Variations in bark thickness and sapwood density of Calophyllum inophyllum provenances in Australia and in Sri Lanka

Sapwood density and bark thickness of Calophyllum inophyllum L. （a multipurpose durable timber species） were studied in various locations in Northern Australia and in Sri Lanka. Measurements were taken non-destructively by using core sampling and bark gauge. From each provenance, 4–15 mature trees having girth at breast height over bark （GBHOB） at 100–150 cm were selected on the basis of the population size. Significant （p0.05） hemispheric and provenance variations in bark thickness were found. Variations in the bark thickness are influenced by environmental variables. Variations in sapwood density were less pronounced compared to that of bark thickness. Variations in sapwood density are likely to be governed by genotypic variations.

Calophyllum inophyllum: recalcitrant or intermediate seed?

We studied seed storage behaviour of a multipurpose tree Calophyllum inophyllum （Clusiaseae）. Seeds were collected at Roslyn bay （2307′60＂ S, 150°43′60＂ E） Central Queensland. Seed drying and desieeation tolerance tests were carried out according to International Seed Testing Association （ISTA） rules. We found C. inophyllum seeds to be recalcitrant and vulnerable to chilling injury, hence, unsuited for cold storage. C. inophyllum seeds maintained their viability for an appreciable period （〉 8 months） if stored in wanner environments.

Reproductive phenology of Calophyllum inophyllum in Yeppoon, Australia and Meegoda Western Province, Sri Lanka

Reproductive phenology of multiple use native plant Calo- phyllum inophyllum L. was studied in Yeppoon （23°7＇60＂ S, 150°43＇60＂ E）, northern Australia （southern hemisphere） and in Meegoda （6°18＇51＂N, 80°31＇3＂E）, Sri Lanka （northern hemisphere）. C. inophyllum trees in Yeppoon, Australia had relatively shorter flowering periods, shorter floral life spans, longer fruit life spans, smaller flowers and larger fi＇uits compared to those in Meegoda, Sri Lanka. Although the number of flower buds/ inflorescence was comparatively higher in Meegoda, C. inophyllum trees in both locations had similar mean number of mature fruits/cluster due to the higher floral abscission in C. inophyllum trees at Meegoda. Despite having a comparatively lower fruit yield （664 000 fruts·ha^-1·a^-1）, C. inophyllum trees in Yeppoon hdd lligher kernel weights （2988.0±853.2 kg·ha^-1·a^-1） and oil yields （1 33226±380.5 kg·ha^-1·a^-1） compared to those in Meegoda.

Identification of phytochemical compounds in Calophyllum inophyllum leaves

Objectives: To investigate the proximate composition, mineral content, and phytochemical compounds in Calophyllum inophyllum(C. inophyllum) leaves. Moreover,isolation and identification of pyrene were also performed.Methods: C. inophyllum leaves were extracted with methanol by percolation methods.The proximate composition of C. inophyllum leaves was analyzed by standard methods.Mineral contents in this plant were analyzed by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Phytochemical screening and analysis of this plant were performed by spectrophotometric method. Washing method with carbon disulfide was used for isolating dihydropyrene compound from C. inophyllum leaves extracts.Results: The result revealed that C. inophyllum leaves contained 11.24% moisture,4.75% ash, 6.43% crude protein, 23.96% crude fiber, 9.91% carbohydrate, and energy(79.17 kcal/100 g). The leaves also contained 0.007% iron, 1.240% calcium, 0.075%sodium, 0.195% magnesium, 0.100% ppm potassium, and 0.040% phosphorus. Moreover, 11.51% alkaloid, 2.48% triterpenoid, 2.37% flavonoid, 7.68% tannin, 2.16%saponin, 2.53% polyphenol, were identified in the methanolic crude extracts of C. inophyllum leaves. It was found that trans-2-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-10 b,10 c-dimethyl-10 b,10 c-dihydropyrene was obtained at purity of 79.18%(22.17% yield)from C. inophyllum leaves.Conclusions: C. inophyllum leaves may be used as a good source of fiber. It was found that C. inophyllum leaves have the potential as herbal drugs due to their phytochemical content. The separation, isolation, and purification of bioactive compounds from this methanolic crude extract and their biological activity are under further investigation.

