The Milestone of Cambodian First Oil Production in the Khmer Basin, Gulf of Thailand

As an ASEAN member country, Cambodia is the eighth country to produce oil from its maritime water in late 2020. The first oil was produced from Cambodian Block A (CBA) which covers most of the Khmer basin, located in the east and in the north of producing oil and gas Pattani and Malay basin respectively, in the Gulf of Thailand (GoT). Before being an oil-producing country, Cambodia has been involved in a long history of exploration activities since the 1970s with international companies including Elf-Erap, Marine Associate, Enterprise, Campex, Premier, etc. The first phase of petroleum development was initiated by Chevron Texaco in 2010 when this US company submitted the Petroleum Permit Application (PPA) to the government of Cambodia. The company failed to reach an agreement with the government on revenue sharing, then KrisEnergy bought out the working interest in 2014 and became the only operator of CBA. A justified Mini Phase 1A was operated by KrisEnergy to flow the oil from six production wells in the Apsara area where there is still a high risk of geological information and time constrain. Apsara area which covers the most prospective petroleum exploration geological trend in Cambodian water was built a minimal facility platform and used the production barge, Ingenium II, to separate the reservoir fluids. As long as the accumulative oil production reached about 300,000 bbl for about five months, the operator of CBA went into the liquidation. In the primary plan, this initial phase was expected to produce 7500 bopd at the peak, however it actually produced the oil less than double in the end. This situation indicated the underperformance of Mini Phase 1A, which resulted in a huge declination of each well capacity. This underperformance of Mini Phase 1A seemed express clearly the results of the uncertainties of petroleum formation, the complexities of the particular reservoir properties in the CBA and the inappropriate method of Mini Phase 1A. This paper synthesizes the existing literature, and the technical reports to reassess the geology, basin evolution, and reservoir characteristics of the CBA, especially the Apsara oil field. This review could be a help to disseminate of the update the CBA for the petroleum business companies and for academic in the purpose of researches.

Review and Analysis: United States Secret Wars in Cambodia: Long-Term Impacts and Consequences

The People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN) decided to use conventional warfare to unify Vietnam. The United States military operation against the Ho Chi Minh Trail traffic began in 1959. The (PAVN) connected a series of old trails leading from North Vietnam to South Vietnam via Laos and Cambodia. In the 1960s the network of trails was expanded. Trail traffic was interdicted by repeated CIA (Air America) and US Air Force (Operation Ranch Hand) tactical herbicide spraying and bombing missions. During the late 1960s, the Khmer Rouge Army slowly grew in eastern Cambodia during a time when America was spraying and bombing the Ho Chi Minh Trail. On February 22, 1969, the PAVN launched a new offensive against American forces in South Vietnam from their sanctuaries in Cambodia. President Richard Nixon and Dr. Henry Kissinger, decided to spray and bomb Cambodia, a neutral country, to eliminate the PAVN sanctuary base camps. The damage and loss of life as a result of U.S. air campaign resulted in the insurgency (Khmer Rouge) being able to recruit civilian members. This created a dual effect of strengthening the popularity of the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, enabling him to overthrow the Khmer Republic in 1975. The primary objectives of this study are to determine the political impacts and consequences of: 1) the 1959 United States secret war on the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Cambodia and 2) the 1969 President Nixon’s decision to destroy the PAVN bases hidden in the Cambodian jungles. These United States secret wars in Cambodia had long-lasting effects on Cambodian political, social, and economic stability.

Chinese Science&Technology Exhibition in Cambodia

The China Science and Technology Museum(CSTM)launched a science and technology exhibition tour in Cambodia on December 13,2018.More than 60 high-tech items covering fields of basic science,life sciences and information technology went on display at the Union of Youth Federations of Cambodia-Phnom Penh Branch(UYFC-PP).

