Antilithic Effects of Extracts from Urtica dentata Hand on Calcium Oxalate Urinary Stones in Rats

This study examined the potential antilithic effects of a traditional Chinese medicine Urtica dentata Hand （UDH） in experimental rats and screened the optimal extract of UDH as a possible therapeutic agent for kidney stones. The rat model of urinary calcium oxalate stones was induced by intragastric （i.g.） administration of 2 mL of 1.25% ethylene glycol （EG） and 1% ammonium chloride （AC） for 28 days and was confirmed by Color Doppler ultrasound imaging. The rats in different experimental groups were then intragastrically given petroleum ether extract （PEE）, N-butanol extract （NBE）, aqueous extract （AqE） of UDH, Jieshitong （positive control drug）, and saline, respectively. Treatment with NBE significantly reduced the elevated levels of urinary calcium, uric acid, phosphate, as well as increased urinary output. Accordingly, the increased calcium, oxalate levels and the number of calcium oxalate crystals deposits were remarkably reverted in the renal tissue of NBE-treated rats. In addition, NBE also prevented the impairment of renal function to decrease the contents of blood urea nitrogen （BUN） and creatinine. Taken together, these data suggest that NBE of UDH has a beneficial effect on calcium oxalate urinary stones in rats by flushing the stones out and protecting renal function.

Effect of Calcium on the Vanadium Extraction from High Calcium Type Stone Coal

The high calcium type stone coal from Hubei province was leached by water and dilute acid separately after being roasted with different dosage of Na Cl. The water leaching rate of vanadium（WLRV） was low and only 26.8% of vanadium can be leached by water when 4% Na Cl was added, but the acid leaching rate of vanadium（ALRV） was relatively high. Calcium in the high calcium type stone coal is greatly superfl uous relative to vanadium, hence, the calcium reacts with vanadium to form Ca（VO3）2, Ca2V2O7 and Ca3（VO4）2orderly during the stone coal roasting process and high temperature is beneficial to the reactions between calcium and vanadium, which was validated by simulated reactions between pure calcium carbonate and vanadium pentoxide. These calcium vanadates are all water insoluble but acid soluble and this causes the low WLRV and relatively high ALRV. After calcium removal by HCl, the WLRV is highly enhanced and reaches about 50% when only 2% Na Cl was added. If the HCl content is too high, the stone coal is easily sintered and the formed glass structure can enwrap vanadium, which leads the WLRV to decline. Single water leaching process is not appropriate to extract vanadium from high calcium type stone coal.

Mechanisms of aid-leaching reagent calcium fluoride in the extracting vanadium processes from stone coal

The mechanisms of aid-leaching reagent calcium fluoride in the extracting vanadium processes were researched by comparing the blank extraction with the extraction with calcium fluoride as aid-leaching reagent. The leaching experiments were carried out under the conditions of 95 ~C, 6 h, 1.5 ml.g-1, 15 vol % H2SO4, and 5 % calcium fluoride （mass ratio of CaF2 to stone coal）. The concentrations of hydrogen ion were adjusted from initial 1.82 and 4.79 mol.L-1 to the pH of 1.80 4- 0.05 by 200 g.L-1 lime milk, respectively. The solvent extraction experiments were carded out under the organic phase using 15 vol% D2EHPA, 5 vol% TBP, and 80 vol% sulfonated kerosene and O/A phase ratio of 1/4. The leaching rate of vanadium and six-stage countercurrent solvent extraction rate of vanadium can be remarkably improved from 66.71 to 92.97 % and 81.15 to 98.81%, respectively, when calcium fluoride was added as aid-leaching reagent. In the leaching process, fluorine can enhance the breakage of the structure of vanadium-bearing minerals. Meanwhile, fluoride ion can combine with iron ion to generate acid-insoluble iron fluoride hydrate （Fe2Fs.7H20） and consume all ferric ions and a portion of ferrous ions. In adjusting pH value process, the massive impurities are decreased to form KA1SO4 and FeA1Fs. In solvent extraction process, fluorine can prevent the formation of ferric hydroxide colloids and eliminate the formed unstable ferric hydroxide colloids and the silicon-containing colloids to promote the sufficient contact between the aqueous phase and the organic phase and the sufficient reaction.

