Synthesis and Characterization of Phenyl Camellia oleifera Seed Oil Ester Plasticizing PVC

Plasticizers are essential additives in the processing of polyvinyl chloride(PVC),with phthalate plasticizers being widely used.However,these conventional plasticizers have been shown to be harmful to human health and environmentally unfriendly,necessitating the exploration of eco-friendly bio-based alternatives.In this study,Camellia oleifera seed oil,a specialty resource in China,was utilized as a raw material and reacted with 4,4′-Methylenebis(N,N-diglycidylaniline)(AG-80)to synthesize Phenyl Camellia seed Oil Ester(PCSOE).PCSOE was employed as a plasticizer to prepare modified PVC films with varying concentrations,with the conventional plasticizer dioctyl phthalate(DOP)serving as a control.Experimental results demonstrate that PSCOE-plasticized PVC films exhibit enhanced hydrophilicity,tensile strength,and thermal stability compared to DOP-modified PVC films.The contact angle of PSCOE-plasticized PVC films ranges from 66.26°to 78.48°,which is generally lower than the contact angle of DOP-modified PVC films at 78.40°,indicating improved hydrophilicity due to the modification with PCSOE.The tensile strength of PSCOE-plasticized PVC films ranges from 17.73 to 20.17 MPa,all surpassing the value of 16.41 MPa for DOP-modified PVC films.Moreover,the temperatures corresponding to 5%,10%,and 50%weight loss for PVC samples modified with PCSOE are higher than those for DOP.Hence,PCSOE presents a viable alternative to DOP as a plasticizer for PVC materials.

Effects of Different Picking Time and Different Geographical Provenances on Oil Content of Camellia oleifera

This paper studied effects of different picking time and different geographical provenances on oil content of Camellia oleifera. The results showed that different picking time had significant effects on the oil content of cold dew seeds and frost's descent seeds. With the delay of picking time,the oil content of cold dew seeds,frost's descent seeds,dry seeds and oil content of seed kernels were significantly increased.There was a significantly positive correlation between the oil content of fresh fruit of cold dew seeds and frost's descent seeds and the dry seed yield of fresh seeds and the oil content of fresh fruit( P < 0. 05),and the correlation coefficient was greater than 0. 85. Besides,the oil content of seed kernels of cold dew seeds was closely correlated with the seed yield of fresh seeds,oil content of fresh fruit,and oil content of fresh seeds. In the process of C. oleifera breeding,the thin coat,high seed yield and high oil content can be taken as the key research directions for future breeding. The oil content of ordinary C. oleifera seeds in 18 counties( cities) was 36. 42%-63. 33%,indicating that there were significant differences in the oil content of C. oleifera in different geographical provenances. In conclusion,according to the study of different picking time,the recommended picking time of cold dew seeds in Hunan area is around October 10,while the best picking time of frost's descent seeds is about October 30. The oil content of C. oleifera fruit in different geographical provenances is quite different. During the development of C. oleifera fruit,the cultivation and management of C. oleifera should be strengthened to increase the oil content of C. oleifera.

Plasticizing Effect of Camellia oleifera Seed-Oil-Based Plasticizer on PVC Material Modification

In this study,as the plasticizer,Camellia oleifera seed-oil-based cyclohexyl ester(COSOCE)was prepared by the reaction of cyclohexene oxide and refined C.oleifera seed oil(RCOSO)obtained by acidification hydrolysis after saponification.In addition,the structure of the target product was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy,and Raman spectroscopy.COSOCE was used as plasticizer-modified polyvinyl chloride(PVC)membranes.The structure of the COSOCE-modified PVC membranes were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The properties of the COSOCE-modified PVC membrane were characterized by contact angle measurements,universal testing machine,thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC).The results revealed that(1)The COSOCE-modified PVC membranes exhibit a good microscopic morphology.Combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)and contact angle measurement results,the COSOCE-modified PVC membranes are confirmed to be a hydrophilic material.(2)The modified PVC membrane with 60%COSOCE exhibited the best mechanical properties.The tensile strength reached 23.56±2.94 MPa.(3)COSOCE-modified PVC material exhibited better thermal stability,with a loss rate of less than 75%at the end of the first decomposition stage.Compared with that of the dioctyl-phthalate(DOP)-modified PVC membrane,the initial decomposition temperature of PVC was increased by 1.17°C–8.17°C,and the residual rate was increased by 0.67%–5.75%.The carbon–carbon double bond in the COSOCE molecular structure can remove the free radicals generated during the degradation of PVC material and slow down the decomposition rate of PVC.In addition,the double bond can be cross-linked partially with the PVC molecular chain containing the conjugated polyene structure,thereby increasing the movement resistance of the PVC molecular chain segment.Hence,COSOCE can replace DOP as a PVC plasticizer.

