Assessment of spermatogenesis in camels via seminiferous tubule staging and testosterone profiling

Objective:To investigate the successive morphological stages of spermatogenesis,hormonal regulation,and testosterone profile in dromedary camel reproduction.Methods:Testicular tissue samples were obtained from 12 dromedary bull camels aged 7 to 8 at a local abattoir.The histological assessment involved tissue processing,hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)staining,and examination under a microscope.Stereological analysis,germ cell identification,and assessment of seminiferous tubules and maturation were conducted.Testosterone assay was performed by radioimmunoassay using blood samples collected at regular intervals.Results:The study revealed 12 phases of the dromedary camel's seminiferous epithelium cycle,highlighting distinct morphological characteristics and cellular processes.Acrosomal migration,maturation,cap formation,and the Golgi-mediated synthesis of proacrosomal vesicles were also explained in dimension,as were the steps of acrosome biogenesis.Spermatids and mature sperm cells were present when spermatogenesis phases were examined.An analysis of the dimensions of seminiferous tubules revealed specific measures for diameter,area,and epithelial height about luminal characteristics.Moreover,there were noticeable variations in the serum testosterone concentrations during the study period,indicating temporal dynamics.Conclusions:This study outlines the spermatogenesis process in dromedary camels across 12 stages,emphasizing cellular dynamics and acrosomal biogenesis.It also provides seminiferous tubule measurements and observes seasonal testosterone fluctuations,offering insights into reproductive regulation and potential strategies for camel breeding conservation.

关于融资租赁公司CAMELS风险评级简介

国内关于风险管理方面的研究,主要集中在金融风险的领域,对融资租赁风险的研究却很不足。融资租赁风险有其自身的特性,尤其是它的综合性特点(融资租赁业务把金融、贸易、设备技术等结合在一起)使得租赁风险的识别、鉴定、计量和管理具有其自身特点,使融资租赁公司的风险管理与其它金融机构的风险管理有所区别。本文主要运用CAMELS风险评级方法对融资租赁领域的应用给予简单介绍,期望对融资租赁风险控制领域的计量识别研究方面有所帮助。

Newcastle disease virus-based MERS-CoV candidate vaccine elicits high-level and lasting neutralizing antibodies in Bactrian camels

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus （MERS-CoV）, a member of the Coronavifidae family, is the causative pathogen for MERS that is characterized by high fever, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome （ARDS）, as well as extrapul- monary manifestations. Currently, there are no approved treatment regimens or vaccines for MERS. Here~ we generated recombinant nonvirulent Newcastle disease virus （NDV） LaSota strain expressing MERS-CoV S protein （designated as rLa- MERS-S）, and evaluated its immunogenicity in mice and Bactrian camels. The results revealed that rLa-MERS-S showed similar growth properties to those of LaSota in embryonated chicken eggs, while animal immunization studies showed that rLa-MERS-S induced MERS-CoV neutralizing antibodies in mice and camels. Our findings suggest that recombinant rLa- MERS-S may be a potential MERS-CoV veterinary vaccine candidate for camels and other animals affected by MERS.

Fecal microbiota of three bactrian camels(Camelus ferus and Camelus bactrianus) in China by high throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene

This study aimed to reveal the microbial diversity in the fecal samples of bactrian camels using the 16 S r RNA sequencing analysis on the Illumina Mi Seq platform. Three fecal samples were collected from two geographical regions in China. Operational taxonomic unit（OTU） clustering was performed by identifying an OTU at 97% sequence identity. The alpha and beta diversities were applied to estimate the differences in microbial diversity among the three fecal samples. Totally, 4409, 3151 and 4075 OTUs in the fecal samples were identified in the Lop Nor wild camel（Camelus ferus）, the domestic camel（C. bactrianus） and Dunhuang wild camel（C. ferus）, respectively. The majority of bactreria were affiliated with phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the three samples. The wild camels had higher gastrointestinal tract microbial diversity than the domestic one, while the microbial composition of the Lop Nor wild camel shared higher similarity with domestic camel at the genus and family levels than that of the Dunhuang wild camel did. Our results may provide a theoretical basis for assessing their health conditions and may thus be useful for protecting the critically endangered species of C. ferus.

