPCB)制造的特定缺陷导体层(DCL)、在绝缘圆柱体上包裹缺陷导体传输结构(DCTS),使其能够在轴向上实现分布式滤波功能。DCL或DCTS上具有特定蚀刻图案的导体起到等效的集总电路作用,被加到电缆电路中实现滤波功能,从而抑制干扰信号。采用微波网络分析技术可以高效地分析级联特性。国内外的研究现状和本团队的主要研究成果表明,滤波电缆能够有效实现分布式滤波功能,有望为复杂电磁环境防护提供一种新的解决方案。