Effects of Mixing Canola and Palm Oils with Sunflower Oil on the Formation of Trans Fatty Acids during Frying

GLC analysis was conducted to indicate the formation of trans- C18 fatty acids of sunflower, canola and palm oils during frying. Blends of sunflower oil and palm oil or canola oil were obtained by mixing sunflower oil with palm or canola oils at the volume ratios of 60: 40, 40: 60 and 20: 80 (v/v), then heated at 180?C ± 5?C for 5, 10, 15 and 20 h in the atmospheric oxygen. GLC results demonstrate that the formation of trans C18-fatty acids was generally dependent upon the frying time and oil mixing ratios. Furthermore, mixing sunflower oil with oils rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (palm or canola oils) lowered the formation of trans-C18 fatty acids during frying.

Feeding Calcium Salts of Linseed Oil on Productive Performance and Milk Fatty Acid Profile in Grazing Dairy Cows

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of supplying calcium salts of linseed oil (Ca-FA) rich in omega-3 (α-linolenic acid) on the production and chemical composition of milk and its nutraceutical value in dairy cows in early lactation. The trial lasted 12 weeks (2 weeks for adaptation to lipids and 10 weeks of data collection). A total of 36 Holstein dairy cows with 58.0 ± 17.0 days in milk (DIM), 594.1 ± 92.4 kg BW, 2.6 ± 1.5 parity and 38.9 ± 9.3 kg milk day-1 were used in a randomized complete block design. The treatments were: 1) Omega-3 (O3): 5.2 kg DM day-1 of concentrate including 0.7 kg DM of Ca-FA + 13.5 kg DM day-1 of partial mixed ration (PMR) + 12 kg DM day-1 of alfalfa pasture (Medicago sativa) and 2) Control (C): diet similar to O3 but lipid supplementation was replaced by cracked corn grain so that the diets were isoenergetic. No treatment effect was detected (P > 0.05) for any milk production and composition variables, except for urea in milk that was slightly higher in O3 (P = 0.02). The treatment × week interaction was significant (P < 0.05) for fat yield and content, with differences (P < 0.01) only in the 3rd week of the data collection period in favor of group C (1.39 vs. 1.13 kg·day-1 and 3.86% vs. 3.23% for fat yield and content, respectively). Total DMI and PMR were similar (P > 0.05) between treatments. Concentrate intake was higher (P < 0.01) in C compared with O3. Pasture DMI tended (P = 0.06) to be greater for cows that received the O3 treatment compared with C. Total metabolizable energy (ME) intake was similar (P = 0.44) between treatments. No treatment effect was detected (P > 0.05) in rumen environment parameters. Supplementation with Ca-FA reduced (P < 0.05) the hypercholesterolemic fraction of milk (C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0, -13.6%, -7.4% and -9.0%, respectively). The concentration of α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) increased (108%, P < 0.01) in O3 group compared with group C. The absence of negative effects of lipids on the fat content of milk and ruminal fermentation suggests that protection by saponification was effective. The supplementation with Ca-FA (0.85 kg·day-1) improved the healthy value of the milk.

Chronic consumption of thermally processed palm oil or canola oil modified gut microflora of rats

Dietary oils have critical influences on human health,and thermally cooking or frying modify the components and nutritional functions of oils.Palm oil was the most widely used oil in food processing industry,but its health effects remain debatable.In the current study,we aimed to compare the effects of thermally oxidized palm oil and canola oil on gut microbiota.Palm oil or canola oil were heated at 180°C for 10 h to prepare high-fat diets.Rats were fed high-fat diets for 3 months,and hematological properties,gut microflora composition and intestinal gene expression were examined.The results indicated that heated canola oil consumption elevated plasma total cholesterol and LDL-c levels compared with unheated canola oil,but heated palm oil do not had these effects;and consumption of heated palm oil significantly elevated the relative abundance of Lactobacillucs and Roseburia in gut,compared with non-heated palm oil or two canola oil groups.Moreover,intestinal expression of IL-22 was increased in heated palm oil fed animal,though ZO-1 and GPR41 were reduced.In conclusion,heating process may enhance the effects of palm oil on proliferation of probiotics Lactobacillucs,and weaken the effects of canola oil on cholesterol transport and metabolism.