木本植物适应酸性土壤机理的研究进展——以胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor)和油茶(Camellia oleifera)为例

综述了近年来木本植物适应酸性土壤的耐铝机理研究进展,重点以酸性土壤先锋植物胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor)和铝累积植物油茶(Camellia oleifera)为例,总结了木本植物根系有机酸的分泌、铝吸收和运输机制及铝与氮磷胁迫的协同适应等。木本植物有铝累积和铝排斥植物之分;铝排斥植物胡枝子耐铝的重要机制是其根系同时分泌柠檬酸和苹果酸;铝累积植物油茶高效累积铝的原因在于其不仅可以高效吸收土壤和土壤溶液中广泛存在的铝(Al3+和Al-F),而且可以通过木质部运输和特定季节韧皮部运输的配合实现铝的高效分配和传输;铵态氮相对于硝态氮可缓解胡枝子的铝毒害;磷对不同胡枝子耐铝作用的影响明显不同。木本植物适应酸性土壤机理的深入研究将会有助于完善植物的耐铝机理及铝运输理论,并为酸性土壤中矿质养分管理提供理论基础。

Development of a Rapid and Simple Non-Derivatization Method to Determine Constituents and Antioxidative Capacity of Camellia Oils by HPTLC

Camellia oil is an edible vegetable oil with high value of nutrition and health protection function such as antioxidant and adjusting blood fat. In this study, a simple, rapid and effective HPTLC method was developed for analyzing the composition and antioxidant constituents of camellia oil. The HPTLC was performed on G60 plate with n-hexane-diethyl ether-acetic acid (6:4:0.1, v/v/v) as mobile phase combined with two coloration methods (ethanol containing 10% phosphomolybdic acid, ethanol containing 0.03% DPPH) and scanning densitometry technique. The unsaturated fatty glyceride, free fatty acids, sterols and lipids including triolein, oleic acid, ergosterin, β-sitosterol, tocopherol and phospholipids in camellia oils were determined and performed densitometrically at λs1 = 620 nm and λs2 = 517 nm. The results show that the main components of different samples of camellia oil are similar, however the contents are diverse. The antioxidative test shows that camellia oil has obvious antioxidant capability as olive oil, especially the pressed virgin oil. Therefore, this non-derivatization HPTLC method can be used for composition and antioxidative capacity determination of camellia oils.

Processing technology of Camellia oleifera seed

Camellia oleifera industry plays a key role in the safety of edible oils in China,and its seed has great potential for comprehensive utilization.This review mainly introduced processing technology of Camellia seed,which included pretreatment,extraction,and high value utilization.The comprehensive utilization and nutritional value of Camellia seed were discussed.Microwave is the best pretreatment method,and shelling technology can improve oil yield.Cold pressing technology was widely accepted and aqueous enzymatic method had wide prospects.Comprehensive utilization technology of Camellia oleifera cake mainly focused on saponin extracting.In the future,processing technology of Camellia seed will be further developed in the direction of improving comprehensive utilization rate to meet new consumption demand.

基于关键气象因子的油茶种仁含油率预测模型构建

含油率是油茶重要的经济性状,构建油茶含油率预测模型对于茶油产量预报有重要的意义。本研究以普通油茶为研究对象,通过分析油茶种仁含油率与不同气象因子的关系,确定影响油茶种仁含油率的关键气象因子,然后用回归分析法构建基于关键气象因子的油茶含油率预测模型,并用独立资料检验预测模型效果。结果表明:8月平均气温、8月最高气温、9月最高气温、油脂转化积累高峰期最高气温与含油率呈显著的负相关关系。通过逐步回归分析法拟合得到了3个油茶含油率预测模型,用独立资料检验后,发现基于9月降水量(x_(1))、9月最高气温(x_(2))和油脂转化积累高峰期最长连续无降水天数(x3)的油茶种仁含油率(y)预测模型(y=79.46-0.03x_(1)-0.86x_(2)-0.30x3)效果好,平均相对误差为4.6%,可应用于普通油茶种仁含油率预测。

