A new cassane diterpenoid lactone from the seed of Caesalpinia minax

A new cassane diterpenoid lactone was isolated from the seed of Caesalpinia minax. On the basis of spectral evidences, its structure was established as 12α-methoxyl, 5α, 14β-dihydroxy-1α, 6α, 7β-triacetoxycass-13（15）-en-16, 12-olide.

A new homoflavonoid from the seed of Caesalpinia minax Hance

A new homoflavonoid was isolated from the seed of Caesalpinia minax Hance.On the basis of spectral evidences,its structure was established and named as minaxin.

Brazilin from Caesalpinia sappan heartwood and its pharmacological activities:A review

Caesalpinia sappan L.(CS) is a plant of Leguminosae family,commonly known as Brazil or Sappan wood.CS is distributed in Southeast Asia and its dried heartwood has been used as traditional ingredient of food or beverages and has a wide variety of medicinal properties.Higher extraction yield of CS wood was achieved with 95% ethanol for 2 h.Chemical constituent's investigation of sappan wood resulled in the isolation of various structural types of phenolic components including one xanihone,one coumarin,three chalcones,two flavones three homoisoflavonoids and brazilin.Brazilin[(6a S-cis)-7,11b-dihydrobcnz[b]indeno[1.2-d]pyran-3.6a.9.10(6H)- tetroll.a major and active compound found in CS heartwood.Most of the folkloric uses of brazilin were validated by the scientific studies such as antioxidant,antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,anti-photoaging.hypoglycemic,vasorelaxant,hepatoproteetive and anti-acne activity.CS heartwood extract is safe and did not produce any acute or subacute toxicity in both male and female rats.Brazilin is the safe natural compound having potential to develop as a medicinal compound with application in food,beverage,cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries to screen its clinical use in modern medicine.The information gained could provide the important and potential approach for pharmaceutical researcher to implicate the knowledge of brazilin in the formulation of new drug and to reveal therapeutic and gaps requiring future research opportunities.More studies are needed to evaluate the potential application of brazilin as preservative and coloring agent in food processing industries.

刺果苏木(Caesalpinia cristal)化学成分的研究

从中国北部湾采集的剌果苏木(Caesalpinia cristal)中分离得到4个结晶化合物,通过 IR、~1H NMR,^(13)C NMR,MS以及元素分析等手段鉴定了它们的结构。本文报道(D)-4-O-甲基-肌-肌醇和24,26-甲基-3β-羟基-5-烯胆甾醇。前者是一种新化合物。

Hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of Caesalpinia ferrea Martius leaf extract in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats

Objective: To evaluate the antidiabetic and antioxidant ef ects of aqueous ethanolic extract of Caesalpinia ferrea(C. ferrea) leaf in normal and streptozotocin(STZ) induced diabetic rats.Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into 6 groups of 6 rats each were assigned into diabetic and non-diabetic groups. Diabetes was induced in rats by single intraperitoneal administration of STZ(65 mg/kg body weight). C. ferrea extract at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight was orally administered to both diabetic and non-diabetic animals for a period of 30 days. After completion of experimental duration serum, liver and pancreas were used for evaluating biochemical and histopathological changes.Results: Oral administration of C. ferrea leaf extract significantly reduced elevated serum glucose, α-amylase, liver function levels and signii cantly increased serum insulin, total protein and body weight as well as improved lipid proi le due to diabetes. Furthermore, the treatment resulted in a marked increase in glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione, and diminished levels of lipid peroxidation in liver and pancreas of diabetic rats. Histopathological studies demonstrated the reduction in the pancreas and liver damage and coni rmed the biochemical i ndings.Conclusions: From the present study, it can be concluded that the C. ferrea leaf extract ef ectively improved hyperglycaemia while inhibiting the progression of oxidative stress in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Hence, it can be used in the management of diabetes mellitus.

