Why is the beautyberry so colourful? Evolution,biogeography,and diversification of fruit colours in Callicarpa(Lamiaceae)

Fruit colour is essential to seed dispersal,speciation,and biological diversity in global ecosystems.The relationship between fruit-colour variation and species diversification has long been of interest in evolutionary biology,but remains poorly understood at the genus level.Here,we used Callicarpa,a typical representative of pantropical angiosperm,to analyse whether fruit colours are correlated with biogeographic distribution,dispersal events,and diversification rate.We estimated a time-calibrated phylogeny for Callicarpa and reconstructed ancestral fruit colour.Utilizing phylogenetic methods,we estimated the major dispersal events across the phylogenetic tree and the most likely fruit colours related to each dispersal event,and tested whether the dispersal frequencies and distances of the four fruit colours between major biogeographical areas were equal.We then tested whether fruit colours are correlated with latitude,elevation,and diversification rate.Biogeographical reconstructions showed that Callicarpa originated in the East Asia and Southeast Asia during the Eocene(-35.53 Ma) and diverse species diverged mainly in the Miocene and lasted into the Pleistocene.Large-scale dispersal events were significantly associated with violet-fruited lineages.Furthermore,different fruit colours were markedly correlated with different latitudes and elevations(e.g.,violet fruits were correlated with higher latitudes and elevations;red fruits and black fruits with lower latitudes;white fruits with higher elevations).Notably,violet fruits were statistically associated with highest diversification rates,driving fruit colour variation among different regions globally.Our results contribute to further understanding why fruit colour is so variable at the genus level of angiosperms in different areas around the world.

Antidiabetic activity of Callicarpa nudiflora extract in type 2 diabetic rats via activation of the AMPK-ACC pathway

Objective:To evaluate the antidiabetic effect of Callicarpa nudiflora extract in streptozotoc-ininduced diabetic rats.Methods:The chemical constituents in Callicarpa nudiflora extract were identified by UPLCQ-TOF-MS.Callicarpa nudiflora extract(0.15 and 0.3 g/kg)was orally administered to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats for 42 d.The effects of Callicarpa nudiflora extract on body weight,blood glucose,serum insulin,total cholesterol,triglyceride,LDL-C and HDL-C were investigated,and its effect on liver and pancreatic pathology was assessed by histopathological analysis.Moreover,the expression levels of adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK),glucose transporter type 4(GLUT4),phospho-AMPK/AMPK,and p-acetylcoA carboxylase(P-ACC)/ACC in the skeletal muscles and liver were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction,Western blotting,and immunohistochemistry.Results:A total of 34 compounds,including 8 iridoids,14 phenylpropanoids,and 12 flavonoids,were identified from Callicarpa nudiflora extract.Callicarpa nudiflora extract significantly reduced blood glucose and significantly restored all other biochemical parameters to near normal levels,including serum insulin,total cholesterol,triglyceride,LDL-C,and HDL-C.Callicarpa nudiflora extract improved insulin resistance and reversed the damage in the liver and pancreas caused by diabetes.Furthermore,Callicarpa nudiflora extract increased the expression levels of phospho-AMPK,GLUT4,P-ACC,and insulin receptor substrate-1 and decreased the expression level of PPAR r in diabetic rats.Conclusions:Callicarpa nudiflora extract improved oral glucose tolerance,lipid metabolism,insulin resistance,and reversed the diabetes-related damage in the liver and pancreas by activating the AMPK-ACC pathway.

A novel phenylpropanoid glycoside from Callicarpa kwangtungensis Chun

A novel phenylpropanoid glycoside, Callicarposide A has been isolated from the aerial parts of Callicarpa kwangtungensis Chun. The chemical structure is elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis. C 2009 Teng Fei Ji. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

Promoting wound healing effect of the extract of callicarpa nudiflora and preparation technology of the external ointment