Cameroon Green Energy Potentials: Field Survey of Production, Physico-Chemical Analyses of Palm Kernel Oil for Industrial Applications

This paper reports a field survey undertaken to determine the availability of raw material for palm kernel oil commercial production for industrial applications. Both industrial and artisanal wastes from palm kernel oil production were also surveyed as raw material (palm kernel seeds) for green energy production. Results of the field study show that 22% of palm kernel seeds (which represents tons of waste) resulting from palm oil processing plants are dumped while at the artisanal level, 80% of palm kernel seed waste is dumped. Analysis of field study data shows that large amounts of waste palm kernel seeds are available to enable large scale production of palm kernel oil (PKO) for desirable industrial applications in green energy production. The paper also reports on the physical and chemical properties of Cameroon palm kernel oil (PKO). Palm kernel oil was extracted using mechanical press and solvent extraction. The palm kernel oil (PKO) from Cameroon was analyzed by standard physico-chemical methods. Results of the physical measurements show a specific gravity of PKO of 0.92 kg/L, viscosity of 26.03 cSt and at 5.93 cSt at 40°C and 100°C respectively, viscosity index of 185, pour point of 20°C, cloud point of 29°C, flash point of 200°C, aniline point of 105°F, diesel index of 23, cetane number of 27 and ASTM (American Standards for Testing and Materials) color of less than 2.5. Results of chemical analyses showed an acid value of 17.95 mg KOH/g, free fatty acid (FFA) content of 8.98 mg KOH/g, iodine value of 2.10 mg I2/g, peroxide value of 2.10 meq/kg, ester value of 123.0 mg KOH/g, hydroxyl value of 93.4 mg OH/g, saponification value of 140.95 mg KOH/g and a sulfur content of 0.016% w/v, signifying low sulfur content. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed the palm kernel oil to be predominantly made up of glycerides of various fatty acids with higher proportions of C12 to C16 fatty acid residues. Cameroon PKO therefore has a broad spectrum of industrial applications by virtue of its rich physical and chemical properties.

Effect of Processing Method on Carotenoid Profiles of Oils from Three Varieties of Nigerian Palm Oil (Elaise guinensis)

This study assessed the effect of processing method on the carotenoid profile of oil from three varieties of Nigerian oil palm fruits (Elaise guinensis). Specific varieties of the Elaise guinensis, which are the dura, pesifera and tenera were obtained from National Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR) in Edo state, Nigeria. The samples were divided into two and processed using two different methods as commonly practiced in south-eastern Nigeria, the hot and cold processes. The oil extracted from each of the processes was then analyzed for oil characteristics using standard analytical methods while the carotenoid profile was analyzed using HPLC C-21 column. The results generated were subjected to the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of carotenoid constituent identified include: lutein, neurosporene (trans), neurosporene (cis), α-Zeacarotene(cis), α-Zeacarotene(trans), phytoene, phytofluene, β-zeacarotene, 13 and 13’ cis α-carotene, 13 cis β-carotene, trans α-carotene, 9 cis α-carotene, trans β-carotene, αcarotene a(cis), α-carotene b(cis), α-carotene (trans), γ-carotene (trans), γ-carotene b(cis), lycopene (cis) and lycopene (trans). The results of physicochemical characteristics of the oil samples extracted range from 0.922 ± 0.004 - 0.916 ± 0.001 for specific gravity (SG), 8.10 ± 0.17 - 4.88 ± 0.04 mg KOH/g for acid value, 4.29% ± 0.02% - 2.44% ± 0.02% for free fatty acid value (FFA), 6.00 ± 0.21 to 204.67 ± 0.98 mgKOH/g for saponification value and 9.53 ± 0.23 - 5.25 ± 0.33 mEq/kg;for peroxide value while the carotenoids values were between 53.735 ± 0.10 and 123.389 ± 0.20 mg/100g. From the result, we can observe that the main constituent of the palm oil carotenoid is the β-carotene which makes up to about 80% of the total carotene. Statistical analysis revealed that no significant difference exists between the mean of each of the processing methods on the carotenoid profile of the oil sample analyzed.

棕榈油和棉籽油硬脂在油条煎炸过程中的品质评价

将棕榈油和棉籽油硬脂分别进行32 h的连续深度煎炸,检测过程中的质量指标,评价其煎炸特性。结果表明,在32 h连续深度煎炸过程中,随着煎炸时间的延长,棕榈油颜色加深更明显,其极性组分含量和酸价增加更多,碘值更低,两种油的过氧化值变化均不明显,但所有指标均在国标规定范围内。两种煎炸油的饱和脂肪酸(saturated fatty acid,SFA)的含量均增加,单不饱和脂肪酸(monounsaturated fatty acid,MUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsatu⁃rated fatty acid,PUFA)的含量减少,棉籽油硬脂的SFA增加更多。两种煎炸油的反式脂肪酸(trans fatty acid,TFA)含量均随煎炸时间的延长而增加,其中棕榈油的TFA含量增加更多。棉籽油硬脂作为煎炸油煎炸后的食品酸价、极性组分含量、TFA含量更低,颜色透亮,煎炸寿命长,稳定性好,食用安全,更符合现代消费者的消费观。