Contrasting sorption behaviours affecting groundwater arsenic concentration in Kandal Province,Cambodia

Natural arsenic (As) contamination of groundwater which provides drinking water and/or irrigation supplies remains a major public health issue,particularly in South and Southeast Asia.A number of studies have evaluated various aspects of the biogeochemical controls on As mobilization in aquifers typical to this region,however many are predicated on the assumption that key biogeochemical processes may be deduced by sampled water chemistry.The validity of this assumption has not been clearly established even though the role of sorption/desorption of As and other heavy metals onto Fe/Mn (hydr) oxides is an important control in As mobilization.Here,selective chemical extractions of sand-rich and clay-rich sediments from an As-affected aquifer in Kandal Province,Cambodia,were undertaken to explore the potential role of partial re-equilibrium through sorption/desorption reactions of As and related solutes (Fe,Mn and P) between groundwater and the associated solid aquifer matrix.In general,groundwater As is strongly affected by both pH and Eh throughout the study area.However,contrasting sorption behaviour is observed in two distinct sand-dominated (T-Sand) and clay dominated (T-Clay) transects,and plausibly attributed to differing dominant lithologies,biogeochemical and/or hydrogeological conditions.Sorption/desorption processes appear to be re-setting groundwater As concentrations in both transects,but to varying extents and in different ways.In T-Sand,which is typically highly reducing,correlations suggest that dissolved As may be sequestered by sorption/re-adsorption to Fe-bearing mineral phases and/or sedimentary organic matter;in T-Clay Eh is a major control on As mobilization although binding/occlusion of Fe-bearing minerals to sedimentary organic matter may also occur.Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted with groups categorised by transect and by Eh,and the output correlations support the contrasting sorption behaviours encountered in this study area.Irrespective of transect,however,the key biogeochemical processes which initially control As mobilization in such aquifers,may be “masked” by the re-setting of As concentrations through in-aquifer sorption/desorption processes.

New Records of Genus Oncocephalus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Stenopodainae) from Cambodia

The stenopodaine genus Oncocephalus Klug, 1850 and two species of this genus, O. breviscutum Reuter, 1882 and O. pudicus Hsiao, are recorded from Cambodia for the first time.

Knowledge,attitudes and practices towards avian influenza A(H5N1) among Cambodian women:A cross-sectional study

Objective:To measure highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)-related knowledge,attitudes, and practices(KAPs) among Cambodian women.Methods:This cross-sectional study selected 246 married women aged between 18-55 years who had backyard poultry and lived at least one year in the areas of the survey through multi-stage cluster sampling.An average score of correct answers was generated to evaluate respondents’ knowledge(Good/Poor).attitudes(Positive/ Negative),and practices(Good/Bad).Results:We reported that about half of the respondents had good knowledge and good practices and four-fifth of them had positive attitudes towards HPAl.Odds ratios(ORs) and 95%confidence intervals(CIs) were estimated through a logistic regression model to explore contributing factors that raise their KAP levels.Most of the sources were significant in increasing knowledge of the respondent,like television(OR=l.6.95%CI=1.0- 2.7),radio(OR=2.5.95%CI=l.3-4.9).leaflets/booklets(OR=2.1,95%CI=1.2-3.9),school students (OR=18.4.95%CI=2.4-142.9).village health volunteers(OR=4.5.95%CI=2.2-10.9) etc.Factors such as television(OR=3.7.95%CI=2.1-6.4).leaflets/booklets(OR=2.6,95%CI7=1.4-5.1).and public health staff(OR=2.2,95%CI=1.2-4.1) had similar influence on practices.Although,we found similar effect on raising the attitudes of the responded,it was not significant.Conclusions: We report a satisfactory level of positive attitudes,and moderate level of knowledge and practices related to HPAI among Cambodian women.Raising KAPs through television,radio and other medias may be more efficient than using usual information,education and communication materials to prevent HPAI.

A Preliminary Annotated Checklist of the Amphibians and Reptiles of the Kulen Promtep Wildlife Sanctuary in Northern Cambodia

We present the first herpetological checklist for the Kulen Promtep Wildlife Sanctuary in northern Cambodia, with records of 22 species of amphibians and 33 species of reptiles belonging to 44 genera in 22 families. The checklist includes three species （Ingerophrynus macrotis, Micryletta inornata, Scincella melanosticta） which in Cambodia were formerly only known to occur in the Cardamom Mountains in the southwest of the country. Our findings highlight the importance of countrywide herpetological baseline surveys in lowland habitats.