Objective: To study the effect of the extracts from Callicarpa nudiflora on wound healing and the preparation of ointment. Methods: Totally 50 KM mice were randomly divided into five groups, which were negative control group ,positive control group, high, middle and low dose groups of Callicarpa nudiflora ointment. Mice ear swelling test was conducted to investigate the effect of Callicarpa nudiflora induced by xylene, Bacteriostasis experiments were conducted to observe the bacteriostasis effects of Callicarpa nudiflora on five indicator bacteria, i.e. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. A total of 30 new zealand white rabbit with half male and half female were randomly divided into five groups, which were negative control group, positive control group, high, middle and low groups of Callicarpa nudiflora ointment. The rabbits were treated with sterilizing blade and treated with external medicine to observe the effect of the extracts from Callicarpa nudiflora on wound healing. Orthogonal test was used to determine the preparation method of Callicarpa nudiflora ointment,Physical properties, centrifugal stratification test, heat and cold resistance test were conducted. Results:Bacteriostasis experiments in vitro showed high dose group of Callicarpa nudiflora extracts got 16.8 cm antimicrobial zone of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The experimental results showed that the ear swelling degree of mice induced by xylene was significantly reduced in the middle and high dose groups. All the treatment groups could promote skin healing of rabbit significantly compared with negative control group. There were significantly differences between all the treatment groups and negative control group on the wound healing rate. The optimum preparation process was determined by orthogonal screening test. The optimal formula was as follows: Twain-801.2 g, glycerin monostearate 4.7 g, glycerinum 0.9 g, liquid paraffin 10.8 g, Span801.4 g,solid paraffin 1.4 g,vaseline 0.9 g. The emulsification temperature was 65 ℃,and emulsification time was 25 min. Conclusions: The extract of Callicarpa nudiflora can be used as external preparation and the preparation is in compliance with Chinese pharmacopoeia 2015.

Study on the preparation and quality standard of Callicarpa nudiflora film

Objective:To screen the best prescription and technology of Callicarpa nudiflora film,and to study and establish the quality standard of the flim.Methods:The orthogonal test was used to investigate the effect of PVA content,glycerin content,ethanol and water ratio on the comprehensive score of the coating agent;the general inspection method and content determination method were used to control the quality of Callicarpa nudiflora film,and the quality standard of the film was established.Results:The best formulation was selected as polyvinyl alcohol 6.0g,glycerin 2ml,ethanol:water 1:1.The appearance,stability,heat and cold resistance of the film were good,and the quality standard of the film was established.Conclusion:The formulation is simple and feasible,and the quality control method of the film is stable and feasible.

广东紫珠matK基因的生物信息学分析

通过PCR扩增获得广东紫珠matK基因的完整核苷酸序列,利用生物信息学对matK基因进行开放阅读框、氨基酸组成、蛋白质跨膜结构区、亚细胞定位和结合区分析,预测信号肽、氨基酸亲/疏水性、氨基酸及高级结构预测,采用UPGMA算法对13种紫珠属植物构建系统进化树。结果表明,广东紫珠matK基因序列长度为1 524 bp,编码507个氨基酸,有10个开放阅读框;matK基因编码的成熟酶K蛋白含20种氨基酸,二级结构中α螺旋占49.11%、β转角4.45%、无规则卷曲28.21%,为不稳定亲水性蛋白;无信号肽、无跨膜结构,定位于叶绿体亚细胞器。系统进化聚类结果表明,广东紫珠与紫珠、Callicarpa mollis的亲缘关系较近。

南亚热带生境下6种紫珠属植物的光响应模型拟合分析

利用直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型、直角双曲线修正模型和指数模型,对南亚热带生境下的6种紫珠属(Callicarpa)植物进行光合参数分析和光响应曲线拟合。通过对比4种模型计算光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)、最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))、暗呼吸速率(R_(d))和表观量子效率(AQE)以及决定系数(R^(2))、均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)等参数,筛选出6种紫珠属植物最适光响应模型。结果表明:直角双曲线修正模型是6种紫珠属植物进行光合研究的最适用光响应模型,杜虹花对强光和弱光的利用能力均最高,朝鲜紫珠的光合潜能最大。综上,不同紫珠属植物对光的利用能力既表现出种间差异性,又表现出种间相似性,4种光响应模型在紫珠属植物的光合参数计算上存在较大差异,但在模型的拟合优度和拟合精度上存在一致性。

