The Tongling ore district is one of the most economically important ore areas in the Middle–Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt, eastern China. It contains hundreds of polymetallic copper–gold deposits and occurre...The Tongling ore district is one of the most economically important ore areas in the Middle–Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt, eastern China. It contains hundreds of polymetallic copper–gold deposits and occurrences. Those deposits are mainly clustered(from west to east) within the Tongguanshan, Shizishan, Xinqiao, Fenghuangshan, and Shatanjiao orefields. Until recently, the majority of these deposits were thought to be skarn-or porphyry–skarn-type deposits; however there have been recent discoveries of numerous vein-type Au, Ag, and Pb-Zn deposits that do not fall into either of these categories. This indicates that there is some uncertainty over this classification. Here, we present the results of several systematic geological studies of representative deposits in the Tongling ore district. From investigation of the ore-controlling structures, lithology of the host rock, mineral assemblages, and the characteristics of the mineralization and alteration within these deposits, three genetic types of deposits(skarn-, porphyry-, and vein-type deposits) have been identified. The spatial and temporal relationships between the orebodies and Yanshanian intrusions combined with the sources of the ore-forming fluids and metals, as well as the geodynamic setting of this ore district, indicate that all three deposit types are genetically related each other and constitute a magmatic–hydrothermal system. This study outlines a model that relates the polymetallic copper–gold porphyry-, skarn-, and vein-type deposits within the Tongling ore district. This model provides a theoretical basis to guide exploration for deep-seated and concealed porphyry-type Cu(–Mo, –Au) deposits as well as shallow vein-type Au, Ag, and Pb–Zn deposits in this area and elsewhere.展开更多
In general,the purpose of the mineralization modeling is the advancement of a mineral exploration project and ultimately,the extractive design of a deposit,which is one of the most important stages in mining engineeri...In general,the purpose of the mineralization modeling is the advancement of a mineral exploration project and ultimately,the extractive design of a deposit,which is one of the most important stages in mining engineering.Mineralization modeling is divided into two general categories,superficial and deep modeling.In surface modeling,the aim is finding abnormal locations in terms of mineralization at the study area,which is commonly used in the early stages of exploration as one of the means for locating exploratory boreholes.After drilling in the study area with the aim of identifying mineralization and reserve estimation it is necessary to obtain deep mineralization position and its geometric features,using statistical and modeling methods.Using mathematical,statistical and modeling methods,we can predict the position of iron mineralization in places where drilling is not done and eventually reach a three-dimensional model of the mineral materials underground.As a case study,the deep information about the boreholes of the sheytoor mining area in Yazd province of Iran was investigated.Iron mineralization was modeled as 2D cumulative model and 3D block model,and the results were presented.Finally the geochemical threshold and the anomalous limit of iron element are calculated by concentration-volume(C-V)fractal method in this deposit.Geochemical threshold and the anomalous limit for Fe in this deposit are 24.7%and 34.3%respectively.展开更多
Over the pastfive years,we have been making efforts to develop a practical and predic- tive tool to exploreforgiantore deposits in hydrothermal systems. Towards this goal,a sig- nificant progress has been made towards...Over the pastfive years,we have been making efforts to develop a practical and predic- tive tool to exploreforgiantore deposits in hydrothermal systems. Towards this goal,a sig- nificant progress has been made towards a better understanding of the basic physical and chemical processes behind ore body formation and mineralization in hydrothermal systems. On the scientific developmentside,we have developed analytical solutions to answerthe fol- lowing scientific questions:(1) Can thepore- fluid pressure gradientbemaintained atthe val- ue of the lithostaticpressure gradientin the uppercrustof the Earth?and(2 ) Can convective pore- fluid flow take place in the uppercrustof the Earth ifthere is a fluid/mass leakage from the mantle to the upper crustof the Earth?On the modelling developmentside,we have developed numerical methods to model the following problems:(1) convective pore- fluid flow in two- dimensional hydrothermal systems;(2 ) coupled reactive pore- fluid flow and multiple species transport in porous media;(3) precipitation and dissolution of minerals and rock al- teration in the upper crust of the Earth;(4 ) double diffusion driven reactive flow transport in deformable fluid- saturated porous media with particular consideration of temperature- de- pendentchemical reaction rates;(5 ) pore- fluid flow patterns neargeological lenses in hydro- dynamic and hydrothermal systems;(6 ) dissipative structures for nonequilibrium chemical reactions in fluid- saturated porousmedia;(7) convectivepore- fluid flow and the related min- eralization in three- dimensional hydrothermal systems;(8) fluid- rock interaction problems associated with the rock alteration and metamorphic process in fluid- saturated hydrothermal/ sedimentary basins;and (9) various aspects of the fully coupled problem involving material deformation,pore- fluid flow,heattransferand species transport/ chemical reactionsin pore- fluid saturated porous rock masses. The above- mentioned work has significantly enriched our knowledge about the physical and chemical processes related to ore body formation and mineralization in the upper crustof the展开更多
In the early 1980's, the author proposed his view that copper-nickel sulphide deposts are of ore magma origin. For more than ten years, this view has aroused attention of his colleagues at home and abroad. In this...In the early 1980's, the author proposed his view that copper-nickel sulphide deposts are of ore magma origin. For more than ten years, this view has aroused attention of his colleagues at home and abroad. In this paper an attempt is made to deal with the genetic model for ore magma of copper-nickel sulphide deposits in more details on the basis of geological, geochemical, petrophysico - chemical and thermodynamic studies of the Chibaisong copper-nickel sulphide deposit in the Changbai Mountains, Jilin province.展开更多
The Shizhuyuan W,Sn,Mo and Bi polymetallic ore deposit is one of the world famous superlarge ore deposits.The paper briefly introduced the geological setting and features of the ore deposit.Further,an ore- forming mo...The Shizhuyuan W,Sn,Mo and Bi polymetallic ore deposit is one of the world famous superlarge ore deposits.The paper briefly introduced the geological setting and features of the ore deposit.Further,an ore- forming model was put forward at the end of the paper.展开更多
China's realgar/orpiment deposits may be classified into three types, the stratabound, hot-water sedimentary and hydrothermal, according to their mineralizing processes, geological occurrences, tectonic and geoche...China's realgar/orpiment deposits may be classified into three types, the stratabound, hot-water sedimentary and hydrothermal, according to their mineralizing processes, geological occurrences, tectonic and geochemical features. The three types may be further distinguished into seven subtypes, namely, the Xiaguan, Shuiluo, Jiepaiyu, Songpan, Shixia, Wangzhuang and Ninghshan ones. On this basis three minerogenic models are established, and based on studies of their geochemistry and minerogenic mechanisms the prerequisites for prospecting for these types of deposits are given in the paper.展开更多
According to grade-tonnage diagrams of nickel and zinc deposits, their critical grades are 0.4 % and 3. 4 %, respectively, and hence the former resources can be considered optimistic and the latter pessimistic. The gr...According to grade-tonnage diagrams of nickel and zinc deposits, their critical grades are 0.4 % and 3. 4 %, respectively, and hence the former resources can be considered optimistic and the latter pessimistic. The grade-tonnage diagram of gold deposits is convex downwards suggesting that the critical grade is 1 X 10-6 in the low-grade part. The ore value (OV)-tonnage diagram of all deposits In the world consists of three parts: high, middle and low vain f classes. The enrichment ratio (ER)-tonnage diagram of all deposits in the world ho consists of three parts: high, middle and low ratio classes.Nine quality categories defined by ER and OV are characterized by some keywords indicating deposit types as follows: category RH (high ER-high OV: 0. 7 %) by 'unconformity' and 'Mississippi Val-ley', category HM (high ER-middle: OV: 0.7 %) by 'vein', category ML (middle ER-low OV: 0 %) by 'sandstone', 'stockwork' and' dissemination', category LM by 'orthomagmatic',' laterite',komatiite and ' chemical', and category LL by 'porphyry', 'dissemination' and 'placer'. Category MM is not characterized by any keyword. If the commodities of a deposit are defined by both the enrichment ratio and the ore value, the defined commodities are relatively coincident for gold and nickel,but different for copper, silver and zinc, and greatly different for molybdenum and lead. Deposits containing lead and/or zinc are complimentary. If the commodity Ph+Zn is applied, most lead or zinc deposits are classified as Ph+Zu by both definitions. Accessory metals are commonly expected for deposits of kuroko-type zinc, epithermal silver, massive sulfide-type zinc and volcanogenic zinc, but uncommon for deposits of orthomagmatic chromium, chemically precipitated copper and sandstone-type uranium.展开更多