Policy implications for community-managed forestry in Cambodia from experts＇ assessments and case studies of community forestry practice

Over the last 40 years, it has been shown at the global level that sustainable forestry can be achieved through comprehensive forest management,with the decentralized institutional arrangements of community-managed forestry coordinated by effective policy implementation. However, there is still a shortage of evidence regarding whether communitybased forestry is well characterized by forest policies,assessing what action is most needed and how best to address the challenges faced by community-based forestry in halting deforestation and promoting rural livelihoods. The study analyzed experts' assessments of the characteristics and success of communitymanaged forestry in Cambodia and explored three case studies of community-managed forestry practice to identify priorities for addressing forest policy implementation inadequacies in halting deforestation and promoting rural livelihoods. There were two methods of data collection. Firstly, this study used a survey of 27 experts to analyze perceptions about how far forest policy supported community-managed forestry effectively, the major challenges faced by the national community-managed forestry program, and the community-managed forestry contribution to halting deforestation and reducing rural poverty.Secondly, data was collected by content analysis of three case studies to explore the knowledge and practical experience of local experts about community-managed forestry practice at local level.The study employed Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance to analyze the level of concordance of experts on related forest policies(n=15) considering community-managed forestry, the challenges faced by the national community-managed forestry program,and the actions required to enable communitymanaged forestry to support communities. Analysis revealed that experts were in moderate agreement,denoted by Kendall's W=0.152, on how well forest policies articulate and implement the characteristics of community-managed forestry. Ranking of the major challenges faced by the national communitymanaged forestry program yielded Kendall's W of0.104, indicating the confidence in the ranking among experts was fair. There was only low confidence in the ranking of the action needed, with Kendall's W of0.055. Content analysis of the three case studies examining local experts' opinions on the attributes of community-managed forestry concerning the access,local participation and protection of the sustainable forestry revealed that Attribute one ‘Local people have access to the forest land and forest resources', and Attribute three ‘Local people begin by protecting and restoring the forests', received high attention from local experts. Of lesser importance or agreement was attributing two: local participation in decision-making concerning the forest.

Climate change and groundwater resources in Cambodia

Climate change has become a major global concern and threatens the security of natural environmental resources, including groundwater, especially for Cambodia. In this study, literature reviews related to climate change and groundwater resources in Cambodia were evaluated to address the impact of climate change on the groundwater environment. In Cambodia, global climate change will likely affect available water resources by driving changes in the groundwater recharge and usage pattern. Despite a general increase in the mean annual rainfall, a reduction in rainfall is anticipated during the dry season, which could lead to shortages of fresh water during the dry season. The impact of climate change on water resource environments can significantly affect national economic development. Thus, strategic management plansfor groundwater in response to climate change should be established to ensure the security of water resources in Cambodia.

Lithogeochemistry of Intrusive Rocks in the Halo Porphyry Copper-Molybdenum Prospect, Northeast Cambodia

The Halo copper-molybdenum prospect is a porphyry system in Ratanakiri province, northeastern part of Cambodia. There is only one research was carried out on this prospect about geological mapping and short wave infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy on alteration mineral identification. The purpose of this research is to confirm the deposit type from previous Angkor Gold’s report and find the centre of porphyry deposit based on characteristic of intrusive rocks at surface and subsurface, characteristics of the intrusive rocks and alteration lithogeochemistry of intrusive and volcanic rocks by using Pearce Element Ratio (PER) analysis. PER analysis was used to examine the nature and extend of the alteration halos in the porphyry Halo copper-molybdenum prospect. The intrusive rocks and volcanic rocks in Halo, range from diorite to granite (quartz feldspar porphyry) in composition as well as dacite to trachyandesite (andesite porphyry) in composition, respectively. They were formed in a subduction-related tectonic setting, likely a volcanic arc. Trace elements spider diagrams were normalized to primitive mantle display strong enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements such as Rb, Ba and K and depletion in some high-field strength elements such as Nb and Ti, suggesting magmas generated in a subduction-related tectonic setting. PER analysis indicates a moderate to high degree of sericite alteration of dacites, quartz feldspar porphyries, andesite porphyries and granodiorite porphyries. Moreover, three alterations in the Halo prospect such as potassic (secondary K-feldspar and biotite), phyllic (sericite) and propylitic (epidote) alteration were identified, which are consistent with petrography analysis. The potassic alteration zone is vectoring center of the hydrothermal system which may represent the locus of mineralization. Therefore the geochemical signature of potassic alteration within the quartz feldspar porphyry, andesite porphyry and granodiorite porphyry with high grad of copper ranges up to 2670 ppm and molybdenum ranges up to 5297 ppm represents a character for further exploration in the Halo porphyry copper-molybdenum prospect.

Optimization Model of Cattle Husbandry for Rural Household in Cambodia

Cambodia is one of the Southeast Asia. With the agricultural market integration, Cambodia rural household is adjusting livestock structure naturally. In order to provide suitable support for agriculture policy, the authors conducted a survey on 204 rural household in Cambodia. This article uses the optimization model, considering rural labor, cattle size, and animal disease risk, to analyze and get optimum result range. The result shows that the more off-farm job opportunity, suitable cattle feed structure, and investment on public health for cattle, the household income in rural Cambodia will increase.