The Deleterious Effect of Inappropriate Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation during Pregnancy in Women Predisposed to Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis

Background: Gestational formation of new urolithiasis is rare yet the impact of inappropriate gestational calcium and vitamin D supplementation (Ca/DS) is underestimated. Patients and Methods: we retrospectively evaluated 75 pregnant women with history of UL, yet were stable for >2 years on dietary restrictions, for new UL after Ca/DS. Results: During the past 5 years 21 (48%) of those who had received Ca/DS had developed UL and all had high Vitamin D with hypercalcemia while the remaining 31 patients, without Ca/DS, did not have UL and maintained normal vitamin D urinary calcium without need for supplementation. Overt UL was evident by 30th weeks of gestations and most were diagnosed by ultrasonography and managed by medical expulsive therapy. Conclusion: in patients with history of UL, prudent use of Ca/DS is indicated to avoid new UL.

单组分湿固化型聚氨酯混合料的体积膨胀特性

为研究单组分湿固化型聚氨酯混合料的体积膨胀特性,提出了基于游标卡尺的体积膨胀特性表征方法,分析了体积膨胀后的宏微观形貌,研究了不同因素作用下体积膨胀的变化规律,以及体积膨胀对空隙率的影响,并提出了抑制体积膨胀的方法.结果表明:聚氨酯混合料会因空隙率较小,致使固化反应产生的二氧化碳气体难以完全逸出,在混合料内部会产生数量较多的宏微观气孔结构,1个马歇尔试样可产生高达1.5 mm的膨胀变形;提高压实温度、采用二次压实或添加氢氧化钙,均会显著降低混合料的体积膨胀,且对路用性能也有一定提升;增大胶石比,混合料的体积膨胀单调递增,空隙率则先减小后增大.为控制体积膨胀,建议压实温度为45~65℃,且胶石比不宜过大,添加氢氧化钙时,其质量分数不宜超过1%.

低表达ACOT4促进草酸钙对HK2细胞损伤和结晶形成

目的探讨酰基辅酶A硫代酯酶4(acyl-CoA thioeaterase 4,ACOT 4)的表达对草酸钙结石形成的影响。方法以人肾小管上皮细胞HK2细胞为研究对象,使用草酸钙处理HK2细胞,并使用siRNA干扰HK2细胞中ACOT4的表达。qPCR和Western blot法检测HK2细胞中基因的表达水平;CCK-8法检测细胞活率;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况;LDH实验检测细胞损伤情况;晶体黏附实验检测HK2细胞对草酸钙结晶的黏附能力。结果草酸钙可以调节HK2细胞中ACOT4的表达;干扰ACOT4可以显著抑制HK2细胞的增殖能力,并且增强草酸钙对HK2细胞的活性降低、损伤和凋亡的影响;同时,干扰ACOT4可以显著促进HK2细胞对草酸钙晶体的黏附能力。结论敲低ACOT4可以促进草酸钙对HK2细胞的损伤并促进HK2细胞对草酸钙晶体的黏附能力。

二甲双胍通过抑制NF-κB/NLRP3通路改善草酸钙诱导人肾小管上皮细胞损伤研究

目的研究二甲双胍(metformin,Met)通过抑制NF-κBNLRP3通路改善草酸钙(Calcium Oxalate,CaOx)诱导人肾小管上皮细胞(HK-2)损伤。方法分别随机将人肾小管上皮细胞分成对照组、实验组(CaOx+HK-2)、高浓度Met组(CaOx+HK-2+1.2 mM Met)、低浓度Met组(CaOx+HK-2+0.80 mM Met)、通路干预组(CaOx+HK-2+PDTC)五组。各组细胞培养24 h,采用酶联免疫吸附测定(Elisa)法检测细胞上清液中炎症因子(IL-6、IL-18、IL-1β),采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法检测细胞中NF-κB、NLRP3、骨桥蛋白(OPN)mRNA。结果各组间细胞上清液IL-6、IL-18、IL-1β含量相比差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);各组间细胞中NF-κBmRNA表达量、NLRP3mRNA表达量、OPNmRNA表达量相比差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论1.20 mmol/L或0.80 mmol/L Met可以通过抑制NF-κB/NLRP3通路调控下游的炎症相关蛋白及黏附蛋白表达,继而改善CaOx诱导人肾小管上皮细胞损伤及减少草酸钙肾结石形成。