Zhashui Ag-Pb polymetallic ore deposit is located in northern Qinling geosyncline. In this paper, its geological features and metallogenic background are introduced. The volcanic dynamics,physical-chemical conditions ...Zhashui Ag-Pb polymetallic ore deposit is located in northern Qinling geosyncline. In this paper, its geological features and metallogenic background are introduced. The volcanic dynamics,physical-chemical conditions of metallogeny and ore-forming experimental simulation are discussed in detail. Based on the existence of paleovolcanic activity, the protolith characters and geochemistry of ore-bearing rock series, the authors study the law of volcanic activity in Middle Devonian period. The Physical-chemical conditions of metallogeny. including temperature, pressure, pH and Eh of mineralizing solution, are also determined. The evolution of salinity, f(O2), pH, M (H2S), M(SO2-4) (M is mole fraction of certain component ), t (temperature) and a(ionic activity)of mineralizing solution suggests that the mineralization was a long-term dynamic process. Finally, the metallogenic pattern is established.展开更多
The northern Guangxi region is an important rare metal, rare earth metal and polymetallic metallogenic province. In the region there exist five metallogenic series and two metallogenic subseries, whose metallogenesis ...The northern Guangxi region is an important rare metal, rare earth metal and polymetallic metallogenic province. In the region there exist five metallogenic series and two metallogenic subseries, whose metallogenesis shows features of polycyclic spiral evolution throughout the geological history. As far as various cycles are concerned, mantle-derived ore substances were reduced while crust-derived ore substances increased from early to late timesfin the whole geological evolutionary history, mantle-derived substances decreased gradually while crust-derived ones increased. Meanwhile ore element associations became more and more varied. In terms of space, mineralization migrated from the old basement outwards, i.e. from west to east during the Precambrian, and from north to south during the Phanerozoic, and again from east to west during the Yanshanian.展开更多
Five gold deposits (mineralization) were found in the study area by means of geologi</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">cal mapping, soil geochemical survey and trough exploration engineeri...Five gold deposits (mineralization) were found in the study area by means of geologi</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">cal mapping, soil geochemical survey and trough exploration engineering. The</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> ore-bearing lithology is mainly metam</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">orphic feldspar sandstone of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Upper Carboniferous Benbatu Formation, and the gold (mineralization) body is controlled by both structural factors </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and stratigraphic factors of </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Upper Carboniferous Benbatu Formation. The genetic</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> type is preliminary concluded to be volcanic hyd</span><span style="color:black;font-family:Verdana;">rothermal type, and the metallogenic age is late Variscan. In this paper, by studying the geological characteristics and metallogenic geological conditions of the gold orebody in the area, a regional prospecting model has been established, which is of great significance to better guide the prospecting work of similar gold deposits in the area and the region.展开更多
Ore sorting is a preconcentration technology and can dramatically reduce energy and water usage to improve the sustainability and profitability of a mining operation.In porphyry Cu deposits,Cu is the primary target,wi...Ore sorting is a preconcentration technology and can dramatically reduce energy and water usage to improve the sustainability and profitability of a mining operation.In porphyry Cu deposits,Cu is the primary target,with ores usually containing secondary‘pay’metals such as Au,Mo and gangue elements such as Fe and As.Due to sensing technology limitations,secondary and deleterious materials vary in correlation type and strength with Cu but cannot be detected simultaneously via magnetic resonance(MR)ore sorting.Inferring the relationships between Cu and other elemental abundances is particularly critical for mineral processing.The variations in metal grade relationships occur due to the transition into different geological domains.This raises two questions-how to define these geological domains and how the metal grade relationship is influenced by these geological domains.In this paper,linear relationship is assumed between Cu grade and other metal grades.We applies a Bayesian hierarchical(partial-pooling)model to quantify the linear relationships between Cu,Au,and Fe grades from geochemical bore core data.The