Biomineralization of soil with crude soybean urease using different calcium salts

Calcium salt is an important contributing factor for calcium-based biomineralization.To study the effect of calcium salt on soil biomineralization using crude soybean urease,the calcium salts,including the calcium chloride (CaCl_(2)),calcium acetate ((CH_(3)COO)_(2)Ca) and calcium nitrate (Ca(NO_(3))_(2)),were used to prepare the biotreatment solution to carry out the biomineralization tests in this paper.Two series of biomineralization tests in solution and sand column,respectively,were conducted.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed to determine the microscopic characteristics of the precipitated calcium carbonate (CaCO_(3)) crystals.The experimental results indicate that the biomineralization effect is the best for the CaCl2 case,followed by (CH_(3)COO)_(2)Ca,and worst for Ca(NO_(3))_(2) under the test conditions of this study (i.e.1 mol/L of calcium salt-urea).The mechanism for the effect of the calcium salt on the biomineralization of crude soybean urease mainly involves: (1) inhibition of urease activity,and (2) influence on the crystal size and morphology of CaCO_(3).Besides Ca^(2+) ,the anions in solution can inhibit the activity of crude soybean urease,and NO_(3)− has a stronger inhibitory effect on the urease activity compared with both CH_(3)COO^(−) and Cl^(−) .The co-inhibition of Ca^(2+) and NO_(3)− on the activity of urease is the key reason for the worst biomineralization of the Ca(NO_(3))_(2) case in this study.The difference in biomineralization between the CaCl_(2) and (CH_(3)COO)_(2) Ca cases is strongly correlated with the crystal morphology of the precipitated CaCO_(3).

Feeding Calcium Salts of Linseed Oil on Productive Performance and Milk Fatty Acid Profile in Grazing Dairy Cows

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of supplying calcium salts of linseed oil (Ca-FA) rich in omega-3 (α-linolenic acid) on the production and chemical composition of milk and its nutraceutical value in dairy cows in early lactation. The trial lasted 12 weeks (2 weeks for adaptation to lipids and 10 weeks of data collection). A total of 36 Holstein dairy cows with 58.0 ± 17.0 days in milk (DIM), 594.1 ± 92.4 kg BW, 2.6 ± 1.5 parity and 38.9 ± 9.3 kg milk day-1 were used in a randomized complete block design. The treatments were: 1) Omega-3 (O3): 5.2 kg DM day-1 of concentrate including 0.7 kg DM of Ca-FA + 13.5 kg DM day-1 of partial mixed ration (PMR) + 12 kg DM day-1 of alfalfa pasture (Medicago sativa) and 2) Control (C): diet similar to O3 but lipid supplementation was replaced by cracked corn grain so that the diets were isoenergetic. No treatment effect was detected (P > 0.05) for any milk production and composition variables, except for urea in milk that was slightly higher in O3 (P = 0.02). The treatment × week interaction was significant (P < 0.05) for fat yield and content, with differences (P < 0.01) only in the 3rd week of the data collection period in favor of group C (1.39 vs. 1.13 kg·day-1 and 3.86% vs. 3.23% for fat yield and content, respectively). Total DMI and PMR were similar (P > 0.05) between treatments. Concentrate intake was higher (P < 0.01) in C compared with O3. Pasture DMI tended (P = 0.06) to be greater for cows that received the O3 treatment compared with C. Total metabolizable energy (ME) intake was similar (P = 0.44) between treatments. No treatment effect was detected (P > 0.05) in rumen environment parameters. Supplementation with Ca-FA reduced (P < 0.05) the hypercholesterolemic fraction of milk (C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0, -13.6%, -7.4% and -9.0%, respectively). The concentration of α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) increased (108%, P < 0.01) in O3 group compared with group C. The absence of negative effects of lipids on the fat content of milk and ruminal fermentation suggests that protection by saponification was effective. The supplementation with Ca-FA (0.85 kg·day-1) improved the healthy value of the milk.