温州地区赣无油茶含油率及脂肪酸成分动态变化研究

随着康养产业的发展,茶油作为符合健康标准的食用油越来越受人们的关注。为了解温州地区引种的赣林系列油茶品种赣无1、赣无2的成熟期含油率及脂肪酸成分变化,研究测定6个不同时间点油茶的鲜果重、出干籽率以及茶籽成分和脂肪酸组成等指标。结果显示,赣无1、赣无2油茶鲜果重随着时间的延迟呈降低趋势,而出干籽率则呈上升趋势。蛋白质和可溶性糖含量逐步降低,而淀粉含量则逐步升高,脂肪酸含量则先逐步上升,随后基本稳定。2个品种的脂肪含量最高分别为4.49和4.51 g·kg^(-1),均达到了良种标准。茶油脂肪酸中硬脂酸、油酸含量随着时间的延迟逐步升高,亚油酸、α-亚麻酸含量则随着时间的延迟逐步降低。

油茶籽油品质性状研究进展

油茶籽油的品质和质量是衡量油茶品质的关键标准之一。目前,油茶籽油品质高低的评价指标主要集中在理化性质、脂肪酸组成及功能性营养成分等方面。其中不饱和脂肪酸总量、角鲨烯、维生素E的含量以及酸值、过氧化值等是评价油茶籽油品质的重要依据之一。随着油茶籽油品质性状的比较研究逐渐增多,对于这些性状合成相关基因的集中研究显得不够深入,并且大多数基因之间的相互作用机制尚未清楚。为进一步了解品质性状对油茶良种选育的影响,为选育高品质油茶品种提供参考,本文综述了油茶籽油脂肪酸组成及生物活性成分等品质性状的研究,并探讨了影响品质性状的因素。同时,分析了脂肪酸和功能性营养成分合成代谢相关基因的深层次分子研究进展,对开发油茶重要品质性状关联的分子标记具有指导意义。

油茶籽油生物活性成分、风味物质及脂质组成研究进展

油茶是世界四大木本油料作物之一,油茶籽油是富含不饱和脂肪酸的传统食用油,备受人们青睐。生物活性成分含量、风味物质和脂质组成是评价植物油品质和消费者选择食用油的重要依据。油茶籽油生物活性成分主要有角鲨烯、生育酚、植物甾醇、多酚和类胡萝卜素,其具有抗炎、抗氧化和抗肿瘤等作用。本文对油茶籽油生物活性成分、风味物质以及脂质组成的最新研究进展进行了全面概述,重点介绍了油茶籽油中生物活性成分的种类和功效、挥发性风味物质和脂质组成检测方法、产生挥发性化合物的物质基础及影响油茶籽油风味形成的因素,并对油茶籽油产业的健康发展进行了展望。

糖基化修饰对油茶油脂体界面结构及稳定性的影响

油脂体是植物种子储油细胞器,由单层磷脂与界面蛋白共同稳定。为增加油脂体的pH稳定性,选用葡萄糖和乳糖为羰基供体,通过糖基化修饰油茶油脂体的界面结构。通过粒径及Zeta-电位的变化综合评估油脂体物理稳定性,采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳考察油脂体膜蛋白分子质量变化,采用Thermo Scientific Pierce BCA试剂盒分析油脂体膜蛋白溶解度的变化,并利用拉曼共聚焦显微镜观察油脂体界面结构的变化。结果表明:糖基化反应增大了油茶油脂体粒径,但粒径分布更均一,而Zeta-电位未发生显著变化(p>0.05);葡萄糖和乳糖与油脂体质量比分别为2∶1和5∶1时糖基化油脂体膜蛋白溶解度最高,分别比对照组(未糖基化油脂体)提升了26.8倍和16.1倍。糖基化后油脂体膜蛋白分子质量小幅增大;拉曼光谱分析表明糖与油脂体膜蛋白成功接枝。综上,糖基化有利于提高油茶油脂体稳定性。

油茶巢式交配子代油脂相关性状的遗传分析

【目的】探究油茶种内杂交和种间杂交的亲本选配机制,为油茶高含油率杂交育种选育提供指导。【方法】以油茶巢式交配设计的种内、种间杂交子代为材料,分别测定种仁含油率、木质素、纤维素和半纤维素含量,分析母本的一般配合力(GCA)、杂交组合的特殊配合力(SCA),解析重要性状的遗传效应。【结果】12个家系的种仁含油率为17.83%~53.55%,木质素含量为4.68%~18.12%,纤维素含量为3.66%~13.04%,半纤维素含量0.54%~12.20%。种仁含油率、木质素、纤维素和半纤维素含量的差异在组合间和母本内父本间达到了显著水平。含油率和木质素、半纤维素含量呈显著负相关关系,其相关系数为-0.489和-0.297。长林4号种仁含油率的GCA最高,达到1.57。各组合的SCA分析表明,含油率SCA为-6.38~4.28,其中含油率SCA高且其余3个性状SCA低的种内杂交组合有40×95和4×18。种间杂交组合含油率的SCA普遍较低,仅53×小2较高,为2.77。除木质素外,含油率、纤维素、半纤维素含量主要受显性效应控制,非加性方差大于加性方差,说明以这3个性状为目标的杂交育种中评估亲本的SCA比GCA更重要。4个性状的单株遗传力范围为10.84%~58.35%,家系遗传力为4.23%~.21.35%,均受到较强的环境效应影响。【结论】以配合力为参考指标,结合各组合的表型数据,选出可用于油茶高含油杂交种质创制的优良种内杂交组合40×95和4×18,种间杂交组合53×小2。