油棕果实发育和采后脂肪酸合成转录代谢差异分析

油棕(Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)是世界上生产效率最高的产油植物,果实发育是形成产量的基础,但采收24 h后会出现酸败现象,严重影响棕榈油品质,目前对果肉发育和采后的游离脂肪酸代谢物合成差异的关键调控基因及途径尚未明确。本研究以油棕果实为实验材料,果实取自授粉后95 d(MS1)﹑125 d(MS2)、185 d(MS3)、采收后24 h(MS4)、采收后36h(MS5)5个时期。采用第二代高通量转录组学技术(RNA-Seq)和液相色谱串联质谱代谢组学技术(LC-MS/MS),对其发育和采后的果实进行转录组和代谢组测定与分析。结果表明:无籽种油棕在脂肪酸积累中后期不饱和脂肪酸显著高于饱和脂肪酸,在油棕果实发育过程中,LACS4、LACS4-X1、FATA、FATB、KASⅠ、KASⅡ、SAD1在果肉中高表达且与果肉中油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、亚麻酸呈正相关关系,DGAT、PDAT在果肉中高表达且与上述6种脂肪酸含量呈负相关关系,说明上述酶基因的表达可能对油棕果实脂肪酸的合成和累积分别具有促进和抑制作用,推测LACS4、LACS4-X1、FATA、FATB、KASⅠ、KASⅡ、SAD1可能是不饱和脂肪酸含量较高的关键基因;在果实采后贮藏过程中,GDSL2、GDSL7、SAD2、LACS9酶基因和GDSL1、KAT分别与油酸呈极显著正、负相关关系,与棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸呈负、正相关,推测在酸败过程GDSL2、GDSL7、SAD2、LACS9酶基因可能促进油酸生成,抑制棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸合成,GDSL1、KAT酶基因反之,推测GDSL2、GDSL7、SAD2、LACS9可能是导致油棕采后酸败的关键基因。本研究结果旨在利用分子生物技术提升高不饱和脂肪酸含量和改变脂肪酸组成提供备选基因,为筛选高不饱和脂肪酸和耐贮藏的品种提供理论参考。

棕榈油与常见食用油脂肪酸组分的比较分析

【目的】比较棕榈油与常见食用油脂肪酸组分的差异,为其作为优质食用油的品质改良提供参考依据。【方法】利用气相色谱检测6种市售食用油及20份新鲜油棕果提取的棕榈油,比较各油脂的脂肪酸组分差异,并分析新鲜油棕果提取的棕榈油脂肪酸组分间的相关性。【结果】6种食用油的油酸含量均较高,最高的是油茶油,油酸含量高达74.34%,最低的是葵花籽油,为15.25%;亚油酸含量则以葵花籽油最高(60.92%),油茶油最低(7.08%);棕榈油中棕榈酸占脂肪酸总量的40.96%,其次为油酸,所占比例为35.31%;各食用油中的月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸和硬脂酸含量均较低。芝麻油、油茶油、菜籽油、花生油和葵花籽油中的不饱和脂肪酸含量均较高,在76.00%以上。对20份新鲜的油棕果进行脂肪酸组分分析,发现部分油榈种质油酸含量较高,可达53.48%,亚油酸含量最高为16.64%;棕榈酸与油酸呈较强的负相关,相关系数为-0.58。【结论】棕榈油中脂肪酸组分与其他常见食用油的脂肪酸组分含量差异明显,其棕榈酸含量较高,油脂饱和度也较高,但棕榈酸与油酸呈负相关,可在育种工作中培育高油酸、低棕榈酸的油榈品种,使其成为优质的食用油源。

大豆油中掺伪棕榈油的检测方法研究

采用气相色谱法对72份纯品大豆油和70份棕榈油的脂肪酸组成进行测定,并进行了组分间的相关性分析。结果表明,大豆油和棕榈油中亚油酸(C18∶2)平均值分别为55.6%和10.7%;不饱和脂肪酸(C18∶1+C18∶2+C18∶3)含量最稳定,平均值分别为86.0%和52.0%;C18∶1+C18∶2值较稳定,平均值分别为77.7%和51.7%。对10份掺伪模拟样品进行了测定,其定量分析结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于5%,利用这3项指标可对大豆油中掺伪棕榈油的含量进行多元定量计算。