Bioavailability and Solubility of Different Calcium-Salts as a Basis for Calcium Enrichment of Beverages

Background: When usual calcium consumption patterns were analysed most people in the U.S. and Europe consume less than the recommended daily allowance. Supplements and fortified foods offer alternative and additional sources of calcium to traditional food. Calcium carbonate is the most common supplement but it is less soluble in water and, therefore, not suitable for enrichment of beverages. New organic calcium salts have a better solubility but less is known about their bioavailability. In the present study, we assessed the solubility and bioavailability of the new organic calcium salts, calcium lactate citrate and calcium lactate malate, in comparison to the traditional supplements, calcium carbonate and calcium gluconate. Design: Randomized, single-blind, four way cross-over study comparing single doses of 500 mg calcium in the form of four different calcium-salts. Subjects were advised to consume 25 μg vitamin D3 daily two weeks prior to the start of the study and during the whole study period. Subjects: 20 healthy young men, Methods: Blood samples were drawn immediately before and 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h after ingestion of the calcium preparation. Concentration of total calcium and intact parathyroid hormone were measured in the serum. Urine was collected at baseline and during the intervals 0-3, 3-6, 9-15 and 15-24 h and excretion of calcium, sodium and creatinine was examined. Results: The tested new salts were easily water soluble, significantly better than calcium gluconate. Calcium carbonate is almost insoluble. The bioavailability of the four different calcium salts was found to be almost identical. The maximum total serum calcium increased by 7.6 % two hours after ingestion calcium lactate citrate, by 7.4 % after calcium lactate malate, by 5.5 % after calcium carbonate, and by 5.8 % after calcium gluconate. Intact parathyroid hormone concentration showed the expected depression for calcium lactate citrate, calcium lactate malate and calcium carbonate, whereas the serum level was significantly higher after ingestion of calcium gluconate. Conclusion: Given an almost equivalent bioavailability of the four tested calcium salts, we conclude that the new salts calcium lactate citrate and calcium lactate malate are well suited for fortification of beverages and thus to increase the average daily calcium intake.

离子微聚式物理除垢在油田供热系统中的应用

油田供热站锅炉,反冲洗水富含置换出来的钙镁离子,在高温下,造成反冲洗水管道结垢严重。通过介绍离子微聚式物理除垢技术原理,根据该技术在油田的应用分析,证实该技术在防垢除垢上的有效性,通过现场应用分析,可以看出离子微聚式防垢除垢效果明显,适用于污水排放管道系统。

环保型改性纳米碳酸钙降滤失剂的合成与性能评价

纳米碳酸钙在钻井液中具有降滤失及封堵作用、且环保,但分散性差、易团聚,导致效果不理想。使用硅烷偶联剂对纳米碳酸钙进行表面改性,再通过自由基共聚法将抗温、抗盐单体接枝到改性纳米碳酸钙表面,得到改性纳米碳酸钙降滤失剂SDNPJ-2,采用红外光谱(FTIR)、热重分析进行表征,同时对比评价其综合性能,通过对膨润土基浆粒径、zeta电位分析,滤饼扫描电镜(SEM)分析,考察SDNPJ-2在黏土颗粒上的吸附特征,研究改性纳米碳酸钙降滤失剂在水基钻井液中的降滤失机制。结果表明:SDNPJ-2可抗230℃高温;1%SDNPJ-2可分别使4%膨润土基浆、25%盐水基浆、10%CaCl_(2)基浆150℃/(16 h)老化后的API滤失量降低70%、89%和85%,可抗氯化钠250000 mg/L、抗氯化钙100000 mg/L,降滤失效果优于国外同类目前最优产品Driscal D;生化需氧量(BOD_(5))为558 mg/L、BOD_(5)/COD(化学需氧量)达22.6%,可生物降解;SDNPJ-2通过酰胺基团吸附于黏土表面、改善其分散性,优化体系粒径级配、通过物理堆积有效封堵滤饼和地层孔隙,两方面协同达到优良的降滤失效果。