Upgrading the Quality of Solid Fuel Made from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) Wastes Using Hydrothermal Carbonization Treatment

One of the major problems faced in managing biomass waste to higher quality products is choosing the right technology.Wastes are used as an alternative fuel,with increase in the calorific value.Hydrothermal carbonization(HTC)is a biomass conversion technology,used to obtain solid fuel.This study aims to utilize of Calophyllum inophyllum as an alternative solid fuel through HTC.The calorific value and proximate of the hydrochar will be determined and analyzed to find out its quality.The experiments were carried out at temperature variations of 160℃,190℃,and 220℃ and holding times of 30 and 60 minutes.The results show that an increase in temperature and holding time causes a decline in the moisture content 1.87%,volatile matter 54.03%,and ash content 12.35%,respectively,leading to elevations in the fixed carbon at 31.75%.In addition,the highest calorific value of 4149 Kcal/Kg was produced at a temperature of 220℃,within a holding time of 60 minutes.The results showed a significant increase in the quality of solid fuels between 3500–4611 Kcal/Kg in accordance with the American Standard Testing and Materials(ASTM).Therefore,this research leads to an important finding that Calophyllum inophyllum waste through the HTC process can be used as an alternative fuel to substitute lignite coal,which is environmentally friendly.

In vitro antioxidant,cholinesterase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of Calophyllum symingtonianum and Calophyllum depressinervosum(Guttiferae)

Objective:To screen the antioxidant,cholinesterase and tyrosinase enzymatic inhibition activities of the leaves and heartwood of Calophyllum symingtonianum(C.symingtonianum),and the bark of Calophyllum depressinervosum(C.depressinervosum).Methods:Samples of leaves and heartwood of C.symingtonianum and bark of C.depressinervosum were tested for their total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant assay by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and β-carotene bleaching.Cholinesterase inhibition by Ellman’s method and tyrosinase inhibition using L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine as a substrate were also tested.Results:All methanol extracts were found to exhibit strong 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging effects.Extracts from the heartwood of C.symingtonianum gave a low IC50(5.17±0.04)μg/mL followed by bark of C.depressinervosum[(7.30±0.14)μg/mL]and C.symingtonianum leaves[(15.70±1.43)μg/mL].The methanol extract of C.depressinervosum bark showed 95.08%inhibition ofβ-carotene bleaching.All extracts showed moderate inhibition towards tyrosinase activity with an IC50 of more than 100μg/mL.The methanol extract of C.depressinervosum stem bark showed the highest inhibition(78.46%)against butyrylcholinesterase.Conclusions:These results showed that both Calophyllum species are potential sources of antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitors.Further study is needed for the isolation and characterization of the active metabolites responsible for both activities.

广西特色药材横经席鉴别方法的研究

目的:建立横经席专属性鉴别方法。方法:采用性状、显微及薄层色谱相结合的方法对横经席及其同属品种绣毛红厚壳、红厚壳进行对比研究,找到横经席的鉴别特征。结果:横经席性状鉴别特征为叶呈长圆状披针形,两面无毛;锈毛红厚壳叶呈矩圆形至椭圆形,两面主脉及小枝均密被锈红色柔毛;红厚壳叶呈宽椭圆形或倒卵状椭圆形,两面无毛。横经席粉末显微特征可观察到叶表皮细胞、纤维等,无非腺毛;锈毛红厚壳粉末可见较多非腺毛;红厚壳叶下表皮细胞垂周壁波浪状弯曲并呈连珠状增厚。薄层色谱鉴别结果显示,横经席比同属其他品种多1个特征斑点。结论:研究建立的横经席鉴别方法具有专属性,可区别横经席正品及其混伪品。

GC-MS法测定Calophyllum inophyllum L.中的红厚壳素(英文)

AIM:To establish a GC-MS method for the determination of calophyllolide in Calophyllum inophyllum L.and its application in quality control of natural medicine.METHODS:Methanolic extract from Calophyllum inophyllum L.was prepared.Calophyllolide was isolated,purified and then identified to serve as a chemical marker for development and validation a GC-MS method according to ICH guideline and USP.The established method was proved to be useful in quality control with the aid of Principle Component Analysis (PCA),a multivariate data analysis technique.RESULTS:The proposed method was selective against mass spectral deconvoluting software AMDIS32.The linear range was from 3.125-50 μg·mL-1.The RSD of intra-and inter-day precision variations were less than 3% and the mean recovery was (101.22±1.98)% (RSD=1.95%).PCA was used to indicate a differentiation of batches in production as well as proving that calophyllolide has influence on the discrimination of extracts from different batches.CONCLUSION:The proposed capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometric method for the determination of calophyllolide obtained from resin of Calophyllum inophyllum L.nut oil showed its suitability,simplicity,rapidity and precision,and it can be used for chemical assay.This is the first time such a technique was reported in literature.The multivariate data analysis technique was employed to provide an extensive but inclusive method for quality control of the extracts,to ensure consistency for batch to batch of extracts to be used for product development.