hierarchical model was compared with two other models-‘complete-pooling’model and‘nopooling’model.Mining blocks were split based on spatial domain to construct hierarchical model.Geochemical bore core data records metal grades measured from laboratory assay with spatial coordinates of sample location.Two case studies from different porphyry Cu deposits were used to evaluate the performance of the hierarchical model.Markov chain Monte Carlo(MCMC)was used to sample the posterior parameters.Our results show that the Bayesian hierarchical model dramatically reduced the posterior predictive variance for metal grades regression compared to the no-pooling model.In addition,the posterior inference in the hierarchical model is insensitive to the choice of prior.The data is wellrepresented in the posterior which indicates a robust model.The results show that the spatial domain can be successfully utilised for metal grade regression.Uncertainty in estimating the relationship between pay metals and both secondary and gangue elements is quantified and shown to be reduced with partial-pooling.Thus,the proposed Bayesian hierarchical model can offer a reliable and stable way to monitor the relationship between metal grades for ore sorting and other mineral processing options.展开更多
Eight favorable ore forming conditions for the Shizhuyuan W_multimetal deposit are proposed. They are: (i) the geochemistry background special enriching the volatile and W and Sn ore forming elements; (ii) the existen...Eight favorable ore forming conditions for the Shizhuyuan W_multimetal deposit are proposed. They are: (i) the geochemistry background special enriching the volatile and W and Sn ore forming elements; (ii) the existence of melt fluid system very rich in volatile and ore forming elements; (iii) supply of sufficient ore forming material and volatile multi source; (iv) the infiltration and convection water source and driving force partly supplied by the Jurassic reservoir basin; (v) favorable tectonic conditions; (vi) ore bearing greisen and vein superimposed in the pre existing skarn rocks; (vii) favorable ore transport and ore concentration strata condition; (viii) there were a set of favorable ore forming structures in Shizuyuan area; (ix) the orebody has good ore reserve condition. Finally, ore forming models are proposed.展开更多
海兰德瓦利矿集区(Highland Valley district)位于加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省中南部,是加拿大最大的铜矿产地,该矿集区开采历史悠久,研究资料丰富。矿集区位于太平洋东岸,山间带的克内尔(Quesnel)陆缘弧上,赋存于三叠纪末期侵入的吉琼河(Gu...海兰德瓦利矿集区(Highland Valley district)位于加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省中南部,是加拿大最大的铜矿产地,该矿集区开采历史悠久,研究资料丰富。矿集区位于太平洋东岸,山间带的克内尔(Quesnel)陆缘弧上,赋存于三叠纪末期侵入的吉琼河(Guichon Creek)岩体中。矿集区中主要有瓦利(Valley)、洛尼克斯(Lornex)、海蒙特(Highmont)、伯利恒(Bethlehem)和JA 5个矿床。矿体主要与晚期的侵入体有关,且受多组断裂交叉复合控制。矿石的构造类型主要为脉状构造、角砾状构造,矿石矿物主要为黄铜矿、斑铜矿、黄铁矿和辉钼矿等,矿化蚀变分带明显,锆石U-Pb年龄和辉钼矿Re-Os年龄以及矿床地球化学特征均显示出岩浆侵位与成矿作用之间有密切的联系,形成时代约205Ma。该铜矿从形成构造背景、形成年代到矿床特征均与中国德兴斑岩型铜矿有相似之处。在矿集区的勘查历史中,感应激发极化法、航磁、水系沉积物以及遥感均对该矿床的找矿做出了很大贡献。对海兰德瓦利矿集区特点及找矿经验的系统总结,可以为我国企业"走出去"及在我国境内寻找同类矿床提供参考。展开更多
The Wangfeng gold deposit is one of the five most important gold deposits in the Tian-shan. Studies of its metallogenic time, space, geodynamic background, ore feature and ore fluid have proved that the deposit formed...The Wangfeng gold deposit is one of the five most important gold deposits in the Tian-shan. Studies of its metallogenic time, space, geodynamic background, ore feature and ore fluid have proved that the deposit formed in the late Paleozoic continental collision, and consequently is a suitable delegate to probe mineralizing regularities during collisiona! orogenesis. Isotopic studies including O, D, C, S, Pb and Sr reveal ore materials derived from sedimentary association (including carbonate and sulfate), which further refers to the Hercynian carbonate-silicolite-argillite formation north to Wangfeng camp. At the end of Paleozoic, the southward intracontinental subduction of Hercynian synthem along the Hongwuyueqiao fault down to the Central Tianshan terrane induced large-scale fluidization which extracted and out-transported ore materials from Hercynian synthem upto shallow fair positions, and finally resulted in the formation of the Wangfeng deposit. This study excludes the possibility of other tectonic metallogenic models other than the tectonic model for collisional metallogenesis, petrogenesis and fluidization.展开更多