10-MDP钙盐对小鼠成纤维细胞L929增殖、凋亡及MMPs表达的影响

目的通过10-MDP钙盐对小鼠成纤维细胞L929的研究调查了不同浓度不同结构的10-MDP钙盐对牙周组织的影响。方法通过X射线衍射(X-Ray diffraction,XRD)对合成的三种不同比例10-MDP钙盐进行鉴定。使用CCK-8法检测10-MDP钙盐对小鼠成纤维细胞L929的细胞增殖毒性;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;蛋白免疫印迹实验检测细胞基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMP)2、MMP9表达。结果XRD的结果证实三种合成方式均有不同结构10-MDP钙盐的产生;细胞增殖毒性CCK-8实验中仅有1.0 mg/mL MDP-1组在72 h后引起细胞增殖活性降低;各组培养72 h后均不诱导细胞凋亡;0.2 mg/mL和0.1 mg/mL MDP-2、MDP-1组均抑制L929细胞的MMP2和MMP9蛋白分泌。结论10-MDP钙盐可能对牙周组织中成纤维细胞没有细胞毒性作用,并且可以通过抑制MMP2、MMP9蛋白的分泌减少牙周组织破坏。

钻井滤液中硫酸根去除方法研究

钻井滤液中硫酸根(SO_(4)^(2-))浓度高、复配钻井液性能差是海上钻井滤液循环利用面临的主要难题之一。文章以钻井滤液为研究对象,分别探究了钙盐沉淀法和钙矾石沉淀法对SO_(4)^(2-)去除的影响,提出了钙盐-钙矾石沉淀法去除SO_(4)^(2-)的技术。结果表明:钙盐沉淀法或钙矾石沉淀法处理后,钻井滤液中的SO_(4)^(2-)和Ca^(2+)浓度无法满足钻井滤液回用要求(SO_(4)^(2-)≤4000 mg/L;Ca^(2+)≤500 mg/L);钙盐-钙矾石沉淀法处理后钻井滤液中SO_(4)^(2-)和Ca^(2+)浓度可分别降至2218 mg/L和465 mg/L,满足钻井滤液回用要求。反应条件为:钙盐沉淀法中投加12000 mg/L的CaCl_(2)溶液,钙矾石沉淀法中,Al/S摩尔比(IAS)和Ca/S摩尔比(ICS)分别为1.25和2.5。研究结果可为钻井滤液中SO_(4)^(2-)处理工艺单元的设计和运行提供参考。

钙螯合盐对牛奶-豌豆双蛋白再制干酪品质的影响

以牛奶蛋白和豌豆蛋白为原料制作牛奶-豌豆双蛋白再制干酪,基于功能特性、质构特性、感官评价和微观结构,研究不同质量分数(0.5%、1.0%、1.5%和2.0%)的3种钙螯合盐(柠檬酸三钠(TSC)、磷酸氢二钠(DSP)和六偏磷酸钠(SHMP))对该双蛋白再制干酪品质的影响。结果表明:牛奶蛋白和豌豆蛋白可替代天然干酪在再制干酪中的作用,且随着钙螯合盐质量分数的增加,各双蛋白再制干酪的融化性均呈上升趋势,油脂析出性均呈下降趋势,其中TSC在提升产品融化性及抑制油脂析出方面效果较好;当TSC的质量分数为1.0%时,双蛋白再制干酪的硬度较低,感官评分总分、弹性、粘力和粘附能量均较高,酪蛋白网状胶束呈规则排列,其包裹的脂肪球和矿物质均匀分布在矩阵系列中。因此,添加TSC有助于改善牛奶-豌豆双蛋白再制干酪的品质,增强产品的乳化性、稳定性等功能特性。

糖液与钙盐组合渗透脱水处理对冻融蓝莓品质的影响

为探究钙盐作为冷冻保护剂与高浓度糖液浸渍组合在常温下进行渗透脱水处理对冷冻蓝莓融化后质地品质的影响。对比以丙酸钙、乳酸钙、氯化钙为代表的3种钙盐冷冻保护剂及质量浓度为0.5、1.5、3.0、5.0 g/mL丙酸钙处理对冻融蓝莓品质的影响。通过观测蓝莓冻融后外观,测定硬度值、弹性、咀嚼性、胶着性、内聚性和回复性品质指标及可溶性果胶、共价结合型果胶和离子结合型果胶的含量。结果表明:添加钙盐结合糖液渗透脱水处理组均可减少蓝莓冻融后皱缩和质地瘫软现象,丙酸钙结合糖液渗透脱水处理组的汁液流失率比对照组降低约25.42%,显著低于(P<0.05)其他处理组,丙酸钙处理组为较优的钙盐添加种类。对丙酸钙添加浓度进行优化筛选,发现当丙酸钙添加浓度为1.5g/mL时可显著降低(P <0.05)蓝莓果实的汁液流失和细胞膜透性,冻融后硬度为1.54 N、弹性0.75 mm,可溶性果胶、共价结合型果胶和离子结合型果胶含量分别达到1.03、0.83和0.68 mg/g,减少蓝莓果实的质地瘫软现象并保持最佳冻融品质。丙酸钙浓度为1.5 g/mL结合渗透脱水技术使冻融蓝莓具有更好的品质,有利于食用和加工。研究结果不仅为解决蓝莓加工行业出现的由于长期冷冻所造成果实质地瘫软问题提供数据基础,还为研发提升果蔬原料冷冻贮藏品质的助冻剂及改性技术提供一定的理论依据。