Tropical medicine within the Cambodia context:Cambodian health care systems,Khmer medicine,and HIV/AIDS therapy

This paper examines the history of health care in Cambodia and focuses on the role of traditional healers and their response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic,the use of medicinal plants and their bioscientific importance in this tropical country.In conclusion,vital to the management of HIV/AIDS in tropical countries such as Cambodia is the cooperation and collaboration between traditional healers and Western trained medical doctors.Beliefs underlying the cause of HIV/AIDS,divination,cultural-emotional factors,standardization of training,and medicinal packaging and distribution are a few starting points for future discussion.

Exploring perspectives in assessing the quality of governance of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) pilot project in Cambodia: Use of Q Methodology

Public and policy makers alike are concerned about national and global deforestation and forest degradation. These issues pose a significant threat to social, economic and environmental welfare.Attempts to prevent forest loss and increased attention to pilot REDD+ projects in community forestry sites would both deliver rural livelihood benefits and help to reduce adverse climate impacts.However, there has been no significant exploration of the viewpoints of local experts to determine the monitoring and action needed to support communitybased forestry and improve the governance of REDD+pilot projects in Cambodia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the perceptions of local stakeholders towards the quality of governance of the first community forest REDD+ pilot project in Cambodia,employing Q-methodology. We adapted 11 indicators of the hierarchical framework of assessment of governance quality to design 40 Q-statements related to REDD+ governance or achievements. The 52 P-set ranked these Q-statements with respect to the community-based REDD+ pilot project. Our study revealed that local stakeholders held four distinct, and partially opposite, views, that:(1) the REDD+ project is successful because it is inclusiveness and capable of causing behavioral change;(2) REDD+ pilot projects should be led by government, not external or locally;and needs more resources;(3) the REDD+ pilot project has raised unrealistic expectations, would likely be a source of corruption and will probably not be successful for local people or halting deforestation;and(4) the REDD+ pilot project is inclusive but not very transparent and probably ineffective at protecting forest. Through these four varied perspectives from local people involved in the project,we can see that there remain serious challenges to the future of pilot community forestry REDD+ projects,including the complex interaction between the multinational actors and the local socio-ecological systems.To move forwards, this study suggested Cambodia should make a pro-poor REDD+ program,implementing more community-based REDD+projects which explicitly build the assets and capacity of the poorest households. This study also shows that Q-methodology can highlight the diverse viewpoints of local stakeholders concerning the quality of community forest REDD+ governance, helping policy makers, implementers and local stakeholders to better identify the challenges to be addressed.

Evapotranspiration Characteristics of a Lowland Dry Evergreen Forest in Central Cambodia Examined Using a Multilayer Model

Development pressure has led to serious deforestation on the Indochina Peninsula. Particularly rapid defor-estation has occurred in easily accessible lowland areas, and it is thus important to accumulate knowledge about these forests immediately. We measured evapotranspiration rates for a lowland dry evergreen forest in Kampong Thom Province, central Cambodia, using the energy balance Bowen ratio (EBBR) method based on meteorological data collected from a 60-m-high observation tower. Daily evapotranspiration was higher during the dry season than during the rainy season of the Asian monsoon climate. The seasonal variation in evapotranspiration generally corresponded to the seasonal difference in the vapor pressure deficit. A multi-layer model was used to simulate the seasonal variation in evapotranspiration. The multilayer model also reproduced the larger evapotranspiration rate in the dry season than in the rainy season. However, observed values substantially exceeded model-calculated results during certain periods at the beginning of the dry season and in the late dry season. Moreover, during the rainy season, the model tended to overestimate evapotranspiration. The differences between these observed and simulated values may have been caused by seasonal characteristics of photosynthesis and transpiration in the lowland dry evergreen forest that were not considered in the model simulation.