Many theoretical results on sandstone-type uranium mineralization in northern China obtained by the uranium research team of the Tianjin Center of Geological Survey in recent years are presented.From the source sink s...Many theoretical results on sandstone-type uranium mineralization in northern China obtained by the uranium research team of the Tianjin Center of Geological Survey in recent years are presented.From the source sink system of uranium-producing basins,sedimentary environment of uranium-bearing rock series,ore-forming fluid information,evolution of tectonic events,basin formation and development,we redefine and classify uranium orebodies,redox zoning,and ore-controlling structural styles.We then systematically propose a theoretical system of sandstone-type uranium deposits in northern China.We conclude that sandstone-type uranium deposits in northern China are mainly found in sedimentary environments such as rivers,deltas,and alluvial fans in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic lowstand systems tract and in gray sandstone layers in the vertical redox zoning.The orebodies are controlled by the tectonic slope belt,which is in the shape of a strip on the plane,and spreads in a layer or plate on the section.Vertical(ups and downs)tectonic movement triggers large-scale phreatic flow in the basin,which is the real driving force for controlling the ore-forming fluid.The theoretical system of sandstone-type uranium deposits in northern China should be based on global tectonic movement and environmental changes and take into account factors such as basins as a unit to study mineralization background,ore concentration areas as objects to study mineralization,and the correlation between regional tectonic movement and metallogenic process as a breakthrough point to study tectonic events and metallogenic events.It should also be based on different basin types to establish metallogenic models.The innovative research results and ideas are summarized with the aim of promoting the continuous improvement of sandstone-type uranium mineralization theory in northern China.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(grant numbers 41472066,40972063 and 41672038)the Program of the Deep Exploration in China(SinoProb-03-05)+1 种基金the National KeyR&S Program of China(2016 YFC0600209)the Land and Resources Science and Techonolgy Foundation of Anhui Province(2016-K-03 and No.2014-K-03)
文摘The Tongling ore district is one of the most economically important ore areas in the Middle–Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt, eastern China. It contains hundreds of polymetallic copper–gold deposits and occurrences. Those deposits are mainly clustered(from west to east) within the Tongguanshan, Shizishan, Xinqiao, Fenghuangshan, and Shatanjiao orefields. Until recently, the majority of these deposits were thought to be skarn-or porphyry–skarn-type deposits; however there have been recent discoveries of numerous vein-type Au, Ag, and Pb-Zn deposits that do not fall into either of these categories. This indicates that there is some uncertainty over this classification. Here, we present the results of several systematic geological studies of representative deposits in the Tongling ore district. From investigation of the ore-controlling structures, lithology of the host rock, mineral assemblages, and the characteristics of the mineralization and alteration within these deposits, three genetic types of deposits(skarn-, porphyry-, and vein-type deposits) have been identified. The spatial and temporal relationships between the orebodies and Yanshanian intrusions combined with the sources of the ore-forming fluids and metals, as well as the geodynamic setting of this ore district, indicate that all three deposit types are genetically related each other and constitute a magmatic–hydrothermal system. This study outlines a model that relates the polymetallic copper–gold porphyry-, skarn-, and vein-type deposits within the Tongling ore district. This model provides a theoretical basis to guide exploration for deep-seated and concealed porphyry-type Cu(–Mo, –Au) deposits as well as shallow vein-type Au, Ag, and Pb–Zn deposits in this area and elsewhere.
文摘In general,the purpose of the mineralization modeling is the advancement of a mineral exploration project and ultimately,the extractive design of a deposit,which is one of the most important stages in mining engineering.Mineralization modeling is divided into two general categories,superficial and deep modeling.In surface modeling,the aim is finding abnormal locations in terms of mineralization at the study area,which is commonly used in the early stages of exploration as one of the means for locating exploratory boreholes.After drilling in the study area with the aim of identifying mineralization and reserve estimation it is necessary to obtain deep mineralization position and its geometric features,using statistical and modeling methods.Using mathematical,statistical and modeling methods,we can predict the position of iron mineralization in places where drilling is not done and eventually reach a three-dimensional model of the mineral materials underground.As a case study,the deep information about the boreholes of the sheytoor mining area in Yazd province of Iran was investigated.Iron mineralization was modeled as 2D cumulative model and 3D block model,and the results were presented.Finally the geochemical threshold and the anomalous limit of iron element are calculated by concentration-volume(C-V)fractal method in this deposit.Geochemical threshold and the anomalous limit for Fe in this deposit are 24.7%and 34.3%respectively.