硫酸根对废旧电池废水中氟离子去除的影响研究

含氟废水广泛存在,其中钙盐沉淀是处理高氟废水常用方法之一。但是在处理实际废水时,往往达不到理想效果,需要混凝二级处理。为此,本研究以某实际电池高氟废水为例,研究钙盐沉淀运行参数对除氟效果影响,发现在钙盐投加量4500~5000 mg·L^(-1)、pH为11.5条件下,除氟效果最佳,但无法达到理论要求的8 mg·L^(-1)。随后通过配水实验探究了废水中的共存离子对钙盐除氟的干扰,发现在硫酸根存在的条件下,无法降到10 mg·L^(-1)以下。通过能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDS)傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析表明,硫酸根通过与氟离子竞争钙离子,从而抑制了氟离子的去除。最后,废水再经过铝盐混凝处理或者投加磷酸盐生成氟磷酸钙沉淀后,满足污水排放要求。

钙镁二元盐复合材料的储热性能

水合盐热化学储热利用可逆的化学反应,能够在吸附与脱附过程中实现热量的释放与储存,其具有储热密度高、适合长期跨季节储热等优点,与太阳能相结合可以减少对化石能源的依赖。为探究两种不同多孔基底对钙镁二元盐复合热化学储热材料储热性能的影响,基于摩尔比为1∶2的MgCl_(2)与CaCl_(2)两种水合盐,本文对以微孔分子筛(13X)为多孔基底的MgCl_(2)/2CaCl_(2)复合材料和以介孔硅藻土(WSS)为多孔基底的MgCl_(2)/2CaCl_(2)复合材料的孔结构、平衡吸附量和循环稳定性等进行实验对比分析。采用蜂窝状储热单元的二维模型,对两种MgCl_(2)/2CaCl_(2)复合热化学储热单元的储/放热过程进行模拟对比分析。结果表明,与WSS相比,13X的孔隙更小、比表面积更大、平衡吸附量更高。由于MgCl_(2)/2CaCl_(2)的填充,两种复合材料的孔体积、比表面积、孔隙率较多孔基底均有所下降。受MgCl_(2)/2CaCl_(2)与多孔基底协同作用的影响,MgCl_(2)/2CaCl_(2)复合材料的平衡吸附量在整个相对湿度区间均有明显提升,Polanyi吸附势理论可以很好地描述MgCl_(2)/2CaCl_(2)复合材料的等温吸附线。WSS20储热单元的储热密度为371.94MJ/m^(3),可以持续输出20℃温升以上的空气198min,其放热功率和热回收效率均高于13X17储热单元。WSS20在循环47次后仍然保持完整的结构和良好的吸附量,而13X17在循环10次后发生破裂。综合储热密度和循环稳定性,WSS20更适合作为储热材料使用。

焚烧飞灰深度资源化技术进展及展望

基于生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的产生方式及特性,探析了焚烧飞灰中无机氯盐回收处理技术、钙元素分离回收技术、重金属分离提取技术,分析各项技术存在的优缺点,并总结了目前焚烧飞灰的最新资源化利用工业化进展。研究得出,被广泛认可的两套系统包括:低温二噁英解毒-水洗-含重金属盐水蒸发回收-钙组分用于水泥材料、高温烧结/熔融二噁英解毒-盐及重金属挥发回收-钙组分形成陶粒或玻璃体。这些系统中二噁英均能得到有效处理;钙组分可资源化但是附加值不高,且钙资源化过程中需要关注重金属进入环境的总量所带来的长期环境风险;氯盐组分目前缺乏有成本效益的资源化途径。综上,未来需要在研发飞灰中钙及氯盐的有效资源化技术、出台更多细分技术的指导性文件作为理论支撑和设计依据方面进行深入研究。

