We present a non-parametric hydro-geostatistical approach for mapping design nitrate hazard in groundwater. The approach is robust towards the uncertainty of the parametric models used to map groundwater pollution. In...We present a non-parametric hydro-geostatistical approach for mapping design nitrate hazard in groundwater. The approach is robust towards the uncertainty of the parametric models used to map groundwater pollution. In particular, probability kriging (PK) estimates the probability that the true value of a pollutant exceeds a set of threshold values using a binary response variable (probability indicator). Such soft description of the pollutant can mitigate the uncertainty in pollutant concentration mapping. PK was used for assessing nitrate migration hazard across the Campania Plain groundwater (Southern Italy) as exceeding typical critical values set to 25 and 50 mg.L-1. Cross-validation indicated that the PK is more suitable than ordinary kriging (OK), which yields large uncertainty in absolute values prediction of nitrate concentration. This means that spatial variability is critical for contaminant transport because critical contaminants concentration could be exceeded due to preferential flows allowing the pollutant to migrate rapidly through the caveats aquifer. Accordingly with PK application, about 250 km2 (40% of the total600 km2 of the Campania Plain) were classified as very sensitive areas (western zone) to maximum permissible concentration of nitrates (>50 mg.L-1). When the probability to exceed 25 mg.L-1 was considered, the contaminated surface increased to 70% of the total area.展开更多
During the carrying out of the monitoring plan as part of the Regional Law n. 3/2005 emerged, in 2008, the well known “buffalo milk crisis” that led to the enactment of other monitoring plans targeted to the researc...During the carrying out of the monitoring plan as part of the Regional Law n. 3/2005 emerged, in 2008, the well known “buffalo milk crisis” that led to the enactment of other monitoring plans targeted to the research of dioxins in food. From the last monitoring plan on PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in Campania Region, named as “Surveillance plan 2011-2014”, all dairy products from N. 50 farms intended to the production of bovine, buffalo and ovine milk, resulted compliant to the maximum levels fixed by EU in Regulation 1259/2011, suggesting the effectiveness of the restrictive measures on farming practices applied after the sanitary emergency of 2008. On the other hand, the action limits reported in EU Recommendations 516/2011 and 711/2013 were exceeded in two sheep farms and two buffalo farms, to represent the critical issues that nowadays exist.展开更多
文摘We present a non-parametric hydro-geostatistical approach for mapping design nitrate hazard in groundwater. The approach is robust towards the uncertainty of the parametric models used to map groundwater pollution. In particular, probability kriging (PK) estimates the probability that the true value of a pollutant exceeds a set of threshold values using a binary response variable (probability indicator). Such soft description of the pollutant can mitigate the uncertainty in pollutant concentration mapping. PK was used for assessing nitrate migration hazard across the Campania Plain groundwater (Southern Italy) as exceeding typical critical values set to 25 and 50 mg.L-1. Cross-validation indicated that the PK is more suitable than ordinary kriging (OK), which yields large uncertainty in absolute values prediction of nitrate concentration. This means that spatial variability is critical for contaminant transport because critical contaminants concentration could be exceeded due to preferential flows allowing the pollutant to migrate rapidly through the caveats aquifer. Accordingly with PK application, about 250 km2 (40% of the total600 km2 of the Campania Plain) were classified as very sensitive areas (western zone) to maximum permissible concentration of nitrates (>50 mg.L-1). When the probability to exceed 25 mg.L-1 was considered, the contaminated surface increased to 70% of the total area.
文摘During the carrying out of the monitoring plan as part of the Regional Law n. 3/2005 emerged, in 2008, the well known “buffalo milk crisis” that led to the enactment of other monitoring plans targeted to the research of dioxins in food. From the last monitoring plan on PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in Campania Region, named as “Surveillance plan 2011-2014”, all dairy products from N. 50 farms intended to the production of bovine, buffalo and ovine milk, resulted compliant to the maximum levels fixed by EU in Regulation 1259/2011, suggesting the effectiveness of the restrictive measures on farming practices applied after the sanitary emergency of 2008. On the other hand, the action limits reported in EU Recommendations 516/2011 and 711/2013 were exceeded in two sheep farms and two buffalo farms, to represent the critical issues that nowadays exist.
