Effects of Fungi Fusarium sp. to Rhizosphere Soil and Physiological Characteristics of Camellia oleifera Abel.

[Objectives]To study the effects of fungi Fusarium sp.to rhizosphere soil and physiological characteristics of Camellia oleifera Abel.[Methods]We investigated the effects of Fusarium sp.to rhizosphere soil nutrient element content and metabolites of C.oleifera.C.oleifera was inoculated with the suspension of Fusarium sp.in pot experiments and ammonium-N,available phosphorus,available potassi-um,organic matter,enzymes and pH of rhizosphere soil,MDA content,activity of SOD,POD of C.oleifera leaves were analyzed.[Results]Fusarium sp.stress significantly inhibited soil enzyme activities and significantly reduced available phosphorus content,especially for phospha-tase and sucrase.Antioxidant enzyme activities in C.oleifera tissues showed that Fusarium sp.stress significantly increased MDA and SOD enzyme activities and decreased POD enzyme activity.Especially,SOD enzyme activity was elevated by 53.86%compared with the CK group.In addition,analysis of the content of major metabolites in C.oleifera leaves showed that Fusarium sp.stress significantly reduced the content of total flavonoids,quercetin,isoquercitrin and isoquercitrin in C.oleifera leaves by 7.80%,50.00%and 75.90%,respectively.[Conclusions]Our results are an important step which showed strong resistance of C.oleifera and can give a novel insight for researches on the effects in the rhizosphere soil enzyme,soil nutrient elements and metabolites of C.oleifera under the Fusarium sp.too.

Study on the Redifferentiation Technology after the Dedifferentiation of Blades of Camellia oleifera Abel.

Based on selecting MS minimal medium, through changing the concentrations and additive amounts of two plant growth regulators of NAA and BA, the redifferentiation experiments of plant morphology on callus and embryos cell which got after the dedifferentiation of ＂Xianglin No.1＂ Camellia oleifera Abel. were carried out.The experimental results showed that callus lines with white, yellowish white or oyster colors, obvious uneven surface and loose texture were inoculated on the medium of MS ＋NAA（0.3 mg/L） ＋BA（2.0 mg/L） ＋saccharose（30 g/L） ＋agar（7 g/L）for 30 d,then multiple shoots were differentiated from the white protuberant part, moreover,the growth vigor was good. If inoculating using regeneration buds of C. oleifera, its multiplication coefficient was 6.50.

Flavonoid triglycosides from the seeds of Camellia oleifera Abel

Two flavonoid triglycosides, kaempferol 3-O-{ β-D-glucopyranosyl-（1→2）-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→ 6）]-β-D-glucopyranoside} （1） and kaempferol 3-O-{ β-D-xylopyranosyl-（1 → 2）-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→6）]-β-D-glucopyranoside } （2）, were isolated from the seed of Camellia oleifera Abel. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was established on the basis of its X-ray analysis. Their cytotoxic activities and anti-HIV-RT activities were evaluated.

Infrared-Spectral Characteristics of <i>Camellia oleifera</i>Shell/Meal during Composting

The compost products of Camellia oleifera shell/meal mixed at different mass ratios were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) at different composting stages to monitor the structural changes of their components. The results showed that the amount of Camellia oleifera meal significantly affected the composting rate of the shell, but did not change the degradation order and decomposition of the related compounds. During the composting process, microorganisms used the highly decomposable carbon source materials, such as proteins and sugars, first to grow and multiply, and then decomposed hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin by oxidative cleavage after these nutrients were consumed to a certain extent. The decomposition products were then condensed into more stable humic acids. The degradation rates of the compounds were directly proportional to the amount of Camellia oleifera?meal. The compounds in Camellia oleifera shell were composted faster with higher amounts of Camellia oleifera meals, resulting in less lignocellulose in the final products.