氯盐侵蚀作用下纳米碳酸钙对海砂混凝土结合氯离子性能的影响

考虑氯盐侵蚀时间和纳米碳酸钙(NC)的影响,研究了氯盐侵蚀作用下海砂混凝土结合氯离子性能。结果表明:随氯盐侵蚀时间增加,海砂混凝土中自由氯离子含量和结合氯离子含量均逐渐增加,掺入NC能够进一步提高海砂混凝土中结合氯离子含量;随氯盐侵蚀时间增加,海砂混凝土中Friedel's盐和水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)含量及C-S-H中钙硅物质的量比(Ca/Si比)逐渐提高;氯盐侵蚀14 d,掺NC海砂混凝土中Friedel's盐含量明显下降,其中掺1%NC使Friedel's盐含量减少最明显;海砂混凝土中掺入NC越多,C-S-H含量及C-S-H中Ca/Si比增大越明显,这有助于海砂混凝土中物理吸附氯离子。

可溶性钙盐沉淀法处理含氟废水的热力学分析及应用设计

针对可溶性钙盐处理含氟废水的工艺过程较为复杂,且处理效果存在不确定性问题,通过热力学分析,研究了可溶性钙盐沉淀反应处理含氟废水的过程,揭示了去除F-过程的化学和物理现象,由此设计出两阶段可溶性钙盐处理含氟废水工艺。通过推导出的残余F-含量与Ca^(2+)浓度的平衡关系式,计算出残余F-含量低至1.91 mg·L^(-1),明显低于国家现行的污水处理排放标准。含氟废水两阶段处理工艺:第一阶段,将待处理含氟废水的pH值调整至5.0—6.5,边搅拌边加入氯化钙,其加入量为理论计算总量的1/4,搅拌10 min后静止30 min;第二阶段,将经第一阶段处理后的污水pH值调整至7.5—8.5,加入剩余的氯化钙,搅拌30 min后静止20 min,再加入400 mg·L^(-1)的聚合氯化铝絮凝剂。结果表明,当氯化钙药剂的实际添加总量为理论计算添加总量的82.29%时,采用两阶段可溶性钙盐处理工艺可去除含氟废水中99.88%的F-,残余F-的含量为3.33 mg·L^(-1),符合国家现行的污水处理排放标准。当含氟废水中F-含量大于100 mg·L^(-1)时,随着可溶性钙盐添加量增加残余F-含量迅速下降;而当含氟废水中F-含量小于100mg·L^(-1)时,随着可溶性钙盐添加量增加Ca^(2+)与F-反应的速率减慢,残余F-的含量下降趋缓。可溶性钙盐处理偏碱性含氟废水时,适当提高处理后污水的pH值有助于降低残余F-的含量,同时也能相应地减少Ca^(2+)的添加量。若含氟废水处理后的值小于处理前时,其pH值下降越少,添加可溶性钙盐的量亦越少。因此,pH值是影响Ca^(2+)添加量及处理结果的重要因素。

不同侵蚀环境下喷射混凝土耐久性提升技术及作用机理

为了揭示不同侵蚀环境下喷射混凝土的钙溶蚀行为,并探究羧酸酯型侵蚀抑制剂和硅灰对喷射混凝土抗侵蚀性能的影响,本文通过抗压强度及腐蚀溶液钙离子浓度测试对比了氯化铵溶蚀和复合盐侵蚀作用下喷射混凝土的强度损失率和钙离子溶出率的时变规律,并采用TG分析改性喷射混凝土侵蚀前的孔结构和可溶固相钙含量,最后采用XRD和SEM测试分析混凝土侵蚀后的物相组成和微观形貌。结果表明,复合盐侵蚀作用下较多钙矾石等腐蚀产物填充孔隙,导致混凝土强度损失和钙离子溶出率均低于氯化铵溶蚀。氯化铵溶蚀和复合盐侵蚀作用下,喷射混凝土的强度损失率与钙离子溶出率呈线性相关。4%(质量分数)侵蚀抑制剂+2%(质量分数)硅灰复合的作用效果较佳,可使喷射混凝土复合盐侵蚀28 d后的强度损失率和钙离子溶出率分别较空白组降低46.7%和50.9%。羧酸酯型侵蚀抑制剂和硅灰均可通过细化混凝土孔结构、降低氢氧化钙和钙矾石含量来提升喷射混凝土的耐久性。