Sediment Characteristics, Sources, and Transport Patterns in Kompong Som Bay, Cambodia: Indications from Grain Size and Heavy Minerals

In this paper, we analyzed the grain size and heavy mineral compositions of 52 surface sediment samples collected from the Kompong Som Bay of Cambodia and the adjacent rivers to depict the marine sedimentary environments and transport processes. Heavy minerals in sediments are dominated by authigenic pyrite, siderite, and tourmaline, with average percentages of 36.52%, 29.02%, and 10.94%, respectively. Two provinces can be divided according to the spatial similarity of minerals. The sediments from Province I, covered by silt grains in the northern bay, are characterized by autogenic pyrite, indicating a weakly reducing environment;whereas in Province II, covered by sand grains in the southern bay, the siderite-tourmaline-authigenic pyrite-zircon-hornblende assemblage occurs, indicating a mild reducing environment and locally oxidizing environment. Most of the sediments in the Kompong Som Bay are introduced from the Preak Piphot River and Srae Ambel River, except that some of them in the south areas come from coastal erosion. Generally, the sediments are difficult to be transported because of the low sediment loads entering the sea and weak hydrodynamic conditions. However, they are transported from the north to the south during the tide ebbing when the hydrodynamic force is much stronger. The sediment distribution and transport patterns are controlled by many factors, including submarine topography, hydrodynamic conditions, the southwest monsoon, land contours, and sediment supply.

Geographical Patterns of Tuberculosis Notification Rates and Their Associations with Sociodemographic Characteristics in Communes in Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Objective: To identify the patterns of tuberculosis (TB) notification rates in Phnom Penh and examine their relationships with the population density, socioeconomic, residential and occupational characteristics. Methods: The numbers of total TB and smear-positive pulmonary TB cases reported between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2012 in Phnom Penh were counted for 76 communes in Cambodia according to TB registration records filed under the national TB programme. Population, socioeconomic, residential and occupational characteristics for the communes were obtained from the 2008 General Population Census of Cambodia. The following indicators were developed for individual communes: smear-positive pulmonary TB notification rate (SPTB-NR) (per 100,000 population, in 36 months), population density (per km2), socioeconomic indicators, residential characteristics and occupational characteristics. Geographic patterns of these indicators and characteristics were analysed using ArcGIS. Associations between SPTB-NR and characteristics were analysed. Results: A total of 4102 TB cases were reported in 36 months, including 2046 SPTB cases. SPTB-NR for Phnom Penh was 135 cases per 100,000;median SPTB-NR by commune was 100. SPTB-NR was higher in outlying areas than in city centre communes;population density was high in the centre and low in the outlying areas. SPTB-NR was associated with larger percentage of household members per room (PR: 2.81, 95%CI: 2.68 - 2.93), percentage of population resident in the same commune Conclusions: The SPTB-NR in Phnom Penh did not follow the pattern of population density. Socioeconomic, residential and occupational characteristics by commune were associated with SPTB-NR. Development of prevention and control programmes by considering commune level characteristics is encouraged.

Potentials and Constraints of Small-Scale Livestock Productions in Cambodia

Livestock husbandry plays a very important role in rural areas of Cambodia. Farmers mostly have complained about the declining revenue from livestock production which supports their livelihood. Therefore, the study aimed at investigating the potentials and constraints of smallholder livestock productions in Battambang province. Primary and secondary data were collected to meet the objectives. Data were collected interviewing 204 households. Some of the advantages of the Cambodia livestock subsector are the increasing market demand: increasing domestic market for livestock and increasing demand from neighboring countries (especially cattle);the rich source of manure and other agricultural input such as transportation means, ploughing etc. More so, there is high expectation of the farmers experiencing increase in production since more supports are provided by both governmental and non-governmental organizations. On the other hand, the subsector witnesses some constraints including the low level of education of the livestock farmers, erratic market prices as a result of too many middlemen, local breed with low productivity and traditional management system still dominates the sub- sector. Scarcity of abled labor and seasonal cost is also one of the factors impeding the subsector to reaching it potential. This study suggests that to reach full potential in the livestock sector of Battambang of Cambodia, the government needs to address the infrastructural problems and private sector needs to be encouraged to invest in the sector in livestock input industries.