肠道微生物网络在高草酸诱导大鼠肾损伤中的保护作用

目的探讨肠道菌群移植(FMT)对高草酸饮食大鼠草酸代谢的影响及肾脏保护作用。方法将24只雄性SD大鼠随机分为SC组、SC+FMT组、OD+PBS组及OD+FMT组。其中,SC组为对照组,正常大鼠饲料喂养;OD+PBS组及OD+FMT组采用5%草酸含量的饲料喂养。第14天起,OD+PBS组、OD+FMT组及SC+FMT组分别给予PBS溶液及豚鼠粪便滤液灌胃,连续7 d。收集各组大鼠的24 h尿液、粪便及静脉血清,测定肠道菌群及血清尿液生化指标;取大鼠肾脏进行实时定量PCR及免疫组化检测肾素、ACE及OPN的表达情况。结果肠道菌群移植影响了大鼠的肠道菌群,SC+FMT组大鼠的肠道菌群偏离了SC组大鼠的肠道菌群并与豚鼠肠道菌群的相似度提高;与OD+PBS组比较,OD+FMT组的尿草酸、尿素、尿酸、肌酐、血尿素氮/肌酐以及血尿酸明显降低。此外,经FMT治疗后,与OD+PBS组相比,OD+FMT组上调的肾素mRNA表达的被降低,下调的OPN mRNA表达得到了恢复;免疫组化得到了类似的结果。结论肠道菌群移植激活了大鼠肠道中以Muribaculaceae等草酸降解菌为代表的微生物网络。高草酸诱导的肾脏损伤因微生物网络对草酸的降解而恢复,肠道菌群移植对大鼠肾脏具有保护作用。

吴茱萸碱通过抑制氧化应激反应对肾草酸钙结石模型大鼠肾功能的影响

目的:观察吴茱萸碱(EVO)通过抑制氧化应激反应对肾草酸钙结石模型大鼠肾功能的影响。方法:从50只SPF级SD雄性大鼠中随机选出10只大鼠作为空白组,其余大鼠通过灌胃1.25%乙二醇+1%氯化铵混合液构建草酸钙结石模型,造模成功后随机分为模型组、L-EVO组、H-EVO组以及阳性组,每组10只。L-EVO组、H-EVO组分别通过腹腔注射40 mg/kg和80 mg/kg的EVO,阳性组灌胃20 mg/kg的葛根素,每天1次,连续处理4周,空白组、模型组给予等量0.9%氯化钠溶液。检测大鼠尿液以及血清生化指标;HE染色检测肾组织病理变化;Pizzolato染色检测草酸钙晶体沉积。结果:组织病理学检查显示,空白组大鼠肾组织染色清晰,均无草酸钙沉积、肾小管变性、坏死或炎症,未见草酸钙晶体沉积。与空白组比较,模型组发现了广泛的肾小管内草酸晶体沉积,严重的肾小管变性、坏死,炎性细胞浸润到肾间质以及肾小管囊肿形成。与模型组比较,L-EVO组、H-EVO组、阳性组肾脏结构明显改善。与空白组比较,模型组草酸钙晶体数量、钙、草酸盐、磷酸盐、尿素氮、尿素、尿酸、丙二醛(MDA)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β (IL-1β)、草酸钙晶体沉积升高(P<0.05),镁、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量降低(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,L-EVO组、H-EVO组、阳性组草酸钙晶体数量、钙、草酸盐、磷酸盐、尿素氮、尿素、尿酸、MDA、TNF-α、IL-1β、草酸钙晶体沉积含量降低(P<0.05),镁、SOD、GSH含量升高(P<0.05)。与L-EVO组比较,H-EVO组草酸钙晶体数量、钙、草酸盐、磷酸盐、尿素氮、尿素、尿酸、MDA、TNF-α、IL-1β、草酸钙晶体沉积含量减少(P<0.05),镁、SOD、GSH含量增加(P<0.05)。结论:EVO可通过抑制氧化应激反应改善肾草酸钙结石模型大鼠肾功能。