文摘Over the pastfive years,we have been making efforts to develop a practical and predic- tive tool to exploreforgiantore deposits in hydrothermal systems. Towards this goal,a sig- nificant progress has been made towards a better understanding of the basic physical and chemical processes behind ore body formation and mineralization in hydrothermal systems. On the scientific developmentside,we have developed analytical solutions to answerthe fol- lowing scientific questions:(1) Can thepore- fluid pressure gradientbemaintained atthe val- ue of the lithostaticpressure gradientin the uppercrustof the Earth?and(2 ) Can convective pore- fluid flow take place in the uppercrustof the Earth ifthere is a fluid/mass leakage from the mantle to the upper crustof the Earth?On the modelling developmentside,we have developed numerical methods to model the following problems:(1) convective pore- fluid flow in two- dimensional hydrothermal systems;(2 ) coupled reactive pore- fluid flow and multiple species transport in porous media;(3) precipitation and dissolution of minerals and rock al- teration in the upper crust of the Earth;(4 ) double diffusion driven reactive flow transport in deformable fluid- saturated porous media with particular consideration of temperature- de- pendentchemical reaction rates;(5 ) pore- fluid flow patterns neargeological lenses in hydro- dynamic and hydrothermal systems;(6 ) dissipative structures for nonequilibrium chemical reactions in fluid- saturated porousmedia;(7) convectivepore- fluid flow and the related min- eralization in three- dimensional hydrothermal systems;(8) fluid- rock interaction problems associated with the rock alteration and metamorphic process in fluid- saturated hydrothermal/ sedimentary basins;and (9) various aspects of the fully coupled problem involving material deformation,pore- fluid flow,heattransferand species transport/ chemical reactionsin pore- fluid saturated porous rock masses. The above- mentioned work has significantly enriched our knowledge about the physical and chemical processes related to ore body formation and mineralization in the upper crustof the
文摘In the early 1980's, the author proposed his view that copper-nickel sulphide deposts are of ore magma origin. For more than ten years, this view has aroused attention of his colleagues at home and abroad. In this paper an attempt is made to deal with the genetic model for ore magma of copper-nickel sulphide deposits in more details on the basis of geological, geochemical, petrophysico - chemical and thermodynamic studies of the Chibaisong copper-nickel sulphide deposit in the Changbai Mountains, Jilin province.
文摘The Shizhuyuan W,Sn,Mo and Bi polymetallic ore deposit is one of the world famous superlarge ore deposits.The paper briefly introduced the geological setting and features of the ore deposit.Further,an ore- forming model was put forward at the end of the paper.
文摘China's realgar/orpiment deposits may be classified into three types, the stratabound, hot-water sedimentary and hydrothermal, according to their mineralizing processes, geological occurrences, tectonic and geochemical features. The three types may be further distinguished into seven subtypes, namely, the Xiaguan, Shuiluo, Jiepaiyu, Songpan, Shixia, Wangzhuang and Ninghshan ones. On this basis three minerogenic models are established, and based on studies of their geochemistry and minerogenic mechanisms the prerequisites for prospecting for these types of deposits are given in the paper.
基金the Grand-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No. 10041136) from Ministry of Education of Japan.
文摘According to grade-tonnage diagrams of nickel and zinc deposits, their critical grades are 0.4 % and 3. 4 %, respectively, and hence the former resources can be considered optimistic and the latter pessimistic. The grade-tonnage diagram of gold deposits is convex downwards suggesting that the critical grade is 1 X 10-6 in the low-grade part. The ore value (OV)-tonnage diagram of all deposits In the world consists of three parts: high, middle and low vain f classes. The enrichment ratio (ER)-tonnage diagram of all deposits in the world ho consists of three parts: high, middle and low ratio classes.Nine quality categories defined by ER and OV are characterized by some keywords indicating deposit types as follows: category RH (high ER-high OV: 0. 7 %) by 'unconformity' and 'Mississippi Val-ley', category HM (high ER-middle: OV: 0.7 %) by 'vein', category ML (middle ER-low OV: 0 %) by 'sandstone', 'stockwork' and' dissemination', category LM by 'orthomagmatic',' laterite',komatiite and ' chemical', and category LL by 'porphyry', 'dissemination' and 'placer'. Category MM is not characterized by any keyword. If the commodities of a deposit are defined by both the enrichment ratio and the ore value, the defined commodities are relatively coincident for gold and nickel,but different for copper, silver and zinc, and greatly different for molybdenum and lead. Deposits containing lead and/or zinc are complimentary. If the commodity Ph+Zn is applied, most lead or zinc deposits are classified as Ph+Zu by both definitions. Accessory metals are commonly expected for deposits of kuroko-type zinc, epithermal silver, massive sulfide-type zinc and volcanogenic zinc, but uncommon for deposits of orthomagmatic chromium, chemically precipitated copper and sandstone-type uranium.