Coating of Mineral Acids with Niobic Solid Acid for Preparing Furfural from Nut Shell of Camellia oleifera Abel

Nut shell of Camellia oleifera Abel which has large scale of plantation in mountainous region of southern China is abundant renewable resource. The nut shell is suitable for preparation of furfural, as the content of which is as much as 16% (based the dried nut shell). In early time, mineral acids were employed as typically catalyst for preparing of furfural from the nut shells. These mineral acids could pollute water and corrode equipment. In this paper we used various mineral acids coating with niobic acid as catalysts to investigate reactions for preparation of furfural. Among these catalysts, the catalyst of sulfuric acid coating with niobic acid was found to be very effective, which had higher hammett acidity and better effect of hydrolysis of the nut shells;The catalysts of sulfuric acid coating with niobic acid was characterized, and the conditions of preparation of the catalyst were investigated. The optimum conditions were: sulfuric acid as coating acid, the concentration of sulfuric 1.1 mol/L, impregnation time 8 h, calcination time 8 h and calcination temperature 450°C. Then hydrolysis of the nut shells was explored, the optimum conditions were as follows: dose of catalyst 20%, ratio of solid to liquid 1:15, reaction temperature 100°C, reaction time 4 h;Under this condition, the yield of furfural was 8.7%.

中国主要油茶产区山茶炭疽菌群体遗传结构分析

以中国主要油茶产区的油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel.)炭疽病优势种山茶炭疽菌(Colletotrichum camelliae)的16个地理种群168个菌株为供试材料,应用ISSR分子标记技术进行遗传多样性和种群遗传结构分析。16个地理种群的多态位点百分比(PPB)为98.99%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(He)为0.28,Shannon信息多样性指数(Is)为0.43,遗传相似度(I)平均为0.834,遗传距离(D)平均为0.183,表明山茶炭疽菌遗传多样性水平较高且异质性较强,种群间存在一定程度的遗传变异,遗传距离与地理距离之间无相关性。湖北省、浙江省、江西省、湖南省和广西5个省级种群总基因多样度(Ht)为0.274 8,遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.517 4,基因流(Nm)为0.466 4,表明山茶炭疽菌5个省级种群虽然被分化,但是不存在基因流动现象(Nm<1)。

基于转录组测序的油茶SSR、SNP和InDel位点特征分析

基于油茶转录组测序数据,利用MISA和GATK3软件对SSR、SNP和InDel位点进行搜索。结果表明:在169652条unigene序列中共发现92228个SSR位点,出现频率54.37%,平均分布距离1.61 kb。油茶转录组SSR位点中,单核苷酸和二核苷酸是主要的重复类型,A/T和AG/CT是主要的重复基元类型,基元重复次数主要集中在5~11次,基序长度主要集中在12~20 bp。共得到1912501个SNP位点,转换类型SNP数量多于颠换类型SNP数量,转换类型中A/G数量最多,而颠换类型中A/T数量最多。共筛选出298984个InDel位点。油茶转录组SSR、SNP和InDel位点数量多、类型丰富,能够为油茶分子标记开发、种质资源评价、亲缘关系鉴定等研究提供支撑。

江西不同生境五个长林系列油茶生长和产量的相关分析

【目的】旨在明确5个长林系列油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel.)与区域生境之间的关系,为江西省不同地区选择种植油茶品种提供理论支持。【方法】在江西东、南、西、北、中5个区域共设置了13个固定监测样地,测定并分析5个长林系列油茶在不同区域的树体生长性状、果实形态特征、果实产量、果实经济性状等指标;计算各参试性状的重复力和变异系数,并对参试性状与生境进行相关分析。【结果】5个长林品种参试性状在不同区域差异显著,株高、冠幅等生长性状整体表现为在江西南部较为迅速。长林3、长林4和长林40的果实形状区域特征差异不显著,长林18生长较差,果形指数小于1,显著低于其他4个品种。果实经济性状总体表现为江西西部比北部、东部更好,其中长林53果实横纵径、单果重、单果体积、鲜出籽率、单株产量、单位投影面积产量均表现较好。参试性状的重复力较高,均大于0.6。单位产量和单位面积产量变异系数波动范围较大(29.52%~66.06%),种仁含油率变异系数波动范围较小(8.76%~12.78%)。参试性状与年均降水和土壤PH的相关性不显著,与经度,纬度、海拔、年均温度等存在一定相关性,表现为株高和冠幅与海拔呈显著负相关,与速效钾和碱解氮呈显著正相关;地径和经度呈显著正相关;干出籽率与经度和纬度呈显著负相关。【结论】江西5个长林系列油茶从南到北树体逐渐高大,产量逐渐增加,但果实经济指标逐渐变差。长林53、长林3单株产量和单位投影面积产量较高,是丰产型树种可在全省推广,长林18可在赣东、赣西两个区域作为配栽品种少量种植。该研究为江西省不同地区选择种植油茶品种提供了理论支持。