p38 MAPK通路调控自噬-内质网应激途径介导草酸钙肾结石形成的机制研究

目的 探究p38 MAPK通路对大鼠草酸钙(CaOx)肾结石形成的影响及其作用机制,为肾结石的治疗选择提供新的思路。方法 将40只大鼠分为对照组、SB203580组、CaOx组、SB203580+CaOx组,每组10只,CaOx组和SB203580+CaOx组以1%乙二醇与1%氯化铵配制的混合液灌胃建立CaOx肾结石模型,对照组和SB203580组以饮用水灌胃;造模后,SB203580组和SB203580+CaOx组腹腔注入剂量为5 mg/kg的SB203580,1次/d,连续注射14 d,对照组和CaOx组腹腔注入等体积生理盐水。称量大鼠肾脏质量并计算肾脏系数,全自动生化分析仪检测血清中血清尿素氮(BUN)和血肌酐(SCr)水平,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定尿液中中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)和肾损伤分子-1(KIM-1)水平,钙盐染色(Von Kossa)观察黑色晶体沉积及组织损伤情况,原位末端标记法(TUNEL)观察肾小管细胞凋亡情况,免疫组化染色检测自噬标记物表达,实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RT-qPCR)与蛋白质印迹(Western blotting)测定自噬及内质网应激途径相关分子表达。结果 与CaOx组比较,SB203580+CaOx组大鼠造模后体质量较高(P<0.05),肾脏质量、肾脏系数、BUN、SCr、NGAL、KIM-1水平均较低(P<0.05),肾脏组织病理损伤减轻且黑色结晶明显减少,TUNEL阳性细胞比例、LC3B与Beclin-1阳性表达面积占比、LC3B、Beclin-1、CHOP、GRP78 mRNA表达、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ蛋白比值、Beclin-1、CHOP、GRP78蛋白表达均下调(P<0.05),p62 mRNA和蛋白表达上调(P<0.05)。结论 p38 MAPK通路参与大鼠CaOx肾结石形成,抑制该通路能够减少肾结石形成,该作用可能与其调控自噬-内质网应激有关。

不同羧基含量广金钱草多糖对草酸钙晶体生长、聚集及细胞表面黏附的抑制作用

为了探讨羧基化前后广金钱草多糖(DSPs)对草酸钙(CaC_(2)O_(4))晶体成核、生长和聚集的调控作用,采用FTIR、粉末X射线衍射、扫描电镜、ζ电位和热重分析(TGA)等方法,对具有不同羧基(—COOH)含量(质量分数)的DSPs调控形成的CaC_(2)O_(4)晶体进行表征,比较了各DSPs对纳米一水合草酸钙(nano-COM)损伤后HK-2细胞(人肾近端曲小管上皮细胞)表面的黏附分子的表达差异和nano-COM在细胞表面的黏附差异。结果表明,DSPs均可抑制COM晶体生长,并诱导二水合草酸钙(COD)晶体形成,同时增加CaC_(2)O_(4)晶体表面的ζ电位绝对值,抑制晶体间的聚集。随着多糖中—COOH含量从1.17%增加至7.45%、12.2%和17.7%,相应的多糖DSP0、DSP1、DSP2和DSP3对CaC_(2)O_(4)晶体生长的调控能力依次增强。TGA表明晶体中吸附有多糖,在0.2 g·L^(-1)DSPs存在下,掺入晶体中的DSP0、DSP1、DSP2和DSP3的质量分数分别为1.54%、2.94%、7.96%和8.12%。细胞实验表明,DSPs可显著降低HK-2细胞表面黏附分子CD44和Annexin A2的表达,并减少nano-COM在细胞表面的黏附量。DSPs能够抑制CaC_(2)O_(4)晶体成核、聚集、生长及其在肾上皮细胞表面的黏附,这些均有利于抑制CaC_(2)O_(4)肾结石的形成,其中羧基化程度最高的DSP3的能效最佳。

Inhibition of the Crystal Growth and Aggregation of Calcium Oxalate by Algae Sulfated Polysaccharide In-vitro

The influence of sulfated polysaccharide （SPS） isolated from marine algae Sargassum fusiforme on the morphology and phase compositions of urinary crystal calcium oxalate was investigated in vitro by means of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. SPS maybe is a potential inhibitor to CaOxa urinary stones by inhibiting the growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate （COM）, preventing the aggregation of COM, and inducing the formation of calcium oxalate dihydrate （COD） crystals.