改性柚子皮降滤失剂的合成与评价研究

天然材料因其易降解、环境友好、来源丰富和价格低廉等优势,成为环保型钻井液处理剂研发的重要方向。在天然柚子皮的基础上,通过化学合成引入酰胺基和磺酸基,形成了一种可满足高温地层绿色、安全、高效钻进的改性柚子皮降滤失剂,并对其抗温性、抑制性和抗盐抗钙性能进行了评价。柚子皮富含植物酚和聚糖等活性成分,改性后的柚子皮抗温能力强,在150℃的滤失量降低率超过70%;滚动回收实验结果表明,在加量为0.3%的情况下,其抑制效果优于KCl;抗污染实验表明,改性柚子皮降滤失剂抗盐抗钙效果好,0.3%的加量下,在淡水基浆、盐水基浆、饱和盐水基浆中均能使滤失量保持在10 mL以下,在CaCl2含量为3%时,滤失量降低率达到82.22%。改性后的柚子皮具有良好的降滤失性能,为环境友好型钻井液处理剂的开发提供了新的技术思路。

化工企业脱硫石膏盐溶液法制备硫酸钙晶须的工艺研究

采用湿法脱硫工艺处理化工厂的废气时,会产生一种固体废弃物即脱硫石膏。与传统石膏相比,化工厂脱硫石膏中含有大量的有机杂质,综合利用难度更大。通过实验探索以化工厂脱硫石膏为原料制备硫酸钙晶须的生产工艺,分别采用盐溶液法制备晶须,探索盐溶液法中不同种类、不同浓度的盐溶液对产品的晶型形貌的影响。结果表明,采取盐溶液法制备晶须时,共对比5种不同盐溶液的效果,发现质量分数为10%的氯化钙中制备的晶须形貌最好,长径比为20~40,满足国标要求,且转化率较高。

利用氯化钙制备超细氯化钠新工艺探索

文章介绍了超细氯化钠的性质、用途和生产方法。从产能、产品质量、产品成本及副产品利用等方面对喷雾干燥法、反溶剂法、粉碎法制备超细氯化钠技术进行比较,指出各自的优缺点和发展趋势。最后介绍采用氯化钙制备出纯度较高超细氯化钠工艺及一些重要工艺参数的探讨。

外源硅和钙添加对盐胁迫下小麦幼苗叶绿素含量的影响研究

以小麦种子为试验处理受试材料,采用水培法研究了盐胁迫下不同浓度外源硅和钙添加对小麦幼苗叶绿素含量和叶绿素比(a∶b)的影响.结果表明,低浓度硅、低浓度钙和高浓度钙添加均降低了盐胁迫下小麦幼苗的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量和总叶绿素含量,然而,低浓度硅和低浓度钙协同(1∶5)、高浓度硅和高浓度钙协同(2∶10)处理均增加了小麦幼苗叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量和总叶绿素含量,其他混合处理的影响规律不一致.因此,一定浓度的硅和钙协同处理可对一定盐害程度下的小麦幼苗光合效应起到缓解作用.

常压无氯盐溶液制备α-CaSO_(4)·0.5H_(2)O晶体研究

本文以Na_(2)SO_(4)溶液为反应介质,研究了反应温度、反应时间、液固比、pH值、Na_(2)SO_(4)质量分数对α-CaSO_(4)·0.5H_(2)O生成的影响。结果表明,在Na_(2)SO_(4)质量分数为12.5%,液固比为5∶1,pH值为7,反应温度为97℃,反应时间为4 h的条件下,制备出平均长度46.0μm、平均长径比17.23、形貌均一的α-CaSO_(4)·0.5H_(2)O晶体。常压无氯盐溶液方法克服了氯离子腐蚀工业设备、污染环境等缺点,为高值化利用磷石膏提供重要的技术支持。