我国8家上市中小型股份制商业银行竞争力研究——基于CAMELS模型

在我国12家中小型股份制商业银行中,招商银行、浦发银行、中信银行、中国光大银行、华夏银行、中国民生银行、平安银行和兴业银行均已在我国A股上市。在我国二阶银行体制下,中小型股份制商业银行作为金融体系中不可或缺的组成部分,在支付、储蓄、存款派生和信用创造等方面都扮演着极其重要的角色。因此,中小型股份制商业银行良好的竞争力对于储户、雇员、股东乃至整个国家经济的运行同样具有十分重要的意义。在本篇论文中,我们尝试着利用CAMELS模型,针对我国已经上市的8家中小型股份制商业银行的竞争力进行实证研究,根据评价指标得出其相对的竞争力排名以及提出未来的经营发展建议。

基于CAMELS模型的融资租赁公司风险问题研究

近年来,融资租赁行业发展迅猛,但是与其相关的风险评估研究相对滞后。本文首先对当前国内外有关的研究成果进行梳理,总结当前融资租赁公司主要面临的风险及研究中主要采用的风险评估方法,然后将银行风险评估中发展较为成熟的CAMELS模型运用到融资租赁公司的风险评估中,并对相关指标进行调整,然后综合运用层次分析法、德尔菲法等确立指标之间的权重,最后选取29家融资租赁企业近两年的财务数据进行实证分析,研究融资租赁公司总体的风险状况以及模型设计中还存在的不足,进而为融资租赁行业监管和融资租赁公司的经营管理提供一定的参考。

Pre-evaluation of humoral immune response of Bactrian camels by the quantification of Th2 cytokines using real-time PCR

With the increasing immunological studies on camels due to the advantage of their single-chain antibodies for humanizations,it is demanding to develop an easy-to-handle evaluation method of their humoral immune response before proceeding with immunization of foreign antigens that may be toxic to camels.In this study,we quantitatively determined the expression levels of T-helper 2(Th2) cytokines in peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from Bactrian camels by real-time PCR.The recorded kinetic profiles resulting from the immunization of ovalbumin(OVA) indicated that after immunization,Th2 cytokines including interleukin(IL) families such as IL-4,IL-10,and IL-13 in the camels were up-regulated by a factor of 1.78,3.15,and 1.22,respectively,which was validated by traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) methods.Unlike ELISA which requires specific enzyme-labeled antibodies,this established method based on the minimal amount of blood samples holds an advantage in the preliminary evaluation of camel humoral immune response with desirable precision,which is meaningful for biomedical explorations of camel-derived antibodies.

A Paucity of Detection of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Nucleic Acids in the Vaginal Secretions and the Urine of Some Naturally Infected Dromedary Camels

The dromedary camels play some critical roles in the evolution and transmission cycle of the MERS-CoV. There are no current available vaccines or antiviral medications to do prevention or to treat humans against the virus, respectively. Few studies reported the course of the MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels under both the experiment and natural infection approaches. The curve of the viral particle, as well as its nucleic acids in nasal secretions of the dromedary camels, was reported in more details. However, MERS-CoV shedding in some other secretions such as vaginal secretions still understudied. The main goal of the current study was to check the possibility of MERS-CoV shedding of the MERS-CoV through the vaginal mucous membranes of some female camels. To achieve these goals, we conducted molecular surveillance on one dromedary camel herd in eastern Saudi Arabia. We collected the following swabs per each animal (nasal, rectal, and vaginal) as well as urine samples during the period from Jan 2020-April 2020. Testing of MERS-CoV nucleic acid (NA) was conducted in these swabs by the real-time PCR kits. Our results are showing that (47%, 21%, 0%, and 0%) of the (nasal, rectal, and vaginal) swabs, as well as the urine, were positive, respectively. All the tested vaginal swabs were negative. This may suggest the absence of MERS-CoV shedding in the female genital tract and urine samples despite the detection of the viral NA in the nasal swabs. This study is showing for the first time the failure of detection of the MERS-CoV in the vaginal secretions of some naturally infected dromedary camels. This result is enriching our understanding of the MERS-CoV shedding in various body secretions and excretions.

Gastro-Intestinal Parasites of Camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Mogadishu, Somalia

Somalia has the largest dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) population in the world. However, scientific research and camel diseases investigation in the country were lacking since 1980s. A total of 167 camels (131 semi-intensive dairy camels system and 36 free grazing systems) were sampled from three districts in Mogadishu citybetween December 2015 and March 2016 to investigate the prevalence rate of gastro-intestinal parasites in camels from Mogadishu city using different coprological techniques. The overall prevalence of camel gastro-intestinal parasites was 50.3%. The prevalence rate were significantly varies between the extensive and semi-intensive production systems (p = 0.000) and between the different districts (p = 0.000). Nematodes revealed higher prevalence rate (47.9%) than Cestodes (6.0%), Trematodes (4.2%) and Coccidia (0.65%). Eggs of eight genera of nematodes, two genera of trematodes and two genera of cestodes as well as Eimeria sp. Oocysts were identified in this study. Dictyocaulus sp. and Trichostrongylus sp. were the most prevalent followed by Parascaris equorum and Strongyloides sp. About 56.0% of the infected camels revealed mix-infection of up to five different parasite species. Moreover, 35.7% of these animals revealed heavy infection. The important role of the camel has inspired investigators and researchers to look for diseases that may threaten camel health and production. However, in Somalia in spite of having the largest counts of camels but in depth scientific data are not available. Therefore, the present paper was to be the first detailed data on camel gastro-intestinal parasites in Mogadishu area and may be in whole Somalia. We came to conclude that gastrointes-tinal parasites were highly prevalent in camels from Mogadishu particularly in nomadic herds of camels. Studies on the effect of gastro-intestinal parasites on camel production and productivity are recommended. Moreover, the intensive system of camel production should be encouraged.