木质素磺酸钙对固井水泥石变形破坏特性的影响及其改性机制

在采动区地面井煤层气抽采工程中,工作面的回采会对上覆岩层产生较大的扰动,进而导致地面井变形破坏,不能有效发挥卸压煤层气地面井的抽采效能。固井技术能够有效延长采动作用下卸压煤层气地面井的寿命,水泥作为影响地面井固井质量的关键因素,其早期强度需满足较高的固井要求,水泥固结后形成水泥石,水泥石的力学性能对维持卸压煤层气地面井的稳定性至关重要。通过添加分散剂提高水泥石的力学性能是改善固井效果的有效途径。针对目前采动作用下木质素磺酸钙改性水泥石变形破坏特性的研究较少,通过开展循环荷载下不同质量分数的木质素磺酸钙改性水泥石单轴压缩试验,探究木质素磺酸钙对卸压煤层气地面井水泥石变形破坏特性的影响及其改性机制。研究结果表明:水泥石纵波波速和峰值应力随木质素磺酸钙质量分数增加呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,而水泥石声发射总振铃计数随木质素磺酸钙质量分数增加呈现出先减小后增大的趋势。随着单轴循环梯级的增加,水泥石的变形模量呈现出强化现象,且初始加卸载循环对变形模量的强化作用最为显著。随着木质素磺酸钙的加入,改性水泥石的破坏模式呈现出拉伸主导→剪切主导→拉伸主导的拉剪组合破坏模式,同时改性水泥石的分形维数呈现出先减小后增大的趋势,表明适量木质素磺酸钙的加入能够有效提高单轴循环加卸载下水泥石的抗破坏能力。随着木质素磺酸钙质量分数的增加,水泥石水化产物之间孔隙呈现出先减少后增多的趋势。适量木质素磺酸钙的加入会促进水泥石中C−S−H凝胶和钙矾石的大量生成,沉淀在水泥颗粒表面相互交织,可显著提高水泥石的峰值应力,对于提高水泥石的力学性能具有积极作用,同时也使得水泥石的孔隙率降低,进而导致水泥石纵波波速增加、循环荷载过程中水泥石累计声发射振铃计数减小。而木质素磺酸钙过量加入时,木质素磺酸钙的引气作用和电性相斥作用在水化过程中占据主导作用,会引入较多气泡,造成水泥颗粒之间间隙的产生,同时抑制了C−S−H凝胶和钙矾石的早期生成,对水泥石的力学性能造成消极影响。此外,会造成水泥石孔隙率增加进而导致水泥石纵波波速减小、循环荷载过程中水泥石累计声发射振铃计数增加。因此,木质素磺酸钙对水泥石的力学性能的影响具有双重效应。

The Effect of Potassium Citrate on Simultaneous Growth of Calcium Oxalate Mono-, Di-, and Trihydrate in Synthetic Urine

The inducing effect of potassium citrate （K3cit） on simultaneous growth of calcium oxalate mono-（COM）, di-（COD）, and trihydrate （COT） crystals in synthetic urine was observed with double diffusion gelatinous technique. K3cit can induce the formation of COD and COT, inhibit the aggregation and decrease the surface area of COM crystals. It supported the clinical use of K3cit and may provide important clues to this disease in cure and in search for new drugs.