塔拉豆(Caesalpinia spinosa Kuntze)的质量研究

塔拉是一类可再生绿色资源,塔拉豆是生产塔拉胶的唯一原料。测定塔拉豆长、厚及其比重等指标,结合统计分析结果,初步提出塔拉豆的质量技术指标。结果表明,塔拉豆的主要影响因子为千粒重、豆厚,其次为豆长,因此,可将塔拉豆分为三级,即一级塔拉豆千粒重大于244 g、厚大于5 mm、长大于10 mm;二级塔拉豆千粒重为150～244 g、厚3～5 mm、长7～10 mm;三级塔拉豆千粒重小于150 g、厚小于3 mm、长小于7 mm;为塔拉豆的加工及标准制定奠定基础。

Phytochemical composition of Caesalpinia crista extract as potential source for inhibiting cholinesterase and β-amyloid aggregation: Significance to Alzheimer's disease

Objective: To screen plant extract fractions and elucidate the components present in Caesalpinia crista(C. crista) leaves for cholinergic and anti-amyloidogenic activities for the treatment of Alzheimer's diseases. Methods: This work has been carried out to study the action of C. crista extracts from nonpolar to polar solvents toward inhibition of oxidative stress, cholinergic and amyloidosis. The antioxidant activity was studied using DPPH total antioxidant assay; cholinergic assay by Ellman's method and anti-amyloidogenic assay by thioflavin-T fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Results: The quantification of polyphenols was carried out following C. crista methanolic extract(CCMeOH) HPLC fingerprinting, along with LC-MS and elucidated by MS LAMPS database. GC-MS of CCMeOH was screened for potential moieties. In vitro experimental results showed that the CCMe OH was potential extract that exhibited active inhibition of antioxidant property, cholinergic enzymes acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. For anti-amyloidogenic evaluations, among all the extracts, the CCMe OH was found to have the potential toward inhibiting the oligomers, fibrillation of Aβ42 with good defibrillation of amyloid cascading properties. Conclusions: These results are also supported by the presence of polyphenols as the active ingredients. Multi-potent target drug therapy is a promising option in treating the Alzheimer's diseases. Methanolic extract of C. crista shows potential activity against cholinergic enzymes, Aβ42 aggregation with antioxidant activity.

Chemical Constituents from Caesalpinia férrea:Identification and ^(1)H and ^(13)C Resonance Assignment

In a phytochemical investigation of Caesalpinia ferrea (Leguminosae), four aromatic compounds (1-4) have been isolated and identified. Their structures have been assigned based on data provided by spectroscopic techniques, including 2D NMR experiments. Compounds 3 and 4 are being reported for the first time for Cesalpina ferrea.

Identification of Xunxi Shujin Decoction by TLC

[Objectives]To establish a TLC qualitative method for the determination of Radix Aconiti,Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii,Caesalpinia sappan L.and Radix zanthoxyli.[Methods]TLC was used to study the quality of Radix Aconiti,Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii and C.sappan L.in Xunxi Shujin Decoction,and the influencing factors were investigated to optimize the TLC conditions.[Results]In the TLC identification test of Radix Aconiti,Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii,C.sappan L.and R.zanthoxyli in Xunxi Shujin Decoction,the spots were clear,the resolution was good,the specific value was moderate,the negative control was not disturbed,and the specificity was strong.[Conclusions]The established TLC method was simple,specific and reproducible,and could be used for the quality control of Xunxi Shujin Decoction.

苏木有效成分抗动脉粥样硬化的实验研究进展

中药苏木性平,味甘、咸,归心、肝、脾经,具有活血祛瘀、消肿止痛的功效。药理研究发现苏木有效成分可大致分为巴西苏木素类、原苏木素、高异黄酮、查尔酮类等,具有降血脂、抗炎、抗氧化、抑制血管平滑肌细胞增殖和凋亡、抗血栓形成及扩张血管等作用。基于动脉粥样硬化是导致心血管疾病的病理基础,且具有明显的病理分期,因此本文就近年来苏木在动脉粥样硬化进程中各时期作用机制的实验研究进行归纳总结,以期为及早防治动脉粥样硬化及心血管疾病提供参考。

Antioxidant Activity In Vitro of Three Constituents from Caesalpinia sappan L

Antioxidant activities of the 95% ethanol extract from Caesalpinia sappan heartwood （ECS）, protosappanin A, protosappanin B, and brazilein were studied in vitro. The inhibition of the formation of malondialdehyde （MDA） and the scavenging of superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals were assayed. The experimental results show that all four substances had antioxidant activity in vitro but their capabilities differed for the different indicators. ECS, protosappanin A, and protosappanin B show more inhibition of MDA and scavenging of hydrogen peroxide, while brazilein shows more scavenging of hydroxyl radicals. All the samples show little scavenging of superoxide anions.