From Camels to Shuttle Train

The new Silk Road touted as the future of trans-Eurasian freight LocaL opinion is divided as to what the International convention and Exhibition center in northwest china＇s Urumqi most resembles. Some say it＇s a UFo; some say the bridge of an aircraft carrier, while

Comparison of energy-related isoenzymes between production and racing Arabian camels

Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis have been applied for the analyses of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), malate dehydrogenase (Mdh) and malic (ME) isoenzymes in Arabian camel for racing and production. Two fractions for each of these isoenzymes have been recorded in the studied breeds. ALP showed very weak patterns without remarkable difference between the two breeds and this is an indication to that the samples used were healthy and being from the same age. The cytosolic Mdh-1 and ME-1 have been recorded in both camel breeds with high intensity. The mitochondrial Mdh-2 and ME-2 have been recorded with small intensity in production breeds commonly. The present data indicate the necessity of the mitochondrialMdh-2 for energy production in racing breed and the responsibility of the cytosolic Mdh-1 for lipogenesis and energy production in both breeds. We therefore may assume that the appearance of both Mdh forms is necessary for both energy and lipid production in the production breeds while Mdh-1 was useful as bioenergetic enzyme necessary for racing. The different expressions are indications of the difference in the physiological adaptations of both camel breeds and are not for a systematic value.

Study Properties of Fermented Camels’ and Goats’ Milk Beverages Fortified with Date Palm (<i>Phoenix dactylifera L</i>.)

Camels’ milk (CM) and goats’ milk (GM) are rich in nutrients and vitamins necessary for the health of humans and have therapeutic properties as they are rich in antioxidants and have a protective role against free radicals that have harmful effects on human health. Date palm (DP), camels’ milk and goats’ milk have been reported to be used for the prevention and treatment of various diseases in Arab countries. This study was designed to mix date palm with camels’ milk and goats’. Eight formulations of both camels’ milk and goats’ were made from different percentages of date palm. These formulations were added at ratios of 0 (control), 10%, 20% and 30% (w/v) to camels’ milk and goats’ and the effect of this date palm on the composition and texture properties of the fermented obtained products were followed. It has been found that pH, protein, fat decreased and total solid, carbohydrate, ash, viscosity, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants increased with the increase of the added percentage of date palm compared to control. Microbial counts of the fermented camels’ milk (FCM) and goats’ milk (FGM) increased significantly (P < 0.05) with the addition of different formulations and during storage. Also, fermented camels’ milk (FCM) and fermented goats’ milk (FGM) fortified with different ratios date palm (DP) concentration resulted in good properties and higher acceptable sensory values (at a rate of 10% - 20%) in fresh and till the end of storage periods. The addition of the date palm to all treatments improved the composition, viscosity, microbiological quality of fermented camels’ and goats’ milk with nutritional functional values and acceptable sensory attributes.

The prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymphs in camels slaughtered in Mashhad slaughterhouse,Northeast,Iran

Objective:To evaluate the prevalence of nymphal stages of L serrata in mesenteric lymph nodes of camels slaughtered in Mashhad slaughterhouse,Northeast of Iran.Methods:For this purpose, mesenteric lymph nodes of 400 camels of different sex and age were examined.The lymph nodes were examined macroscopically and a digestion method was also applied for investigation of samples which was negative macroscopically.Results:The mesenteric lymph nodes of 73 camels out of 400(18.25%) were infected by L serrata nymphs.Conclusions:Prevalence of L. serrata nymphs in males and females and different age was not significantly different(P>0.05), but difference was observed between the prevalence in different seasons(P< 0.05).The potential importance of these findings to human health is discussed.This is the first report of infection with L serrate of camels in camels slaughtered at northeast of Iran.

Pathology of Tuberculosis in Camels ( <i>Camelus dromedaries</i>) in the Sudan

The study was aimed to investigate the pathological changes of condemned lungs of dromedary camels in the Sudan abattoirs using conventional H & E and Zeihl Neelson (ZN) staining procedures. Proliferative granulomatous reaction was demonstrated in one H & E stained lung section which was characterized by focal fibrosis and infiltration of mononuclear cells resembled to tuberculous lesions. While ZN stained sections demonstrated acid fast rod in one pulmonary associated lymph node. These lesions were evidenced presence of tuberculous mycobacteria in camel tissues and recommended further deep investigation of tuberculosis among camels in the Sudan.