Optimum nitrogen fertilization of Calophyllum inophyllum seedlings under greenhouse conditions

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of nitrogen fertilization on Calophyllum inophyllum seedlings grown with 0, 50, 100, 150,200, 300, 400 and 600 mg N per seedling according to exponential functions. Seedling height, root collar diameter, leaf area and total biomass increased with increasing fertilization from 0 to 200 mg N per seedling and decreased with further increase in fertilization from300 to 600 mg N per seedling. The net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance, intercellular CO_2 concentration and transpiration rate of C. inophyllum seedlings showed a unimodal parabolic trend, with peak values of7.29 mmol·m^(–2)·s^(–1), 0.071 mol·m^(–2)·s^(–1), 220 mmol·mol^(–1) and 1.34 mmol·m^(–2)·s^(–1), respectively, when the rate of fertilization was 200 mg N per seedling. Photosynthetic gas exchange parameters were significantly different among nitrogen treatments. Based on the critical values of leaf N and P concentration and N/P ratio, the optimum amount of nitrogen of C. inophyllum seedlings was 200–400 mg per seedling for leaf N and P concentration, and100–400 mg per seedling for N/P ratio. It was concluded that 200–400 mg N per seedling was the most suitable nitrogen range for C. inophyllum seedlings.

Antioxidant,antimicrobial and total phenolic contents of Calophyllum symingtonianum

Objective:To determine the total phenolic content,antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the extracts from Calophyllum symingtonianum.Methods:The extracts were tested for their antioxidant activity by the DPPH radical scavenging assay and the β-carotene bleaching assay,while the antimicrobial activity was determined by disc diffusion method.Results:All the tested extracts showed antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.The extracts showed moderate antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with zone of inhibition values of 10,11 and 12 mm for n-hexane,dichloromethane and methanol extracts respectively at 30μg/disc.N-hexane showed low antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa(5 mm)at 30μg/disc.The total phenolic test showed that methanol has high phenolic content(162.25 mg GAE/g of extract)compared to the other extracts.Conclusions:The ability of the extracts to inhibit microbial growth at a concentration of 30μg/disc indicated the its potent antimicrobial activity.

红厚壳光合特性研究(英文)

[Objective] The experiment aimed to research the photosynthetic characteristics of Calophyllum inophyllum Linn.and the relations between Calophyllum inophyllum Linn. and ecological factors.[Method] The portable photosynthesis system(Li-6400) was used to determine photosynthetic characteristics of 6-year-old Calophyllum inophyllum Linn.[Result] Both the leaf net photosynthetic rate change and diurnal variation of transpiration rate were single peak type.The relations among the leaf net photosynthetic rate of Calophyllum inophyllum Linn.and photosynthetically active radiation,CO2 concentration and other relevant ecological factors(including transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, difference of vapour pressure and leaf temperature) were two quadratic linear relations.[Conclusion] Calophyllum inophyllum Linn. preferred strong light irradiation and high temperature environment and the experiment has provided foundations for ecological and commercial cultivations.

不同氮素水平对红厚壳幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

采用温室盆栽方法,设置0(对照)、50、100、150、200、300、400、600 mg.株-18个氮素处理,研究氮素供应对红厚壳幼苗生长及光合特性的影响。结果表明:随供氮量的增加,红厚壳幼苗高、地径、叶面积及整株生物量均呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,均在200 mg.株-1时达到峰值,分别为22.06 cm、0.65 cm、327.27 cm2和10.43 g.株-1,是对照的1.59、1.25、2.58、1.90倍;地下生物量N5显著高于N7、N8处理,但与其余处理无显著性差异,根冠比随供氮量的增加呈现单调递减趋势;红厚壳幼苗叶绿素a、b及总量随供氮量的增加而增加;红厚壳幼苗的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度以及蒸腾速率随供氮量的增加呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,均在200 mg.株-1时达最大值,分别是7.29μmol.m-2.s-1、0.071 mol.m-2.s-1、220.22μmol.mol-1和1.34 mmol.m-2.s-1,分别是对照的2.26、1.92、1.37、1.79倍,不同氮素处理间红厚壳光合气体交换参数差异均显著。结果表明:施氮量200 mg.株-1左右为红厚壳幼苗温室栽培的最佳施肥量。

红厚壳属植物化学成份及药理活性研究进展

综述了近年来对红厚壳属植物中的化学成分及药理活性研究 .重点讨论了 18种红厚壳属植物中吨酮类、香豆素类、黄酮类和萜类的化学成分 。

薄叶红厚壳叶化学成分研究(Ⅰ)