线粒体功能障碍在肾结石成石中作用的研究进展

肾结石成石过程与组织氧化应激及炎性反应具有显著相关性。线粒体是细胞内代谢的最重要的细胞器之一,其在供能、调节细胞氧化应激、维持钙稳态及细胞程序性死亡中具有关键作用。线粒体功能障碍会加速肾结石的成石进程,这可能与细胞抗氧化能力减弱、炎性通路激活、胞内钙及草酸稳态调节失衡等因素相关。明确线粒体功能障碍在肾结石成石过程中的潜在作用有利于加深对肾结石疾病的认知并促进其预防策略的革新。

Effectiveness of Using Renalof®in the Elimination of Kidney Stones under 10 mm Located in the Renal-Ureteral Tract

Background: In view of the high recurrence of kidney stones in patients, the search for less aggressive, preventive treatments has become increasingly essential. Renalof® offers a phytotherapy alternative. Due to its diuretic and kidney stone demineralisation properties, it has been widely used in this patient population, disintegrating and eliminating calcium oxalate and struvite kidney stones painlessly in the genitourinary system. Methods: A Phase II, randomised, prospective, observational, single-blind study with two treatment arms was conducted in order to determine the efficacy of this alternative therapy: a total of 155 patients were enrolled, 120 were assigned to a Renalof® treatment group and 35 to the placebo group. All were over 18 years of age, of both genders, diagnosed with kidney stones of under 10 mm in diameter, present along the entire renal-ureteral-vesicular tract, diagnosed by ultrasound and renal CAT scan. Divided into two study arms, 120 were administered a dosage of a single 325 mg capsule of the Renalof® product half an hour before the two main meals for 3 months. The presence of kidney stones in any part of the renal-ureteral tract was assessed at monthly consultations using one of the above-mentioned diagnostic tools. Results: Study results show a high rate of effectiveness with Renalof®, finding up to a 65% expulsion rate (78 patients) in the first 8 weeks of treatment, compared to 11.4% (4 patients) in the placebo control group, P < 0.001. It is likely a longer follow-up period would be necessary in patients with kidney stones of 10 mm in diameter or larger than the period applied in the study. Discussion: We strongly recommend the inclusion of this product in kidney stone disease management protocols, especially for patients with kidney stones under 10 mm in diameter, where high response and effectiveness have been observed. Thus, it should be evaluated to reduce surgical treatment costs, as well as those for possible colic episodes and other associated complications.

Involvement of VKORC1 in the Inhibition of Calcium Oxalate Crystal Formation in HK-2 Cells

Summary： The vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 （VKORC1）, the rate-limiting enzyme for vitamin K recycling, is significantly down-regulated in the kidneys of urolithiasis patients. This study searched for direct evidence to define the inhibitory activity of VKORC1 against calcium oxalate （CaOx） crystal formation. In the experiment of VKORC1 overexpression, HK-2 cells were transfected with the pFLAG-CMV-7.1-VKORC1 plasmid as a pFLAG-CMV-7.1-VKORC1 transfection group or the pFLAG-CMV-7.1 plasmid as a pFLAG-CMV-7.1 control group. In the experiment of VKORC1 knockdown, HK-2 cells were transfected with the PGPU6/GFP/Neo-VKORClshRNA-2 as a PGPU6/GFP/Neo-VKORClshRNA-2 transfection group or the PGPU6/GFP/Neo-shRNA-NC plasmid as a PGPU6/GFP/Neo-shRNA-NC control group. The expression of VKORC1 in HK-2 cells was detected by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting. The CaOx crystal formation was observed under the laser-scanning confocal microscope. It was found that the expression levels of VKORC1 mRNA and protein were significantly higher in the pFLAG-CMV-7.1-VKORC 1 transfection group than in the pFLAG-CMV-7.1 control group （P〈0.01）. The number of CaOx crystals in HK-2 cells incubated in fluorescently labeled CaOx monohydrate （COM） crystal medium for 48 h was 14±4 per field （100×） in the pFLAG-CMV-7.1-VKORC1 transfection group and 26±5 per field （100×） in the pFLAG-CMV-7.1 control group respectively under the laser-scanning confocal microscope. The amount of CaOx crystal aggregation and formation in the pFLAG-CMV-7.1-VKORC 1 transfection group was significantly reduced as compared with the pFLAG-CMV-7.1 control group （P〈0.05）. The expression levels of VKORC 1 mRNA and protein were significantly lower in the PGPU6/GFP/Neo-VKORC 1 shRNA-2 transfection group than in the PGPU6/GFP/Neo-shRNA-NC control group （P〈0.05）. The number of CaOx crystals in HK-2 cells incubated in fluorescently labeled COM crystal medium was 65±11 per field （100x） in the PGPU6/GFP/Neo-VKORC 1 shRNA-2 transfection group and 24±6 per field （100×） in the PGPU6/GFP/Neo-shRNA-NC control group respectively under the laser-scanning confocal microscope. The amount of CaOx crystal aggregation and formation in the PGPU6/GFP/Neo-VKORClshRNA-2 transfection group was significantly increased as compared with the PGPU6/GFP/Neo-shRNA-NC control group （P〈0.05）. These findings suggested that the VKORC 1 protein could inhibit CaOx salt crystallization, adhesion and aggregation. This research would help us to understand the mechanisms involving the interaction between crystallization and epithelial cells and the formation of CaOx. Key words： calcium oxalate crystals; kidney stone; vitamin K epoxide reduetase complex subunit 1; laser-scanning confocal microscopy