南药裸花紫珠的药理活性及其在单胃动物生产中的应用

裸花紫珠可作为新型绿色植物饲料添加剂应用于动物生产中。裸花紫珠的主要化学成分包括黄酮类、苯丙素类、萜类、挥发油类等,这些成分在抗炎、止血、抗菌和增强免疫等方面发挥着不同的药理作用,可在动物生产中应用。为了推动裸花紫珠进一步的开发利用,文章总结了裸花紫珠药理活性和作用机制,综述其在单胃动物生产研究中的进展,为裸花紫珠后续的开发提供参考。

添加裸花紫珠对王草青贮发酵品质和体外产气特性的影响

本试验旨在研究裸花紫珠(Callicarpa Nudiflora Hook.et Arn.)不同添加形式和添加量对王草(Pennisetum purpureum×P.americanum,17.38%DM)青贮发酵品质、营养成分和体外产气特性的影响。试验以王草为原料,设置对照(CK),按王草200 g鲜重比例添加裸花紫珠水提物(ST)1%,2.5%,5%,鲜样混贮(XZ)2%,4%,6%,8%,裸花紫珠粉末(LF)0.5%,1.5%,2.5%,5%,青贮30天后,取样进行分析。结果表明:各处理与CK比较,pH值均显著降低(P<0.05),8%XZ和5%LF的乳酸含量显著高于其它处理组(P<0.01)。5%LF的干物质含量(DM)均显著高于其它处理组,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量均显著低于其它处理组(P<0.05)。8%XZ和5%LF的体外干物质消化率最高(P<0.01)。5%LF的产气量显著高于其它处理组(P<0.01)。综上,添加裸花紫珠鲜样和粉末均能改善王草青贮饲料营养价值、发酵品质和体外产气特性,其中添加5%裸花紫珠粉末效果最佳。

基于UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS、网络药理学和实验验证探讨裸花紫珠抗H1N1活性成分及其作用机制

本实验首先对裸花紫珠的提取物进行萃取,得到不同的萃取部位,然后对各部位进行抗甲型流感病毒H1N1型(H1N1)活性筛选,确定裸花紫珠乙酸乙酯萃取部位(EACN)具有较好的体外抗H1N1的活性。采用超高效液相色谱-四级杆-静电场轨道阱联用(UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS)技术对EACN进行定性分析。基于定性分析的结果,进一步使用数据挖掘和网络药理学,评估药物的活性成分、关键靶点和关键通路,最后使用H1N1感染BALB/c小鼠模型对预测结果进行验证。结果显示,在各个萃取部位中,乙酸乙酯部位体外抗H1N1效果最佳,半数抑制浓度(IC_(50))为51μg/mL,半数细胞毒浓度(CC_(50))为859.4μg/mL,选择指数(SI,CC_(50)/IC_(50))为16.85。从EACN中鉴定出34种化合物,在此基础上,利用网络药理学,筛选出和EACN抗H1N1相关的药物靶点67个,靶点共涉及生物过程491个,与抗H1N1相关的通路147个。H1N1感染BALB/c小鼠实验结果发现,EACN能改善H1N1感染引起的体重降低和肺指数的增加,降低小鼠肺组织的病毒载量,减轻小鼠肺组织的病理损伤,降低外周血血清中TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-1β水平。实验结果提示EACN可能从直接抑制病毒、抗炎作用和免疫调节作用等多个途径发挥抗H1N1的作用。