Brazilin and Caesalpinia sappan L. extract protect epidermal keratinocytes from oxidative stress by inducing the expression of GPX7

Caesalpinia sappan L., belonging to the family Leguminosae, is a medicinal plant that is distributed in Southeast Asia. The dried heartwood of this plant is used as a traditional ingredient of food, red dyes, and folk medicines in the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, tuberculosis, skin infections, and inflammation. Brazilin is the major active compound, which has exhibited various phar- macological effects, including anti-platelet activity, anti-hepatotoxicity, induction of immunological tolerance, and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity and expression of antioxidant enzymes of C. sappan L. extract and its major compound, brazilin, in human epidermal keratinocytes exposed to UVA irradiation. Our results indi- cated that C. sappan L. extract reduced UVA-induced H202 production via GPX7 activation. Moreover, brazilin exhibited anfioxidant effects that were similar to those of C. sappan L. via glutathione peroxidase 7 （GPX7）, suggesting that C. sappan L. extract and its natural compound represent potential treatments for oxidative stress-induced photoaging of skin.

Multiple Suppressive Effects of a Protein from Caesalpinia minax on Murine Melanoma Cells

Caesalpinia minax has a long history of use as a Chinese traditional herb medicine in Yunnan Province, China, for the treatment of skin-related diseases. A potent melanoma inhibitor, purified from the seeds of C. minaxand termed Caesalpinia minax protein (CMP), is a protein with a relative molecular mass of 19.8×10 3. Experiments were conducted to assay the inhibitive effects of CMP on the proliferation, migration, and adhesion of murine melanoma cell line K1735M2. The results showed that cell proliferation was suppressed by about 60% with treatment of 22 μg/mL CMP. Furthermore, the migration of K1735M2 cells was inhibited by 30% in the presence of 22 μg/mL CMP. The results also demonstrated that the inhibitive effect of CMP on the migration was dose-dependent. Although low-doses of CMP had no obvious inhibitive effect on the adhesion of K1735M2, 22 μg/mL CMP inhibited the adhesion of K1735M2 by 50%. These results suggest that CMP might be a potential medicine for melanoma therapy.

Chemical constituents from the the twigs and leaves of Caesalpinia enneaphylla

Fifteen compounds were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Caesalpiniaenneaphylla. Their structures were identified to be: (E)-3-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)- 5,7-dihydroxychroman-4-one (1), 8-methoxybonducellin (2), (E)-3-(3,4- dihydroxybenzylidene)-5,7-hydroxychroman-4-one (3), 2′,4′-dihydroxychalcone (4), oxyfadichalcone B (5), 7-hydroxyflavonone (6), pinocembrin (7), kaempferol (8), quercitrin (9), kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (10), quercetin 3-O-α-D-arabinoside (11), trans-2,3-diacetoxy-1-[(benzoyloxy)methyl]-cyclohexa-4,6-diene (12), 3-hydroxybenzyl benzoate (13), 2-acetoxybenzyl benzoate (14), and glutinol (15). All the compounds were isolated from C. enneaphylla for the first time.

Optimization of Caesalpinia sappan L. heartwood extraction procedure to obtain the highest content of brazilin and greatest antibacterial activity

Objective: The objective of the work was to optimize the extraction conditions of Caesalpinia sappan L.heartwood in order to maximize the brazilin content and antibacterial activity of the extract.Methods: Two independent factors were studied: extraction temperature(45–95 °C) and extraction time(30–60 min). In addition, five dependent factors were monitored, including extraction yield, brazilin content, and clear zones against Staphylococcus aureus TISTR 1466, Staphylococcus epidermidis TISTR 518 and Propionibacterium acnes DMST 14961. The brazilin content was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography and antibacterial activity was determined by disk diffusion assay.Results: The high temperature provided high total extract yield as well as brazilin content, while extraction time had little effect on yield or brazilin content. Extraction time had a positive effect, while extraction temperature had little effect on clear zone against S. aureus. The largest clear zone against S. epidermidis was achieved at low extraction temperature and long extraction time. Conversely, short extraction time and high extraction temperature provided the largest clear zone against P. acnes. The optimal conditions providing the highest brazilin content was an extraction temperature and extraction time of 95 °C and 30 min, respectively.The same optimal conditions also provided the simultaneous greatest antibacterial activity against the three bacteria. Modeled optimal conditions were validated be conducting extraction using these values. Yield and antibacterial activity of the resulting extract demonstrated that the model had a low percentage error.Conclusion: The optimal condition will be used as a standard condition for extraction of C. sappan heartwood to maximize brazilin content and antibacterial activity.