利用硅胶柱层析分离和薄层纯化,从海南薄叶红厚壳(CalophyllummembranaceumGardn.etChamp.)叶的乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯部分分离得到6个化合物。经理化数据对照和波谱分析,确定它们分别为木栓酮(1),β 谷甾醇(2),海棠果醇(3),异海棠果酸(4),穗花杉双黄酮(5),海棠果酸(6)。其中异海棠果酸在药理实验中发现对肝癌细胞和肺癌细胞具有选择性细胞毒性,IC50值分别为9.074和6.372μg/mL。

不同缺素处理对红厚壳幼苗生长的影响

设置全素、缺氮、缺磷、缺钾、缺钙、缺镁和缺硫7种处理,采用温室水培方法进行红厚壳苗期缺素试验。结果表明:(1)各缺素处理均对幼苗产生影响,主要表现为植株矮小,叶片变黄,部分出现褐斑及坏死等现象,其中缺氮、缺钾和缺硫处理的症状最为明显。(2)与对照相比,各缺素处理的地径、叶面积、苗高以及生物量均显著降低,缺氮和缺硫处理幼苗的光合色素含量显著低于全素处理。(3)缺素处理导致叶片养分元素之间产生一定的协同和拮抗作用,各缺素处理中缺乏的元素是幼苗生长的第1限制因子,但第2限制因子存在差异。

壳聚糖涂膜对海红果贮藏效果的影响

以壳聚糖为成膜物质制得可食性涂膜保鲜剂,研究其不同浓度(1%、1.5%、2%)对海红果贮藏生理及效果的影响,结果表明:涂膜处理可以明显抑制果实的叶绿素分解、硬度下降、可溶性固形物含量下降、Vc含量下降和酸含量下降。其中以1.5%壳聚糖涂膜处理效果最佳。

红厚壳中黄酮类化学成分研究

目的：研究红厚壳茎叶的化学成分。方法：利用硅胶柱色谱，Sephadex LH-20柱色谱，PTLC等手段进行化合物的分离，运用^1H，^13C，2D-NMR，MS等波谱分析法确定结构。结果：分离并鉴定了9个黄酮类化合物，分别为：2-羟基咄酮（1），4-羟基咄酮（2），1，5-二羟基咄酮（3），1，7-二羟基咄酮（4），1，3，5．三羟基-2-甲氧基咄酮（5），6-deoxyjacareubin（6），穗花杉双黄酮（7），山柰酚-3-O-α—L-鼠李糖苷（8），槲皮苷（9）。结论：化合物8和9为首次从红厚壳属植物中得到，化合物1，2，4—6为首次从该植物中得到。

真菌诱导子对胡桐悬浮培养细胞产生红厚壳素的影响

目的 探讨真菌诱导子对胡桐悬浮培养细胞产生红厚壳素的影响。方法 通过对胡桐叶斑病病菌的分离培养 ,制成真菌诱导子补加到胡桐细胞悬浮培养基中 ,考察不同浓度、不同加入时间对胡桐细胞生物量及红厚壳素产量的影响。结果 S I菌株诱导胡桐CR2细胞合成红厚壳素的最佳浓度为 60mgGE·L- 1,诱导子在细胞生长静止期初期 (即培养d 18)加入对红厚壳素产量影响最大 ,可使产量提高 2 7% ,并促进了红厚壳素向胞外分泌。

胡桐植物中抗HIV香豆素化合物研究进展

CalanolideA及其结构类似物是从藤黄科胡桐属植物中分离的一种吡喃型香豆素类化合物 ,对HIV 1型病毒的反转录酶 (ReverseTranscriptase ,RT)有很强且特异的抑制性。该类化合物虽然结构相似但各自对HIV 1病毒的活性差异显著 ;具有不同于其他非核苷类药物 (NNRTIs)对HIV 1的作用机制 ;与其他NNRTIs一样 ,该类化合物也可诱导HIV 1病毒的抗药性突变株 ,但与其他HIVRT药物存在较好的协同性 ;有报道认为HIV的抗药性与RT一级结构的氨基酸残基的改变有关 ;为了解决资源问题 ,目前已有该类化合物化学合成成功的报道。本文综述有关该类化合物研究的最新进展。

红厚壳在海南岛的分布及其生长习性

红厚壳在海南岛一直是适应性强、分布广泛的珍贵植物资源。调查结果表明,在经济建设、农业土地开发等压力下,海南岛的红厚壳植物资源正日趋减少,目前仅在琼山、文昌等地区还保留较丰富,南部地区已绝迹,西部地区也难以见到。