Present Situation and Prospective of Camellia Nut Shells Utilization

With the rapid development of Camellia oleifera industry, more and more Camellia nut shells have been produced, leading to serious environmental pollution problem. This paper reviews the works on the characterization of the physical and chemical properties of Camellia nut shells, active ingredient extraction, its application in chemical production, growing media and animal feed and its properties as a biomass. Based on the review, we proposed a novel all-component high value application strategy to covert camellia nut shells into high value biomasses, which could realize waste recycling and environmental protection.

Coating of Mineral Acids with Niobic Solid Acid for Preparing Furfural from Nut Shell of Camellia oleifera Abel

Nut shell of Camellia oleifera Abel which has large scale of plantation in mountainous region of southern China is abundant renewable resource. The nut shell is suitable for preparation of furfural, as the content of which is as much as 16% (based the dried nut shell). In early time, mineral acids were employed as typically catalyst for preparing of furfural from the nut shells. These mineral acids could pollute water and corrode equipment. In this paper we used various mineral acids coating with niobic acid as catalysts to investigate reactions for preparation of furfural. Among these catalysts, the catalyst of sulfuric acid coating with niobic acid was found to be very effective, which had higher hammett acidity and better effect of hydrolysis of the nut shells;The catalysts of sulfuric acid coating with niobic acid was characterized, and the conditions of preparation of the catalyst were investigated. The optimum conditions were: sulfuric acid as coating acid, the concentration of sulfuric 1.1 mol/L, impregnation time 8 h, calcination time 8 h and calcination temperature 450°C. Then hydrolysis of the nut shells was explored, the optimum conditions were as follows: dose of catalyst 20%, ratio of solid to liquid 1:15, reaction temperature 100°C, reaction time 4 h;Under this condition, the yield of furfural was 8.7%.

不同比例油茶果壳在有机肥发酵过程中养分变化特征解析

为油茶果壳废弃物寻求有效综合利用方式,将占比为40%(C1)、50%(C2)、60%(C3)的油茶果壳与一定比例的粪肥、油茶饼粕、尿素、磷酸二氢钾以及固体混合菌剂混合后,进行堆肥发酵。分析不同配比的油茶果壳在有机肥发酵过程中有机质(SOM)、有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)、总养分、C/N等理化指标的变化特征,利用可见吸收光谱法(Vis)和红外光谱法(FTIR)表征发酵过程中有机物结构变化特征。结果表明:C3处理组为发酵最佳的有机肥,SOM、SOC、C/N值在第6个月达到最高,分别为69.37、40.24、10.95 g·kg^(-1),且均高于C1和C2处理组。而三个处理组中TN、TP、TK、总养分含量无明显变化,且处理组之间差异不显著。最后根据E4/E6值和FTIR图,得出C3处理组在发酵后第2个月进入腐殖化稳定阶段,腐殖化周期最短,腐殖质中芳构化和缩合度最多,并且推测出C3处理组在发酵过程中有机物降解规律。表明在有机肥发酵过程中,油茶果壳比例越高,越有利于有机肥中养分的积累,越有利于有机肥的腐熟。本研究为油茶果壳有机肥后续实验提供数据参考,同时为油茶果壳的处理提供一种有效的综合利用方式。

改性HZSM-5对油茶籽壳催化热解特性的影响

为改善油茶籽壳热解产物分布和油茶籽壳生物油成分特性,制备了金属Co、Mg和Cu改性的HZSM-5并用于油茶籽壳催化热解。对改性后的HZSM-5进行了表征,表征结果显示改性后的HZSM-5微观形貌没有改变,但比表面积有了较大幅度的降低。金属Mg负载改性的HZSM-5有利于油茶籽壳热解产生更多的液相产物,而金属Cu负载改性的HZSM-5则有利于油茶籽壳热解产生更多的气相产物。金属Co和Cu改性的HZSM-5提高了油茶籽壳热解生物油中酚类的相对含量,降低了生物油中酸类物质的相对含量。