Chemical constituents from heartwoods of Caesalpinia sappan with antiplatelet aggregation activities

Objective:To clarify the active constituents of the heartwoods of Caesalpinia sappan,a traditional Chinese medicine with the functions of promoting blood circulation(Huoxue in Chinese)and removing blood stasis(Quyu in Chinese).Methods:The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by combination of silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography,along with semipreparative HPLC.Their chemical structures were established by multiple spectroscopic methods and comparison with literature data.The in vitro antiplatelet aggregation activities were evaluated using mouse platelet induced by AYPGKF-NH2,a gold agonist of protease-activated receptor 4(PAR4).Results:Two new phenols,methyl 2-(4,4’,5’-trihydroxy-2’-(methoxymethyl)biphenyl-2-yloxy)acetate(1)and 1’-methylcaesalpin J(2),together with 24 known compounds(3-26),were isolated from the heartwoods of C.sappan.Among them,sappanchalcone(16)and brazilin(20)showed inhibitory activities against mouse platelet aggregation with IC50 values of 114.8μmol/L and 100.8μmol/L,respectively.Conclusion:Antiplatelet compounds from C.sappan targeting at PAR4 are reported for the first time.

Distinctive Cassane Diterpenoids Corroborated Biogenetic Evolutionary Process from Caesalpinia mimosoides with Anti-renal Fibrosis Activity

Eighteen diterpenoids were isolated from the seeds of Caesalpinia mimosoides,including four extremely infrequent cassane diterpenes,together with nine new and five known structures.Compounds 7 and 8 represent the first examples of cassane diterpenoids fused with a ketone carbonyl and a ternary oxygen ring at C-4,respectively.Compounds 9 and 10 possess a rare five-member ring in cassane diterpenes.Intriguingly,these isolated components are a clue to the fact that there are lower and higher levels in the plant secondary metabolites,demonstrating the evolution of secondary metabolism of C.mimosoides.All the isolated compounds were tested for their anti-renal fibrosis activity against TGF-β1 induced NRK-52E cell model.The mRNA levels of fibrosis markerα-SMA,E-cadherin,Collagen I were tested by qRT-PCR.The data showed compounds 6 and 9 exhibited the best anti-renal fibrosis activity and provided preliminary structure−activity relationships.

Rearranged diterpenoids from the seeds of Caesalpinia sappan

Two new rearranged diterpenoids, tomocinol C （1） and spirocaesalmin C （2） were isolated from the seeds of Caesalpinia sappan. Their structures were elucidated based on comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data, and their absolute configurations were established by single crystal X-ray crystallography.

南蛇风黄酮提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性分析

本研究以瑶药南蛇风为原料,在单因素实验的基础上利用响应面法对南蛇风黄酮提取条件进行优化,采用DPPH法、羟自由基方法评价南蛇风黄酮的抗氧化活性。结果表明,当乙醇体积分数61%、微波功率614 W、微波时间7.3 min、液料比50∶1 mL/g、提取温度70℃时,黄酮提取率平均值为1.43%;南蛇风黄酮DPPH自由基、羟自由基的清除能力与其质量浓度呈正相关,最高清除率分别为83.89%、82.07%,IC50值分别为17μg/mL、130μg/mL,说明南蛇风黄酮具有一定的抗氧化活性。

Cytotoxic cassane diterpenoids from the seeds of Caesalpinia sappan

Phytochemical investigation on the seeds of Caesalpinia sappan led to the isolation of five new cassanetype diterpenoids, named 11-oxo-phanginin A（1）, caesalsappanins O–Q（2–4） and phanginin U（5）,together with five known compounds. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive analysis of mass spectrometric and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. All the new compounds showed moderate cytotoxic effects on human breast cancer MCF-7 and human colon cancer HCT116 cell lines.