气相色谱-质谱法分析棕榈果脂肪酸组成

采用索氏抽提法分别提取棕榈果肉和棕榈果仁中的油脂,以氢氧化钾—甲醇溶液对油脂进行甲酯化处理,用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法分析。从棕榈果肉和棕榈仁的油脂中均分离并鉴定了9种脂肪酸,其中棕榈果肉中饱和脂肪酸质量分数为49.5%,主要有棕榈酸和硬脂酸,不饱和脂肪酸主要有油酸、亚油酸以及少量的亚麻酸和13,16-二十二碳二烯酸。棕榈仁中饱和脂肪酸80%以上,其中月桂酸质量分数达到41.5%,肉豆蔻酸和棕榈酸含量也较高,此外还含有少量的己酸、辛酸、癸酸和硬脂酸,不饱和脂肪酸有油酸和亚油酸。

盐胁迫下钙对草莓叶片脂肪酸含量及组成的影响

在盆栽条件下用150mmol/LNaCl溶液处理达塞莱克特草莓植株,研究了10mmol/LCaCl2对叶片膜脂脂肪酸含量的影响。结果表明,在盐胁迫5d时,缺钙和钙调素拮抗剂三氟拉嗪(TFP)处理减少不饱和脂肪酸(油酸、亚油酸、棕榈烯酸和亚麻酸)的积累量,阻碍棕榈酸和硬脂酸的脱饱和反应,抑制膜脂不饱和度的增加;而加钙处理的变化趋势与此相反,表明钙提高植株的耐盐性。在不饱和脂肪酸中亚油酸含量最高,缓解盐害的效应大于其他脂肪酸。

盐湖相低熟油脂肪酸的组成与分布特征

对泌阳凹陷碱性盐湖相、舞阳凹陷盐湖相、襄城凹陷膏盐湖相、南阳凹陷淡水湖相低熟油脂肪酸组成和分布特征进行了分析与研究。结果表明这些不同盐湖相的低熟原油的脂肪酸为丰度不同的饱和正构酸、不饱和正构酸、少量异构酸、类异戊二烯酸及脂肪酸乙酯系列化合物。脂肪酸的组成和分布反映了原始有机质的来源。

气相色谱分析和傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱识别花生油中棕榈油

利用脂肪酸分析和傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱,针对21种花生油、20种棕榈油及4种调和油进行数据处理,并进行识别.以它们在傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱1 099 cm-1、1 118 cm-1处的吸收峰的面积作为红外特征信息;通过气相色谱分析得到每种植物油脂的脂肪酸组成,峰面积归一化法计算各脂肪酸的百分含量,以每种油脂的棕榈酸(C16∶0)和硬脂酸(C18∶0)百分含量的比值为横坐标,亚油酸(C18∶2)和油酸(C18∶1)的百分含量的比值为纵坐标,用Origin 7.5软件作图;再组合红外特征信息和脂肪酸特征信息,A1099 cm-1/A1118 cm-1为横坐标,AC16∶0/AC18∶0为纵坐标,用Origin 7.5作图.结果显示,花生油和棕榈油信息点均有各自分布区域,调和油的信息点在分布图中呈线性分布趋势.

叔丁醇共溶剂用于制备生物柴油的研究

利用叔丁醇作为共溶剂可使棕榈油、甲醇和催化剂形成均相体系,用于酯交换反应制备生物柴油,可以缩短反应时间。实验以棕榈油为原料,氢氧化钠为催化剂,在带夹套的玻璃反应器内进行反应。考察了共溶剂质量分数、催化剂质量分数、反应温度、醇油摩尔比等因素对生物柴油产率的影响,获得了最佳反应条件。实验结果表明,当叔丁醇质量为棕榈油质量的11.6%,催化剂质量为油质量的1.0%,反应温度为60℃,醇油摩尔比为6∶1时,反应2 m in后生物柴油产率达到了90%。

油炸对鸡肉中反式脂肪酸含量及棕榈油品质的影响

以棕桐油作油炸油，油炸表面涂抹蜂蜜水的鸡腿，研究椋榈油连续使用时间对鸡肉中反式脂肪酸含量的影响，并测定棕榈油的酸价和羰基值，探究其品质变化规律。结果表明：以棕榈油作油炸用油，油炸后鸡肉中所含的主要反式脂肪酸为C18：19t；棕榈油使用2—10h，鸡肉中总反式脂肪酸含量显著增加。棕桐油酸价在油炸过程中一直符合食用油煎炸过程中卫生标准；而羰基值在160℃下使用10h时达到54．66meq／kg，超过国标规定的最大限量，180℃下使用8hgg将超标，而200℃时已经超标。因此，以棕榈油进行油炸加工鸡肉时，应选择160℃左右的加工温度，并控制棕榈油使用时间不超过10h。