10t/d双螺杆榨油机压榨油茶籽的工艺研究

为提高油茶籽油的品质,减少传统油茶籽制油工艺对油茶籽油的营养成分损失,对日处理10t双螺杆榨油机压榨油茶籽的工艺进行了研究。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:油茶籽经过分级处理后入榨油茶仁水分控制在9%、油茶仁中含壳控制在8%时,压榨饼中残油率为2.49%,且产品符合一级油的国家标准。与市场上销售的油茶籽油相比,通过本工艺获得的油茶籽油中α-生育酚的保留率更高,从而进一步提高油茶籽油的营养价值,可为我国油茶籽油的高值化加工提供了技术参考。

影响油茶籽油品质的因素分析

油茶籽油属于高品质的烹饪食用油,还是一种新型的天然植物油。其营养价值丰富,且有益于人体健康,在世界范围内受到了广泛的研究与关注。然而,油茶籽油的品质受其品种特性、栽培方式、土壤性质、管理措施、加工工艺、海拔高度等诸多因素的影响,使油茶籽油的理化指标和成分含量等发生变化,因此有必要研究影响其品质的因素。本文对影响油茶籽油品质的因素,如产地、预处理方式、加工工艺、贮藏方式等进行了综合评述。

10种不同油茶籽仁含油率与脂肪酸组成

研究产自贵州、湖南和江西10种油茶籽仁含油率及其脂肪酸组成,为油茶选育与推广提供参考。采用索氏抽提法和气相色谱法分别检测样品的含油率和脂肪酸组成。结果表明,油茶籽仁含油率为26.79%±0.16%~54.98%±0.76%,其中,浙江红花(ZHH)油茶籽仁含油率最高,贵州松桃正大(岑软)油茶(GCR)最低;油茶籽油中含有棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和α-亚麻酸,其中,油酸是主要的不饱和脂肪酸,含量为70.82%±0.26%~84.13%±0.14%,引进品种(HYZ)油茶的油酸含量最高;亚油酸含量为4.62%±0.29%~16.2%±0.23%,GCR的亚油酸和α-亚麻酸含量最高;10种油茶籽油的棕榈酸含量为8.29%±0.04%~13.92%±0.26%;硬脂酸含量为1.38%±0.02%~2.80%±0.10%。油酸和亚油酸含量呈负相关,二者之和介于84.67%±0.19%~89.28%±0.04%。这些结果为油茶选育与推广提供参考。

不同施肥配方对油茶果实性状及品质动态发育影响

为促进油茶丰产稳产,通过对油茶林地合理施肥,提高油茶经济性状及果实品质。采用L_(9)(3^(4))四因素三水平9处理正交试验设计,在2022年7月、9月和10月中旬分别采取各处理油茶鲜果样品,分别测定其单果鲜质量、含油率和脂肪酸组分含量,找出对油茶果实单果质量、含油率、脂肪酸组分含量动态发育影响因素主次,以及对提高油茶经济性状及果实品质的适宜施肥配方。结果表明:对油茶单果鲜质量大小影响主次为有机肥>复合肥>施肥深度>缓释肥,以配方3配施后,单果质量较大;对油茶果实种仁含油率高低影响因素主次为复合肥>缓释肥>施肥深度>有机肥,以配方7、配方3和配方5配施后较高;对茶油不饱和脂肪酸含量影响因素主次为缓释肥>有机肥>施肥深度>复合肥,以配方1、配方2、配方3和配方4不饱和脂肪酸含量较高。综合得出,对油茶经济性状及果实品质影响因素主次为缓释肥>复合肥>施肥深度>有机肥,施肥最优配方为施肥深度40 cm+缓释肥0.5 kg+复合肥0.75 kg+有机肥7.5 kg。

