The active ingredients of Camellia japonica flowers(CJF)at high and low altitudes,as well as their skin care efficacy were compared.The dried red CJF at high and low altitudes were ultrasonically extracted with 70%eth...The active ingredients of Camellia japonica flowers(CJF)at high and low altitudes,as well as their skin care efficacy were compared.The dried red CJF at high and low altitudes were ultrasonically extracted with 70%ethanol,and these extracts were concentrated and then diluted to a constant volume.The content of total flavonoids,total polyphenols and total proteins was tested and analyzed.In addition,DPPH free radical scavenging,inhibition of the formation of advanced glycation end products,and inhibitory activity against elastase was measured to compare their skin care efficacy in anti-oxidation,anti-glycation,anti-wrinkling and firming.The results showed that,based on the dry weight of CJF,the content of total flavonoids and total proteins of the CJF at high altitude was approximately 1.5 times of the CJF at low altitude,while the content of total polyphenols was approximately 2.4 times that of the CJF at low altitude.The skin care efficacy of CJF at high altitude was significantly better than that of the CJF at low altitude.This work could provide theoretical basis for the selection and application of Camellia japonica flowers in the field of cosmetics.展开更多
In Japan,Camellia japonica and Camellia rusticana are naturally distributed.Despite differences in their habitats and morphologies,they have been classified by various researchers as either varieties,subspecies,or spe...In Japan,Camellia japonica and Camellia rusticana are naturally distributed.Despite differences in their habitats and morphologies,they have been classified by various researchers as either varieties,subspecies,or species.The taxonomic position of C.japonica and C.rusticana remain unclear because morphological comparisons have been restricted to limited areas and quantitative data are scarce.C.rusticana grows in snowy places,unlike C.japonica.While C.japonica displays ornithophily,C.rusticana displays entomophily.Both species have adapted to different growing environments and pollinators,which have altered the morphology of flowers and leaves.We therefore quantitatively estimated the differentiation between these two taxa by comparing the morphologies of leaf hypodermis,flower form,petal color,and filament color in twenty populations.Our findings allowed us to differentiate these two species by the presence or absence of a leaf hypodermis.We also discovered an intermediate type of leaf hypodermis,which might also be caused by hybridization.Principal component analysis(PCA)indicated that the flower morphologies between these species were significantly different.The petal and filament colors were also significantly different.Our quantitative analysis suggests that speciation caused by differences in both pollinators and environment is one of the factors involved in this group.These findings in C.japonica and C.rusticana help to explain speciation processes for other species as well.展开更多
文摘The active ingredients of Camellia japonica flowers(CJF)at high and low altitudes,as well as their skin care efficacy were compared.The dried red CJF at high and low altitudes were ultrasonically extracted with 70%ethanol,and these extracts were concentrated and then diluted to a constant volume.The content of total flavonoids,total polyphenols and total proteins was tested and analyzed.In addition,DPPH free radical scavenging,inhibition of the formation of advanced glycation end products,and inhibitory activity against elastase was measured to compare their skin care efficacy in anti-oxidation,anti-glycation,anti-wrinkling and firming.The results showed that,based on the dry weight of CJF,the content of total flavonoids and total proteins of the CJF at high altitude was approximately 1.5 times of the CJF at low altitude,while the content of total polyphenols was approximately 2.4 times that of the CJF at low altitude.The skin care efficacy of CJF at high altitude was significantly better than that of the CJF at low altitude.This work could provide theoretical basis for the selection and application of Camellia japonica flowers in the field of cosmetics.
基金This work was supported by Sado City Grant for Scientific Research on Biodiversity and Tadami-machi(2014e2016)was supported in part by the JSPS KAKENHI(Grant Number JP15K07473).
文摘In Japan,Camellia japonica and Camellia rusticana are naturally distributed.Despite differences in their habitats and morphologies,they have been classified by various researchers as either varieties,subspecies,or species.The taxonomic position of C.japonica and C.rusticana remain unclear because morphological comparisons have been restricted to limited areas and quantitative data are scarce.C.rusticana grows in snowy places,unlike C.japonica.While C.japonica displays ornithophily,C.rusticana displays entomophily.Both species have adapted to different growing environments and pollinators,which have altered the morphology of flowers and leaves.We therefore quantitatively estimated the differentiation between these two taxa by comparing the morphologies of leaf hypodermis,flower form,petal color,and filament color in twenty populations.Our findings allowed us to differentiate these two species by the presence or absence of a leaf hypodermis.We also discovered an intermediate type of leaf hypodermis,which might also be caused by hybridization.Principal component analysis(PCA)indicated that the flower morphologies between these species were significantly different.The petal and filament colors were also significantly different.Our quantitative analysis suggests that speciation caused by differences in both pollinators and environment is one of the factors involved in this group.These findings in C.japonica and C.rusticana help to explain speciation processes for other species as well.