文摘Zhashui Ag-Pb polymetallic ore deposit is located in northern Qinling geosyncline. In this paper, its geological features and metallogenic background are introduced. The volcanic dynamics,physical-chemical conditions of metallogeny and ore-forming experimental simulation are discussed in detail. Based on the existence of paleovolcanic activity, the protolith characters and geochemistry of ore-bearing rock series, the authors study the law of volcanic activity in Middle Devonian period. The Physical-chemical conditions of metallogeny. including temperature, pressure, pH and Eh of mineralizing solution, are also determined. The evolution of salinity, f(O2), pH, M (H2S), M(SO2-4) (M is mole fraction of certain component ), t (temperature) and a(ionic activity)of mineralizing solution suggests that the mineralization was a long-term dynamic process. Finally, the metallogenic pattern is established.
基金This research was supported by the Chinese Foundation for Development of Geological Science and Technology (Project 49273162)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project 49273162)
文摘The northern Guangxi region is an important rare metal, rare earth metal and polymetallic metallogenic province. In the region there exist five metallogenic series and two metallogenic subseries, whose metallogenesis shows features of polycyclic spiral evolution throughout the geological history. As far as various cycles are concerned, mantle-derived ore substances were reduced while crust-derived ore substances increased from early to late timesfin the whole geological evolutionary history, mantle-derived substances decreased gradually while crust-derived ones increased. Meanwhile ore element associations became more and more varied. In terms of space, mineralization migrated from the old basement outwards, i.e. from west to east during the Precambrian, and from north to south during the Phanerozoic, and again from east to west during the Yanshanian.
文摘Five gold deposits (mineralization) were found in the study area by means of geologi</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">cal mapping, soil geochemical survey and trough exploration engineering. The</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> ore-bearing lithology is mainly metam</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">orphic feldspar sandstone of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Upper Carboniferous Benbatu Formation, and the gold (mineralization) body is controlled by both structural factors </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and stratigraphic factors of </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Upper Carboniferous Benbatu Formation. The genetic</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> type is preliminary concluded to be volcanic hyd</span><span style="color:black;font-family:Verdana;">rothermal type, and the metallogenic age is late Variscan. In this paper, by studying the geological characteristics and metallogenic geological conditions of the gold orebody in the area, a regional prospecting model has been established, which is of great significance to better guide the prospecting work of similar gold deposits in the area and the region.
基金This research was funded by the CSIRO ResearchPlus Science Leader Grant Program.
文摘Ore sorting is a preconcentration technology and can dramatically reduce energy and water usage to improve the sustainability and profitability of a mining operation.In porphyry Cu deposits,Cu is the primary target,with ores usually containing secondary‘pay’metals such as Au,Mo and gangue elements such as Fe and As.Due to sensing technology limitations,secondary and deleterious materials vary in correlation type and strength with Cu but cannot be detected simultaneously via magnetic resonance(MR)ore sorting.Inferring the relationships between Cu and other elemental abundances is particularly critical for mineral processing.The variations in metal grade relationships occur due to the transition into different geological domains.This raises two questions-how to define these geological domains and how the metal grade relationship is influenced by these geological domains.In this paper,linear relationship is assumed between Cu grade and other metal grades.We applies a Bayesian hierarchical(partial-pooling)model to quantify the linear relationships between Cu,Au,and Fe grades from geochemical bore core data.The hierarchical model was compared with two other models-‘complete-pooling’model and‘nopooling’model.Mining blocks were split based on spatial domain to construct hierarchical model.Geochemical bore core data records metal grades measured from laboratory assay with spatial coordinates of sample location.Two case studies from different porphyry Cu deposits were used to evaluate the performance of the hierarchical model.Markov chain Monte Carlo(MCMC)was used to sample the posterior parameters.Our results show that the Bayesian hierarchical model dramatically reduced the posterior predictive variance for metal grades regression compared to the no-pooling model.In addition,the posterior inference in the hierarchical model is insensitive to the choice of prior.The data is wellrepresented in the posterior which indicates a robust model.The results show that the spatial domain can be successfully utilised for metal grade regression.Uncertainty in estimating the relationship between pay metals and both secondary and gangue elements is quantified and shown to be reduced with partial-pooling.Thus,the proposed Bayesian hierarchical model can offer a reliable and stable way to monitor the relationship between metal grades for ore sorting and other mineral processing options.
文摘Eight favorable ore forming conditions for the Shizhuyuan W_multimetal deposit are proposed. They are: (i) the geochemistry background special enriching the volatile and W and Sn ore forming elements; (ii) the existence of melt fluid system very rich in volatile and ore forming elements; (iii) supply of sufficient ore forming material and volatile multi source; (iv) the infiltration and convection water source and driving force partly supplied by the Jurassic reservoir basin; (v) favorable tectonic conditions; (vi) ore bearing greisen and vein superimposed in the pre existing skarn rocks; (vii) favorable ore transport and ore concentration strata condition; (viii) there were a set of favorable ore forming structures in Shizuyuan area; (ix) the orebody has good ore reserve condition. Finally, ore forming models are proposed.