基于最小数据集的桂中地区油茶林土壤质量评价

油茶是我国重要的木本植物油料之一,对维系国家的食用油安全至关重要,然而油茶遭遇低产困扰,相关研究表明这可能与土壤养分及其化学计量比相关。为提高油茶产量,研究土壤质量和产量的限制因素,旨在通过最小数据集法和化学计量比为合理施肥提供参考。选取桂中油茶主产区5个县市盛果期油茶林,测定土壤25种物理化学和酶活性指标,运用主成分分析等方法对油茶土壤理化、微生物及其化学计量比特性进行分析。采用土壤质量评价指数(SQI)对桂中地区油茶林土壤进行评价。结果表明:SOC、TN、NH_(4)^(+)-N、NO_(2)^(-)-N、AS、ACP等在高产林中值最高,相反TP、AK、AB、AMn在低产林中较低。桂中地区土壤C∶N、C∶P、N∶P均值与亚热带油茶土壤C∶N、C∶P、N∶P均值相比较低,而低产林土壤C∶N、C∶P、N∶P显著高于高中产林。选取SOC、TN、TP、AK、ACu、AMo共6个指标建立MDS,SOC权重最高,土壤质量比较为:高产>中产>低产,其SQI值分别为0.683、0.487、0.370。SQI与产量呈显著正相关(R^(2)=0.93)。土壤SOC是桂中地区油茶低产林的限制因子之一,并且AK、AB相对缺乏,受P限制较为明显。

Changes in PAH and 3-MCPDE contents at the various stages of Camellia oleifera seed oil refining

Objectives:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol ester(3-MCPDE)were studied in camellia oil.It is important to study the changes in the content of PAHs and 3-MCPDE at different refining stages(from crude oil to the final refined oil product)to elucidate the influence of the refining procedures on their change.Materials and methods:The PAHs and 3-MCPDE in camellia oil from different refining stages(from crude oil to the product)of a plant were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and calculated by the internal standard method.Results:The overall PAH content was(79.64±2.43)μg/kg in crude camellia oil.After refining treatment,the PAH content decreased to(18.75±0.55)μg/kg.The 3-MCPDE content increased during the refining process from 0 mg/kg in the crude oil to 4.62 mg/kg in the refined oil product.Conclusions:This is the first study to simultaneously monitor changes in both PAH and 3-MCPDE contents during the production of camellia oil.These results confirmed the effectiveness of the refining method on PAH removal and the increase in 3-MCPDE at high temperature.It is suggested that novel processing methods or refining parameters need further optimization to decrease the overall concentrations of PAHs and 3-MCPDE in camellia oil.

鲜油茶果快速制油工艺研究

为提高油茶果的制油效率,对传统油茶果制油工艺进行改进,采用先整果压破果壳再鼓风加热进行干燥达到蒲、壳与仁分离,得到的油茶籽仁经破碎烘干后进行压榨制油,经冷冻过滤得到成品油。对油茶籽仁烘干工艺条件和压榨工艺条件进行优化,以常温过滤为对照,对成品油的品质进行测定并考察了其在45℃储存18个月的稳定性。结果表明:油茶果干燥采用先压破果壳再鼓风加热可节约爆蒲(果壳炸开)时间0.5 h;油茶籽仁最佳烘干条件为烘干温度140℃,油茶籽仁颗粒直径6~8 mm,采用鼓风干燥;油茶籽仁含水率和油茶籽壳添加量对出油率有明显的影响,在添加30%油茶籽壳条件下,当含水率为3%时,出油率最高;油茶籽原油采用冷冻过滤得到的成品油的酸值(KOH)、过氧化值和苯并芘含量分别为0.6 mg/g、0.2 g/100 g和3μg/kg,符合食品安全国家标准要求,且储存稳定性优于常温过滤。该工艺节约了油茶果制油时间,提高了出油率和成品油的储存稳定性,可实现油茶籽油的快速制备。

不同加工工艺油茶籽油品质及其挥发性风味研究

以油茶籽为原料,对预处理后获得的油茶籽粉和制油、精炼工艺下的油茶籽油的理化性质、营养成分和挥发性风味成分进行研究。结果表明:预处理工艺采用自然晾晒法制得的油茶籽粉的酸价及过氧化值低于烘干处理油茶籽粉;角鲨烯、维生素E总量、α-生育酚、β-生育酚含量均显著高于烘干处理油茶籽粉;自然晾晒粉也保持了油茶籽的原生态风味。制油工艺采用低温冷榨工艺制得的油茶籽油的酸价及过氧化值较低;角鲨烯、维生素E含量较高;且挥发性风味成分较丰富。精炼后油茶籽油的氧化稳定性较好,但生物活性物质损失严重,风味也较弱。综上,自然晾晒结合低温冷榨及适度精炼工艺可以生产更具营养和风味特色的油茶籽油产品。