授粉品种对油茶结实及果实主要性状的影响

为了提高油茶果实产量,以湖北省油茶4个主栽品种(‘长林53’‘鄂油102’‘华金’‘华鑫’)为试材进行授粉配置实验,统计坐果率,并测定分析主要果实性状。研究结果表明:授粉组合对各品种的坐果率、单果重、横径、籽粒重、鲜果出籽率、干果出籽率、干籽出仁率、种仁含油量有显著影响;‘长林53’ב鄂油102’组合的坐果率较高;‘长林53’ב鄂油102’、‘华金’ב鄂油102’2个组合在单果重、横径、纵径和籽粒重方面较同母本其他组合更加突出。‘华鑫’是‘华金’的优良授粉品种,‘鄂油102’是‘华鑫’与‘长林53’的优良授粉品种;‘长林53’ב鄂油102’、‘华金’ב华鑫’、‘华金’ב鄂油102’是3个性状优良的授粉组合。该研究为油茶高产栽培提供了理论参考。

油茶粕制备腐植酸钾肥及其对植物生长作用的研究

油茶粕是油茶提油后的副产物,一直以来对油茶粕的综合利用水平较低。为促进油茶粕资源化处理,减少油茶粕堆放及燃烧处理带来的污染问题,该研究采用反应釜水热解法对油茶粕粉末进行热解,并利用响应面法模拟优化热解条件制备油茶粕腐植酸钾,同时对比分析了油茶粕腐植酸钾肥和矿源腐植酸钾对绿豆芽的生长影响。结果表明,以腐植酸钾产率为考察指标,经过响应面法试验验证提取的腐植酸钾产率最佳,工艺参数为:反应时间90 min,反应温度180℃,KOH添加比例20%。在此条件下,油茶粕腐植酸钾的产率最高达到60.1%。油茶粕水热制备的腐植酸钾肥对绿豆芽生长的影响明显优于矿源腐植酸钾和自来水。

油茶中三萜皂苷及其生物活性研究进展

油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel.)是我国特有的木本油料作物,也是世界四大木本油料树种之一,被誉为“东方油橄榄”。油茶中主要含有三萜类、酚类、黄酮类和甾醇类等生物活性物质,其中三萜皂苷是油茶中最主要的生物活性成分,在体内、体外具有广泛的生理作用,是一种潜在的食品功能成分。油茶中三萜皂苷因皂苷母核上苷元取代基团、糖体及有机酸种类以及连接方式的不同而种类众多。由于生物合成代谢和生理活性变化,油茶中三萜皂苷的总含量受到油茶品种、植物部位、成熟度和贮藏时间等因素影响。本文综述了油茶籽、根、茎、花、叶等部位及油茶籽加工副产物果壳、饼、粕等不同来源的三萜皂苷种类和含量,分析和讨论了油茶中三萜皂苷抗癌、抗氧化、抗微生物、杀虫、溶血鱼毒、抗炎、神经保护、心血管保护、降血糖和降血脂等生物活性及其分子机制,以更好地了解油茶中三萜皂苷的潜在健康功效,为基于油茶三萜皂苷的功能食品开发和油茶资源的综合利用提供理论基础。