金钱草、聚花过路黄对大鼠肾结石防治的药效比较研究

目的:比较金钱草、聚花过路黄对大鼠肾结石形成的影响。方法:参照《中国药典》金钱草片的制备方法制备金钱草、聚花过路黄煎液。连续4周以乙二醇联合氯化铵灌胃,制备肾结石模型大鼠,药物组大鼠以4.0 g/kg的剂量灌胃上述两种药物,术前禁食24 h,酶标法检测血清、肾组织中的钙离子浓度,变色酸比色法测血清、肾组织中的草酸浓度,做肾病理切片,观察草酸钙结晶的形成情况等。结果:与空白组比较,模型组、两个药物组大鼠肾组织中钙离子、草酸浓度显著增高(P<0.01),血清中草酸浓度显著降低(P<0.01),模型组、金钱草组大鼠血清中钙离子浓度显著降低(P<0.01,P<0.05),聚花过路黄组大鼠血清中钙离子无显著性差异;与模型组比较,两个药物组大鼠肾组织中钙离子、草酸浓度显著降低(P<0.01),聚花过路黄组大鼠血清中钙离子、草酸浓度升高显著(P<0.05);与金钱草组比较,聚花过路黄组肾组织与血清中钙离子、草酸浓度均无显著差异。与空白组相比,模型组、两个药物组肾组织切片均可见明显草酸钙结晶簇集或散在;与模型组比较,两个药物组肾组织中草酸钙结晶分布较少。结论:金钱草、聚花过路黄对乙二醇联合氯化铵制备的肾草酸钙结石模型大鼠有相似的防治效果。

低钙镁石煤钒矿熟化浸出工艺研究

针对低钙镁钒矿碱度低、二氧化硅含量高的特点,采用硫酸熟化-水浸出工艺处理石煤钒矿,考察了矿物粒级、硫酸用量、熟化温度、熟化时间等参数对钒浸出的影响。结果表明,在矿石粒度-0.15 mm、硫酸用量20%、熟化温度120℃、熟化时间8.5 h的优化条件下,所得熟料在液固比2∶1、室温下用水搅拌浸出2 h,钒浸出率达到了88.6%。熟化过程矿物中包裹钒的云母结构得到高效解离,并释放可溶性钒,浸出液中硅含量低(0.08 g/L),比直接酸浸或焙烧酸浸工艺中硅含量大幅降低,对后续萃取工序非常有利。

细胞焦亡在草酸钙肾结石形成机制中的研究进展

细胞焦亡是由半胱天冬酶(caspase)家族介导的一种新的程序性细胞死亡,其机制是caspase-1通过不同的炎症小体激活,裂解底物gasdermin D(GSDMD)后在细胞膜上形成孔隙并释放促炎症因子导致免疫炎症反应的发生。研究表明,细胞焦亡在草酸钙诱导肾结石的形成过程中发挥着重要作用,主要与肾小管上皮细胞发生氧化应激损伤和草酸钙晶体黏附性增加有关。本文就细胞焦亡相关分子机制以及在肾小管上皮细胞损伤和草酸钙结石形成中的研究进展作一综述,为未来肾结石的发病机制研究提供参考。