裸花紫珠粉对肉鸡生长性能及肠道健康的影响

为探究不同剂量裸花紫珠粉(Callicarpa nudiflora Hook,CH)对肉鸡生长性能、肠道抗氧化能力和肠道屏障功能的影响,试验选取1日龄健康海南文昌鸡240只,随机分为4个处理组,每个处理组4个重复,每个重复15只鸡。空白组(CON组)饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加裸花紫珠粉1 g/kg(CH-1组)、3 g/kg(CH-3组)和5 mg/kg(CH-5组),自由采食饮水,试验期28 d。结果显示:(1)CH-3组的日采食量和日增重较CON组增加了7.2%和11.9%(P<0.05)。(2)CH-1组肉鸡法氏囊指数和血清免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量较CON组提高了48.8%和16.6%(P<0.05);CH-1组和CH-3组肉鸡血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量较CON组提高了11.2%和12.4%(P<0.05)。(3)CH-1组肉鸡丙二醛(MDA)含量较CON组降低了22.4%(P<0.05);CH-1组肉鸡血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性提高了12.7%(P<0.05)。(4)CH-1组肉鸡回肠的绒毛高度(VH)和绒隐比(V/C)较CON组提高了19.1%和18.6%(P<0.05)。(5)CH-1组肉鸡回肠葡萄糖转运蛋白-2(GLUT-2)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、带状闭合蛋白-1(ZO-1)、咬合蛋白(Occludin)、白介素-4(IL-4)和白介素-10(IL-10)基因表达量较CON组提高了41.0%、32.4%、39.6%、38.5%、23.8%和38.0%(P<0.05);CH-3组肉鸡回肠屏障基因闭合蛋白(Claudin)基因表达量较CON组提高了62.4%,CH-3组肉鸡回肠髓样分化因子基因(MyD88)基因表达量较CON组降低了14.5%,CH-5组肉鸡回肠超氧化物歧化酶-1(SOD1)和阳离子氨基酸转运蛋白(CAT)基因表达量较CON组提高了39.4%和48.5%(P<0.05);各剂量组肉鸡回肠Nrf2基因表达量较CON组分别提高了39.4%、30.3%、41.3%(P<0.05)。综上所述,日粮添加1 g/kg裸花紫珠粉可提高肉鸡生长性能,增强机体抗氧化功能和免疫力,促进肠道绒毛发育。

3, 4-seco-Labdane diterpenoids from the leaves of Callicarpa nudiflora with anti-inflammatory effects

Four new 3,4-seco-labdane diterpenoids,nudiflopenes J-M,were isolated from the leaves of Callicarpa nudiflora along with six known compounds.The structures of these diterpenoids were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis.All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on NO production in LPS-stimulated RPMs and RAW264.7 cells.The results suggest that nudiflopenes J-M and other four known compounds showed significant inhibitory effects against NO production comparable to the positive control dexamethasone.

Clerodane diterpenoids with potential anti-inflammatory activity from the leaves and twigs of Callicarpa cathayana

Phytochemical investigation of the leaves and twigs of Callicarpa cathayana led to the isolation of six new clerodane diterpenoids,cathayanalactones A-F(1-6),together with seven analogues(7-13).Their structures were established by extensive NMR analyses together with experimental and calculated ECD spectra analyses.Compounds 1,2,3,7 and 11 showed inhibitory activities on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells.

Anti-NLRP3 inflammasome abietane diterpenoids from Callicarpa bodinieri and their structure elucidation

Callica rpabodinieri is a Chinese traditional medicine herb with anti-inflammatory activity in clinic.Herein,we report two new 9,10-seco and etherified abietane diterpenoids bodinieric acids J and K(1 and 2) and one known compound(3) isolated from the leaves and twigs of this plant.Their chemical structures were elucidated by detailed spectrometry data analysis and DP4+NMR calculation methods.Hypothetical biosynthetic pathways of 1-3 were preliminarily speculated.Compound 3 inhibited inflammasome activation and exhibited blockage of NLRP3 inflammasome activation at non-cytotoxic concentrations in vitro.

3,4-seco-Isopimarane and 3,4-seco-pimarane diterpenoids from Callicarpa nudiflora

A phytochemical investigation was carried out on the extract of a medicinal plant Callicarpa nudiflora,resulting in the characterization of five new 3,4-seco-isopimarane(1-5)and one new 3,4-seco-pimarane diterpenoid(6),together with four known compounds.The structures of the new compounds were fully elucidated by extensive analysis of MS,1 D and 2 D NMR spectroscopic data,and time-dependent density functional theory(TDDFT)calculation of electronic circular dichroism(ECD)spectra,and DFT calculations for NMR chemical shifts and optical rotations.