文摘海兰德瓦利矿集区(Highland Valley district)位于加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省中南部,是加拿大最大的铜矿产地,该矿集区开采历史悠久,研究资料丰富。矿集区位于太平洋东岸,山间带的克内尔(Quesnel)陆缘弧上,赋存于三叠纪末期侵入的吉琼河(Guichon Creek)岩体中。矿集区中主要有瓦利(Valley)、洛尼克斯(Lornex)、海蒙特(Highmont)、伯利恒(Bethlehem)和JA 5个矿床。矿体主要与晚期的侵入体有关,且受多组断裂交叉复合控制。矿石的构造类型主要为脉状构造、角砾状构造,矿石矿物主要为黄铜矿、斑铜矿、黄铁矿和辉钼矿等,矿化蚀变分带明显,锆石U-Pb年龄和辉钼矿Re-Os年龄以及矿床地球化学特征均显示出岩浆侵位与成矿作用之间有密切的联系,形成时代约205Ma。该铜矿从形成构造背景、形成年代到矿床特征均与中国德兴斑岩型铜矿有相似之处。在矿集区的勘查历史中,感应激发极化法、航磁、水系沉积物以及遥感均对该矿床的找矿做出了很大贡献。对海兰德瓦利矿集区特点及找矿经验的系统总结,可以为我国企业"走出去"及在我国境内寻找同类矿床提供参考。
文摘The Wangfeng gold deposit is one of the five most important gold deposits in the Tian-shan. Studies of its metallogenic time, space, geodynamic background, ore feature and ore fluid have proved that the deposit formed in the late Paleozoic continental collision, and consequently is a suitable delegate to probe mineralizing regularities during collisiona! orogenesis. Isotopic studies including O, D, C, S, Pb and Sr reveal ore materials derived from sedimentary association (including carbonate and sulfate), which further refers to the Hercynian carbonate-silicolite-argillite formation north to Wangfeng camp. At the end of Paleozoic, the southward intracontinental subduction of Hercynian synthem along the Hongwuyueqiao fault down to the Central Tianshan terrane induced large-scale fluidization which extracted and out-transported ore materials from Hercynian synthem upto shallow fair positions, and finally resulted in the formation of the Wangfeng deposit. This study excludes the possibility of other tectonic metallogenic models other than the tectonic model for collisional metallogenesis, petrogenesis and fluidization.
基金The“Northern Sandstone-type Uranium Deposits Investigation Project”(Project 0108)of the China Geological Survey has led to the discovery of many new sandstone-type uranium depositsThe National Basic Research Program(973 Program)(No.2015CB453000)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFC0604200)both from the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China have led to innovations in many theoretical understandings of sandstone-type uranium depositsUnder the International Geoscience Programme(No.IGCP-675),a comparative study of sandstone-type uranium deposits between China and the rest of the world has been conducted。
文摘Many theoretical results on sandstone-type uranium mineralization in northern China obtained by the uranium research team of the Tianjin Center of Geological Survey in recent years are presented.From the source sink system of uranium-producing basins,sedimentary environment of uranium-bearing rock series,ore-forming fluid information,evolution of tectonic events,basin formation and development,we redefine and classify uranium orebodies,redox zoning,and ore-controlling structural styles.We then systematically propose a theoretical system of sandstone-type uranium deposits in northern China.We conclude that sandstone-type uranium deposits in northern China are mainly found in sedimentary environments such as rivers,deltas,and alluvial fans in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic lowstand systems tract and in gray sandstone layers in the vertical redox zoning.The orebodies are controlled by the tectonic slope belt,which is in the shape of a strip on the plane,and spreads in a layer or plate on the section.Vertical(ups and downs)tectonic movement triggers large-scale phreatic flow in the basin,which is the real driving force for controlling the ore-forming fluid.The theoretical system of sandstone-type uranium deposits in northern China should be based on global tectonic movement and environmental changes and take into account factors such as basins as a unit to study mineralization background,ore concentration areas as objects to study mineralization,and the correlation between regional tectonic movement and metallogenic process as a breakthrough point to study tectonic events and metallogenic events.It should also be based on different basin types to establish metallogenic models.The innovative research results and ideas are summarized with the aim of promoting the continuous improvement of sandstone-type uranium mineralization theory in northern China.