油茶籽不同加工技术产生的副产物成分测定及对比研究

本研究旨在对油茶籽饼、油茶籽粕和油茶籽仁粉的性状、常规营养成分和主要生物活性成分进行测定和对比分析。研究结果显示:与油茶籽饼和油茶籽粕相比,油茶籽仁粉性状优势突出,为类白色粉末,苦涩味淡,呈多孔蜂窝状微观结构;富含营养和生物活性成分,其粗蛋白质、总糖和油茶皂苷含量较高,分别为11.66%、38.50%和18.85%;粗纤维和单宁含量较低,分别为8.60%和1.25%。以上结果表明,油茶籽仁粉的性状、常规营养成分和主要生物活性成分都优于油茶籽饼和油茶籽粕,具有作为新型和特色饲料资源开发利用的巨大潜力。

喷施茉莉酸甲酯对油茶幼苗叶片生理生化的影响

探讨喷施茉莉酸甲酯对油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel.)幼苗叶片生理生化的影响,以湘林27号、湘林36号、长林3号和长林4号4种贵州省天柱县主栽油茶品种的2年生嫁接苗为研究材料,采用露地栽培的方法,以6种不同浓度(0、100、300、600、1 000、1 500 μmol/L)的茉莉酸甲酯处理进行试验,测定4种油茶品种叶片中抗氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖等7个生理指标的变化情况。结果表明,100 μmol/L茉莉酸甲酯喷施处理有利于提高油茶幼苗叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,有效降低丙二醛含量,增加可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸的含量。

不同施肥方案对油茶产量和品质的影响

为探究不同施肥方案对油茶及其果实的生长及产量的影响。以都匀市国有平浪林场为试验地点,设置有机肥和复合肥2种肥料处理,0.60、0.80、1.00 kg/(株·a)3种施肥量,对不同施肥方式下油茶及其果实的生长情况和品质状况进行评估,比较了不同施肥方案对油茶及其果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明:处理组B2油茶及其果实的品质和产量相对较好,其株高、冠幅、地径、产量相较于对照组分别提高了:35.58%、49.46%、56.85%、63.96%;油茶果实的单果尺寸、单果质量、鲜果含油率、种仁含油率、干出仁率、干出籽率相较于对照组分别提高了:35.51%、85.85%、33.98%、32.09%、15.97%、34.17%。试验结果可为油茶的科学施肥提供理论依据。

鲜油茶籽贮藏过程中的微观结构及酶活特性变化

为探究鲜油茶籽在贮藏过程中的微观结构和酶活特性变化,以黔产油茶籽为试验对象,利用扫描电子显微镜跟踪鲜油茶籽在贮藏期间的微观结构,利用酶标仪测定过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、脂氧合酶、脂肪酶、乙醇脱氢酶活性变化,最后进行相关性分析。结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,鲜油茶籽细胞组织结构出现萎缩和坍塌,细胞内含物逐渐减少;酶的活性响应变化各不相同,多酚氧化酶及脂肪酶活性持续增高,脂氧合酶活性逐渐降低;过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶协同发挥作用,清除因活性氧代谢失衡产生的自由基进而减缓鲜油茶籽品质劣变。研究结果为油茶籽贮藏过程中的质量调控提供科学依据。

衡阳县油茶产业发展现状及对策

以衡阳县油茶产业为研究对象,综合运用文献调研和实地考察等方法,全面分析了近年来衡阳县油茶产业的发展历程和现状,发现目前在油茶选育种植、科技推广、加工销售、资金补贴、产业模式等各方面依然存在着一些问题和困难。针对上述问题,结合衡阳县的实际情况,进一步提出了推进油茶选育、种植和林下经济建设,加强科技推广、促进成果转化,推动精深加工、提高宣传力度,加强资金补贴和政策扶持,推进新的产业模式建设等发展对策与建议,旨在促进衡阳县油茶产业实现高质量发展。