Is Microcredit Targeted to Poor People？ Evidences From a Cambodian Microfinance Institution

This study extends research on the social performance of microfinance institutions. The research methodology is based on Grameen Progress out of Poverty IndexTM （PPITM） for Cambodia applied to a sample of borrowers randomly extracted from a Cambodian microfinance institution＇s loan portfolio. Dataset has been directly collected through in-house interviews. Main questions discussed here are： （1） Is microcredit targeted to poor people？ （2） Has the poverty rate of the sample changed in last six months？ and （3） What percentage of male vs. female clients is poor？ We found an average poverty likelihood of about 8.1%, estimated at the day of the interview, steady over a period of six months and not statistically different between male and female borrowers. This evidence might be related to business geographical location or targeting. Actually, PPI too much relies on asset ownership rather than on cash flows and saving capacity. Despite the general wisdom microcredit is targeted to the ＂poorest among the poor people＂, this is utterly consistent with a sound and safe （micro）banking activity, aimed at sustainable results. Here comes a call for a triple bottom line performance evaluation on microflnance institutions： economic, social and environmental effects of their activities

Development of a risk score to guide targeted hepatitis C testing among human immunodeficiency virus patients in Cambodia

BACKGROUND The World Health Organization recommends testing all human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)patients for hepatitis C virus(HCV).In resource-constrained contexts with low-to-intermediate HCV prevalence among HIV patients,as in Cambodia,targeted testing is,in the short-term,potentially more feasible and cost-effective.AIM To develop a clinical prediction score(CPS)to risk-stratify HIV patients for HCV coinfection(HCV RNA detected),and derive a decision rule to guide prioritization of HCV testing in settings where‘testing all’is not feasible or unaffordable in the short term.METHODS We used data of a cross-sectional HCV diagnostic study in the HIV cohort of Sihanouk Hospital Center of Hope in Phnom Penh.Key populations were very rare in this cohort.Score development relied on the Spiegelhalter and Knill-Jones method.Predictors with an adjusted likelihood ratio≥1.5 or≤0.67 were retained,transformed to natural logarithms,and rounded to integers as score items.CPS performance was evaluated by the area-under-the-ROC curve(AUROC)with 95% confidence intervals(CI),and diagnostic accuracy at the different cut-offs.For the decision rule,HCV coinfection probability≥1% was agreed as test-threshold.RESULTS Among the 3045 enrolled HIV patients,106 had an HCV coinfection.Of the 11 candidate predictors(from history-taking,laboratory testing),seven had an adjusted likelihood ratio≥1.5 or≤0.67:≥50 years(+1 point),diabetes mellitus(+1),partner/household member with liver disease(+1),generalized pruritus(+1),platelets<200×10^(9)/L(+1),aspartate transaminase(AST)<30 IU/L(-1),AST-to-platelet ratio index(APRI)≥0.45(+1),and APRI<0.45(-1).The AUROC was 0.84(95%CI:0.80-0.89),indicating good discrimination of HCV/HIV coinfection and HIV mono-infection.The CPS result≥0 best fits the test-threshold(negative predictive value:99.2%,95%CI:98.8-99.6).Applying this threshold,30%(n=926)would be tested.Sixteen coinfections(15%)would have been missed,none with advanced fibrosis.CONCLUSION The CPS performed well in the derivation cohort,and bears potential for other contexts of low-to-intermediate prevalence and little onward risk of transmission(i.e.cohorts without major risk factors as injecting drug use,men having sex with men),and where available resources do not allow to test all HIV patients as recommended by WHO.However,the score requires external validation in other patient cohorts before any wider use can be considered.

Roles of the eye care workforce for task sharing in management of diabetic retinopathy in Cambodia

AIM： To identify the current roles of eye and health care workers in eye care delivery and investigate their potential roles in screening and detection for management of diabetic retinopathy（DR） through task sharing.METHODS： Purposive sampling of 24 participants including health administrators, members from non-government organizations and all available eye care workers in Takeo province were recruited. This cross sectional mixed method study comprised a survey and in-depth interviews. Data were collected from medical records at Caritas Takeo Eye Hospital（CTEH） and Kiri Vong District Referral Hospital Vision Centre, and a survey and interviews with participants were done to explore the potential roles for task sharing in DR management. Qualitative data were transcribed into a text program and then entered into N-Vivo（version 10） software for data management and analysis. RESULTS： From 2009 to 2012, a total of 105 178 patients were examined and 14 030 eye surgeries were performed in CTEH by three ophthalmologists supported by ophthalmic nurses in operating and eye examination for patients. Between January 2011 and September 2012, 151 patients（72 males） with retinal pathology including 125（83%） with DR visited CTEH. In addition 170 patients with diabetes were referred to CTEH for eye examinations from Mo Po Tsyo screening programs for people with diabetes. Factors favouring task sharing included high demand for eye care services and scarcity of ophthalmologists.CONCLUSION： Task sharing and team work for eye care services is functional. Participants favor the potential role of ophthalmic nurses in screening for DR through task sharing.