广东紫珠的化学成分、药理作用研究进展及质量标志物的预测分析

广东紫珠用药历史悠久,近年来随着对广东紫珠研究的深入,其丰富的化学成分、药理活性也逐渐被挖掘出来,目前已发现苯乙醇苷类、黄酮类、萜类和挥发油类等化学成分,具有抗炎、抗菌、心脏保护等药理作用。其具有良好的疗效,是抗宫炎制剂的君药,市场需求大,但其质量控制体系不完整,出现了混用等不利于发展的情况,因此亟须完善质量评价体系。综述广东紫珠化学成分和药理作用,并结合质量标志物(quality marker,Q-Marker)的概念,从多个角度预测分析其质量标志物,筛选出了4个苯乙醇苷,2个黄酮,2个三萜为质量标志物和质控的重要参考,为完善广东紫珠的质量评价标准和新药效开发提供重要理论依据。

裸花紫珠重金属污染特征及其指纹图谱的建立

目的:探究裸花紫珠中的重金属的含量,建立无机元素指纹图谱,评价重金属污染风险。方法:采用微波消解处理样品,电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定裸花紫珠中重金属的含量,采用单因子污染指数和内梅罗污染指数法评价其污染风险等级,绘制无机元素指纹图谱。结果:4批样品采用单因子污染指数评价重金属污染时,1批为重污染,3批为中污染。4批样品的综合污染指数评价结果均为轻污染,结论:4批样品存在不同程度的重金属污染,需要引起重视,研究结果可为裸花紫临床药用安全性提供参考依据。

裸花紫珠艾纳香洗衣液的制备和性能检测

提取分离裸花紫珠和滇桂艾纳香的成分,以起泡性、抑菌性、粘度为4个考察因素筛选裸花紫珠艾纳香洗衣液的最优处方,即为11%辛癸基葡糖苷、3.5%椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱(CAB)、13%月桂酰胺丙基氧化胺、7%十二烷基苯磺酸钠、5%裸花紫珠提取浓缩液、5%艾纳香提取浓缩液、0.7%的柠檬酸和0.3%氯化钠以及54.5%去离子水组成;该洗衣液的起泡性能稳定,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径为22 mm,去污力能满足人们的需求。

Cathayanalactone G and other constituents from leaves and twigs of Callicarpa cathayana

Objective:To study the chemical constituents from the leaves and twigs of Callicarpa cathayana.Methods:The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel,MCI gel CHP 20 P/P120,Sephadex LH-20,and HPLC.The structures of the compounds were determined by HR-ESI-MS,1 D and 2 D NMR data.Results:A total of 24 compounds were isolated from the 85%methanol extract of leaves and twigs of C.cathayana.They were identified as cathayanalactone G(1),a new diterpene,and 23 known compounds as patagonic acid(2),(-)-16-hydroxycledroda-3,13-dien-16,15-olide-18-oic acid(3),15-methoxypatagonic acid(4),oleanolic acid(5),ursolic acid(6),siaresinolic acid(7),pomolic acid(8),a-amyrin(9),tormentic acid(10),lupeol(11),5,7-dihydroxy-3,4’-dimethoxyflavone(12),5,4’-dihydroxy-3,7,3’-dimethoxyflavone(13),5-hydroxy-3,6,7,4’-tetramethoxyflavone(14),salvigenin(15),kaemferol(16),astragalin(17),pinoresinol 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(18),paulownin(19),β-sitosterol(20),β-sitosterolβ-Dglucopyranoside(21),5-hydroxy-coumarin(22),isocopoletin(23),and 4-hydroxycinnamic acid(24).Conclusion:Compound 1 is a new labdane diterpene.Compounds 10,13,16 and 17 are isolated from the genus Callicarpa for the first time.Compounds 7,8,9,12,14,23 and 24 are reported from C.cathayana for the first time.

黎药复方牙膏的制备及其抑菌作用评价

以黎药艾纳香和裸花紫珠为功能性添加剂,采用正交设计法,以膏体成形情况、膏体形态、稳定性与泡沫量的综合评价方法进行空白膏基基质筛选,在最佳空白膏基配方基础上,优选功效物质与矫味剂质量比。结果表明优选配方制备的牙膏膏体符合国家标准(GB/T 8372—2017《牙膏》),且对金黄色葡萄球菌与白色念珠菌均表现中度敏感,放置18个月后其抑菌率仍达到国家轻工业标准(QB/T 2738—2012《日化产品抗菌抑菌效果的评价方法》)的抑菌率标准。