乙烯利喷施对油茶脂肪酸成分和果实生长发育的影响

为促进植物激素乙烯利调控油茶脂肪酸成分含量和果实生长发育,以‘湘林210’为试验材料,采用GC-MS分析技术和田间试验观测等手段,研究在油脂合成初期喷施1.5 g·L^(-1)乙烯利对油茶果实发育过程中种仁含油率、脂肪酸成分含量和果实性状指标的影响。结果表明,喷施乙烯利后虽然对果实成熟期种仁含油率无显著影响,但可显著提高处理后7和30 d的种仁含油率,分别提高了36.53%和3.37%;喷施乙烯利后可以显著提高果实成熟期种仁亚油酸、亚麻酸和棕榈酸含量,分别提高了11.92%、11.54%和3.53%;却显著降低了花生烯酸和硬脂酸含量,分别降低了13.79%和14.51%;喷施乙烯利后显著降低了油茶果实发育过程中的果皮厚度和种仁含水率,分别降低了22.03%和7.36%;但对鲜果质量、鲜籽质量、鲜出籽率、果实的横径和纵径,以及叶片叶绿素和胡萝卜素含量的影响不显著。

超高压法提取油茶籽粕中茶皂素的工艺研究

以油茶籽粕为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面法优化超高压提取茶皂素的工艺条件。结果表明:超高压提取茶皂素的最佳工艺条件为提取压力308 MPa、提取时间8.5 min、乙醇体积分数65%、料液比1∶20(g/mL),在此条件下茶皂素得率为19.87%。

Development of a Rapid and Simple Non-Derivatization Method to Determine Constituents and Antioxidative Capacity of Camellia Oils by HPTLC

Camellia oil is an edible vegetable oil with high value of nutrition and health protection function such as antioxidant and adjusting blood fat. In this study, a simple, rapid and effective HPTLC method was developed for analyzing the composition and antioxidant constituents of camellia oil. The HPTLC was performed on G60 plate with n-hexane-diethyl ether-acetic acid (6:4:0.1, v/v/v) as mobile phase combined with two coloration methods (ethanol containing 10% phosphomolybdic acid, ethanol containing 0.03% DPPH) and scanning densitometry technique. The unsaturated fatty glyceride, free fatty acids, sterols and lipids including triolein, oleic acid, ergosterin, β-sitosterol, tocopherol and phospholipids in camellia oils were determined and performed densitometrically at λs1 = 620 nm and λs2 = 517 nm. The results show that the main components of different samples of camellia oil are similar, however the contents are diverse. The antioxidative test shows that camellia oil has obvious antioxidant capability as olive oil, especially the pressed virgin oil. Therefore, this non-derivatization HPTLC method can be used for composition and antioxidative capacity determination of camellia oils.

油茶常用自制有机肥主要营养成分比较分析

分析比较了湖北省油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel.)企业、专业合作社、种植大户自制的7种有机肥(A、B、C、D、E、F、G)主要营养成分和重金属含量,7种有机肥有机质含量为15.5%~33.2%,均低于行业标准NY/T 525—2021《有机肥料》规定有机质的质量分数45%的要求;总养分含量在4.56%~8.89%,F类型肥料总养分含量为4.56%,低于《有机肥料》规定的5.0%总养分要求;重金属镉和砷的含量分别在0.405~1.820 mg/kg、4.44~10.60 mg/kg,符合行业标准。建议油茶企业、专业合作社、种植大户在自制有机肥过程中,增加植物秸秆等农业废弃物的使用,提高有机质含量,在油茶成林(树龄5年以上)施肥过程中,7种有机肥用量按8.33~16.67 kg/株、14.52~29.03 kg/株、9.57~19.15 kg/株、9.07~18.15 kg/株、6.78~13.55 kg/株、9.91~18.82 kg/株、10.42~20.83 kg/株施用,同时配合使用氮、磷、钾等无机肥,确保油茶林正常生长和果实产量。