油脂对泰和乌骨鸡生产性能和肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响

探讨了在日粮中添加不同油脂对泰和乌骨鸡肌肉中脂肪酸含量和组成、生产性能和常规肌肉品质的影响.80只8周龄的泰和乌骨鸡分成4组,分别饲喂基础日粮(CK)、4%鱼油、4%豆油、4%棕榈油3种试验日粮,为期3周.结果表明,在日粮中添加4%鱼油,与CK相比,鱼油能降低肌肉和血清的胆固醇含量(P<0.05).添加鱼油可以明显提高C22∶5(n-3)和C22∶6(n-3)多不饱和脂肪酸的量,与其它3组相比差异极显著(P<0.01);同时对于C18∶3(n-3)和C18∶4(n-3)多不饱和脂肪酸的量也有明显的改善作用(P<0.05和P<0.01).添加油脂可以提高肌肉中C14∶0和C16∶0(P<0.05)的含量,而对于总饱和脂肪酸的含量没有影响.而添加鱼油,还可以降低肌肉中C18∶2(n-6)脂肪酸的含量,提高C18∶3(n-6)、C22∶4(n-6)和C22∶5(n-6)不饱和脂肪酸的含量,与CK相比,差异都达到显著水平(P<0.05).与其它3组相比,添加鱼油可以降低肌肉中总(n-6)多不饱和脂肪酸的含量(P<0.05).同时,添加鱼油组的肌肉中的(n-3/n-6)的比例为0.246,能够满足人们的营养需要.

尿素包合法分离棕榈油甲酯化产物中C_(16)和C_(18)脂肪酸甲酯

采用尿素包合法分离棕榈油甲酯化物中不同碳链长度的脂肪酸甲酯,为农产品涂膜保鲜材料的开发提供原料。重点考察了尿素用量、溶剂用量、包合时间和包合温度对分离效果的影响,并以尿素用量、95%乙醇用量、包合温度为三因素,C16脂肪酸甲酯和C18脂肪酸甲酯的纯度为二指标,根据Box-Benhnken中心组合试验设计原理,利用Designexpert7.0.1软件分析优化了分离的工艺条件并建立了回归模型。优化的最佳工艺条件如下:在棕榈油甲酯化物用量为20g,尿素用量为35g,95%乙醇用量为120mL,包合温度为5℃,包合时间为16h的条件下,饱和脂肪酸甲酯相中C16脂肪酸甲酯的含量达78.5%,不饱和脂肪酸甲酯相中C18脂肪酸甲酯的含量达93.1%,分别比原料提高36.4%和40.8%。

芝麻油掺棕榈油鉴别方法的研究

以4种不同熔点棕榈油与4种芝麻油所配制的128个掺伪芝麻油样品为原料,分别采用全样脂肪酸组成分析法、Sn-2位脂肪酸组成分析法和甘三酯结构分析法对芝麻油中掺棕榈油的鉴别方法进行了研究。结果表明:在全样脂肪酸组成分析法中,当以棕榈酸为标准与芝麻油纯样和国标数据比较时,检出限分别为5%和15%。在Sn-2位脂肪酸组成分析法和甘三酯结构分析法中,当与芝麻油纯样数据比较,分别以亚油酸与棕榈酸含量比值(18:2/16:0)和β-POO(Sn-1-棕榈酸-2,3-二油酸甘油酯)含量为判断标准时,检出限分别为20%和12%。综合这3种方法的检出限高低及分析操作难易程度,初步得出结论:在芝麻油掺棕榈油的鉴别方法中,全样脂肪酸组成分析法是最好的鉴别方法,其余2种方法一般不优先采用,但可作为对上述方法的验证与补充。

酶催化酯交换法制备零反式脂肪酸人造奶油基料油的理化性质研究

以松籽油和棕榈油硬脂为原料,通过酶催化酯交换法生产零反式脂肪酸人造奶油基料油。酯交换反应得到油脂的主要脂肪酸组成为:棕榈酸(37.88%),油酸(28.30%),亚油酸(20.19%),同时含有少量功能性脂肪酸——松籽油酸(4.77%),且没有检测到反式脂肪酸;结构脂质的熔点为37.5℃,其固态脂肪含量在20、25、30℃和40℃时分别是40.28%、32.62%、22.06%、3.40%,并且其主要晶型是β'型。因此,酯交换反应得到的零反式脂肪酸油脂适合作为人造奶油的基料油。