Gross and Microscopic Lesions of the Ovaries of Camels from Abattoirs in Eastern Province of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

In the present investigation, gross and microscopic lesions of the ovaries were studied in two hundred and ten (210) adult non-pregnant she-camels. Fresh samples of ovaries were collected from she-camels at the point of slaughter in Al-Ahsa abattoir, Eastern region of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. These samples were subjected to histopathological studies and stained by routine Hematoxylin and Eosin stain. Grossly, of the 210 ovarian tissues examined, 30 (14.28%) had ovarian lesions of one type or another, whereas 180 (85.71%) camels were apparently healthy. Only 6 (2.85%) ovaries showed unilateral ovarian hypoplasia, whereas 4 (1.9%) showed bilateral ovarian hypoplasia. Cystic ovaries were observed in a total of 13 of the collected samples of ovaries, of these 8 (3.8%) were diagnosed as follicular cystic ovaries, while 5 (2.38%) were luteal cystic ovaries. Ovarian abscess appeared in only one sample of the collected ovaries. While ovarian tumors were observed in a total of 6 of the collected samples distributed as, two fibromas, three dermoid cysts, and only one hemangioma. The present study indicates that follicular cysts, luteal cysts and ovarian hypoplasia were the most common ovarian disorders in non-pregnant she-camels in Al-Ahsa region of the Eastern Province of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

基于CAMELS模型的中国平安保险财务健康度评价

文章运用CAMELS模型对中国平安保险的财务健康度进行评价和分析。通过对中国平安保险的资产、负债、收入、支出等财务数据进行分析,文章得出了以下结论:中国平安保险在资本充足性、资产质量、管理能力、盈利能力、流动性和敏捷性等各项指标上表现出较好的水平,整体财务健康度较高。

Characterization of heavy-chain antibody gene repertoires in Bactrian camels

Camelids are the only mammals that can produce functional heavy-chain antibodies(HCAbs).Although HCAbs were discovered over 30 years ago,the antibody gene repertoire of Bactrian camels remains largely underexplored.To characterize the diversity of variable genes of HCAbs(VHHs),germline and rearranged VHH repertoires are constructed.Phylogenetics analysis shows that all camelid VHH genes are derived from a common ancestor and the nucleotide diversity of VHHs is similar across all camelid species.While species-specific hallmark sites are identified,the non-canonical cysteines specific to VHHs are distinct in Bactrian camels and dromedaries compared with alpacas.Though low divergence at the germline repertoire between wild and domestic Bactrian camels,higher expression of VHHs is observed in some wild Bactrian camels than that of domestic ones.This study not only adds our understanding of VHH repertoire diversity across camelids,but also provides useful resources for HCAb engineering.

基于CAMELS评价体系的中外租赁公司比较--以飞机租赁为例

尽管近年来在国家和地方一系列政策利好的推动下,我国的租赁行业出现了快速发展;但与发达国家相比,我国租赁行业在很多方面仍处于追赶阶段。本文以飞机租赁为例,分别选取了具有代表性的三家国外租赁公司和三家中资租赁公司,然后运用CAMELS评价体系,对这六家租赁公司近三年的财务数据进行实证分析。通过实证结果的对比,本文总结出我国租赁公司与国外先进同行之间存在的差距主要在资本充足率、管理水平和流动性三个方面。最后,本文针对这三方面的不足,并结合我国租赁业的实际情况及笔者的从业经验,对我国租赁业的未来发展提出了相关建议。

Dancing With Camels

As I get my first glimpse of a Gobi Desert camel,I recall reading about an Abu Dhabi TV show,Poet of the Millions,which is watched by

Metagenomics reveals contrasting energy utilization efficiencies of captive and wild camels(Camelus ferus)

Captive conditions can affect the symbiotic microbiome of animals.In this study,we compared the structural and functional differences of the gastrointestinal microbiomes of wild Bactrian camels(Camelus ferus)between wild and captive populations,as well as their different host energy utilization performances through metagenomics.The results showed that wild-living camels harbored more microbial taxa related to the production of volatile fatty acids,fewer methanogens,and fewer genes encoding enzymes involved in methanogenesis,leading to higher energy utilization efficiency compared to that of captive-living camels.These findings suggest that the wild-living camel fecal microbiome demonstrates a series of adaptive characteristics that enable the host to adjust to a relatively barren field environment.Our study provides novel insights into the mechanisms of wildlife adaptations to habitats from the perspective of the microbiome.