Effects of quaternary ammonium chain length on the antibacterial and remineralizing effects of a calcium phosphate nanocomposite

Composites containing nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate （NACP） remineralize tooth lesions and inhibit caries. A recent study synthesized quaternary ammonium methacrylates （QAMs） with chain lengths （CLs） of 3-18 and determined their effects on a bonding agent. This study aimed to incorporate these QAMs into NACP nanocomposites for the first time to simultaneously endow the material with antibacterial and remineralizing capabilities and to investigate the effects of the CL on the mechanical and biofilm properties. Five QAMs were synthesized： DMAPM （CL3）, DMAHM （CL6）, DMADDM （CL12）, DMAHDM （CL16）, and DMAODM （CL18）. Each QAM was incorporated into a composite containing 20% NACP and 50% glass fillers. A dental plaque microcosm biofilm model was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity. The flexural strength and elastic modulus of nanocomposites with QAMs matched those of a commercial control composite （n = 6; P 〉 0.1）. Increasing the CL from 3 to 16 greatly enhanced the antibacterial activity of the NACP nanocomposite （P 〈 0.05）; further increasing the CL to 18 decreased the antibacterial potency. The NACP nanocomposite with a CL of 16 exhibited biofilm metabolic activity and acid production that were 10-fold lesser than those of the control composite. The NACP nanocomposite with a CL of 16 produced 2-log decreases in the colony-forming units （CFU） of total microorganisms, total streptococci, and mutans streptococci. In conclusion, QAMs with CLs of 3-18 were synthesized and incorporated into an NACP nanocomposite for the first time to simultaneously endow the material with antibacterial and remineralization capabilities. Increasing the C/reduced the metabolic activity and acid production of biofilms and caused a 2-log decrease in CFU without compromising the mechanical properties. Nanocomposites exhibiting strong anti-biofilm activity, remineralization effects, and mechanical properties are promising materials for tooth restorations that inhibit caries.

One-year water-ageing of calcium phosphate composite containing nano-silver and quaternary ammonium to inhibit biofilms

Dental composites are commonly used restorative materials; however, secondary caries due to biofilm acids remains a major problem. The objectives of this study were （1） to develop a composite containing quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate （QADM）, nanoparticles of silver （NAg）, and nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate （NACP）, and （2） to conduct the first investigation of the mechanical properties, biofilm response and acid production vs water-ageing time from 1 day to 12 months. A 4 x 5 design was utilized, with four composites （NACP-QADM composite, NACP-NAg composite, NACP-QADM-NAg composite, and a commercial control composite）, and five water-ageing time periods （1 day, and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months）. After each water- ageing period, the mechanical properties of the resins were measured in a three-point flexure, and antibacterial properties were tested via a dental plaque biofilm model using human saliva as an inoculum. After 12 months of water-ageing, NACP-QADM- NAg had a flexural strength and elastic modulus matching those of the commercial control （P〉 0.1）. Incorporation of QADM or NAg into the NACP composite greatly reduced biofilm viability, metabolic activity and acid production. A composite containing both QADM and NAg possessed a stronger antibacterial capability than one with QADM or NAg alone （P〈0.05）. The anti-biofilm activity was maintained after 12 months of water-ageing and showed no significant decrease with increasing time （P〉0.1）. In conclusion, the NACP-QADM-NAg composite decreased biofilm viability and lactic acid production, while matching the load- bearing capability of a commercial composite. There was no decrease in its antibacterial properties after 1 year of water-ageing. The durable antibacterial and mechanical properties indicate that NACP-QADM-NAg composites may be useful in dental restorations to combat caries.

Novel rechargeable calcium phosphate nanoparticle-containing orthodontic cement

White spot lesions （WSLs）, due to enamel demineralization, occur frequently in orthodontic treatment. We recently developed a novel rechargeable dental composite containing nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate （NACP） with long-term calcium （Ca） and phosphate （P） ion release and caries-inhibiting capability. The objectives of this study were to develop the first NACP- rechargeable orthodontic cement and investigate the effects of recharge duration and frequency on the efficacy of ion re-release. The rechargeable cement consisted of pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate （PMGDM） and ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate （EBPADMA）. NACP was mixed into the resin at 40% by mass. Specimens were tested for orthodontic bracket shear bond strength （SBS） to enamel, Ca and P ion initial release, recharge and re-release. The new orthodontic cement exhibited an SBS similar to commercial orthodontic cement without CaP release （P〉 0.1）. Specimens after one recharge treatment （e.g., 1 min immersion in recharge solution repeating three times in one day, referred to as ＂1 min 3 times＂） exhibited a substantial and continuous re-release of Ca and P ions for 14 days without further recharge. The ion re-release did not decrease with increasing the number of recharge/re-release cycles （P〉 0.1）. The ion re-release concentrations at 14 days versus various recharge treatments were as follows： 1 min 3 times〉3 min 2 times〉 1 min 2 times〉6 min 1 time〉3 min 1 time〉 1 min 1 time. In conclusion, although previous studies have shown that NACP nanocomposite remineralized tooth lesions and inhibited caries, the present study developed the first orthodontic cement with Ca and P ion recharge and long-term release capability. This NACP-rechargeable orthodontic cement is a promising therapy to inhibit enamel demineralization and WSLs around orthodontic brackets.

Effects of grafting cell penetrate peptide and RGD on endocytosis and biological effects of Mg-CaPNPs-CKIP-1 siRNA carrier system in vitro

Calcium phosphate nanoparticles(CaPNPs)have good biocompatibility as gene carriers;however,CaPNPs typically exhibit a low transfection efficiency.Cell penetrate peptide(TAT)can increase the uptake of nanoparticles but is limited by its non-specificity.Grafting adhesion peptide adhesion peptide on carriers can enhance their targeting.The Plekho1 gene encodes casein kinase-2 interacting protein-1(CKIP-1),which can negatively regulate osteogenic differentiation.Based on the above,we produced a Mg-CaPNPs-RGD-TAT-CKIP-1 siRNA carrier system via hydrothermal synthesis,silanization and adsorption.The effects of this carrier system on cell endocytosis and biological effects were evaluated by cell culture in vitro.The results demonstrate that CaPNPs with 7%Mg(60 nm particle size,short rod shape and good dispersion)were suitable for use as gene carriers.The carrier system boosted the endocytosis of MG63 cells and was helpful for promoting the differentiation of osteoblasts,and the dual-ligand system possessed a synergistic effect.The findings of this study show the tremendous potential of the Mg-CaPNPs-RGD-TAT-CKIP-1 siRNA carrier system for efficient delivery into cells and osteogenesis inducement.