Spatio-temporal Pattern Characteristics of Relationship Between Urbanization and Economic Development at County Level in China

The relationship between China’s urbanization and economic development(RCUED) is an important concern nationwide. As important actors in regional strategy and policy, county-level regions have played an increasingly significant role in the development of China’s social economy. However, the existing research on the RCUED lacks the fine depiction of the county-level administrative units.Using 2000 and 2010 census data and the statistical analysis method, we uncovered the evolution characteristics of China’s urbanization and economic development and conducted a quantitative identification for the RCUED with improved methods using the quadrant map approach. In addition, we investigated the spatial correlation effect of the RCUED using the spatial autocorrelation analysis method. The results were as follows: 1) In general, a high degree of matching exists between China’s urbanization and economic development at the county level at the significance level of 0.01. The correlation coefficients between China’s urbanization and economic development in2000 and 2010 were 0.608 and 0.603, respectively. 2) A significant regional difference exists in the RCUED at the county level. Based on a comparative analysis of 2276 county units in China in the two years, we found that county units can be categorized as under-urbanized, basic coordination and over-urbanized in various areas. No situation was observed where urbanization seriously lagged behind the economic development level, so the levels of urbanization and economic development appear to be basically coordinated,and the coordination state may be gradually optimized over time. 3) Over time, the spatial dependency of the RCUED has weakened and the spatial heterogeneity has increased. Northeast China has always been an area characterized by over-urbanization. The number of county units classified as under-urbanized has begun to decline in eastern coastal urban agglomeration areas, while counties rich in resources have transformed from having point-shaped over-urbanization to plane-shaped under-urbanization along the northern border,and the number of over-urbanized county units has increased in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. 4)’Lag-lag’ type and ’advance-advance’ type accounted for 68% of all counties in China, and these counties were shown to have obvious spatial differentiation characteristics.

The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth and the development strategy of a low-carbon economy in Kazakhstan

Fossil energy is the material basis of human survival, economic development and social progress. The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is becoming increasingly close. However, energy consumption is the major source of greenhouse gases, which can significantly affect the balance of the global ecosystem. It has become the common goal of countries worldwide to address climate change, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and implement sustainable development strategies. In this study, we applied an approximate relationship analysis, a decoupling relationship analysis, and a trend analysis to explore the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth using data from Kazakhstan for the period of 1993-2010. The results demonstrated： （1） the total energy consumption and GDP in Kazakhstan showed a ＂U＂-type curve from 1993 to 2010. This curve was observed because 1993-1999 was a period during which Kazakhstan transitioned from a republic to an independent country and experienced a difficult transition from a planned to a market economy. Then, the economic system became more stable and the industrial production increased rapidly because of the effective financial, monetary and industrial policy support from 2000 to 2010. （2） The relationships between energy con- sumption and carbon emissions, economic growth and energy exports were linked; the carbon emissions were mainly derived from energy consumption, and the dependence of economic growth on energy exports gradually increased from 1993 to 2010. Before 2000, the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth was in a recessional decoupling state because of the economic recession. After 2000, this relationship was in strong and weak decoupling states because the international crude oil prices rose and energy exports increased greatly year by year. （3） It is forecasted that Kazakhstan cannot achieve its goal of energy consumption by 2020. Therefore, a low-carbon economy is the best strategic choice to address climate change from a global perspective in Kazakhstan. Thus, we proposed strategies including the improvement of the energy consumption structure, the development of new energy and renewable energy, the use of cleaner production technologies, the adjustment and optimization of the industrial structure, and the expansion of forest areas.

Revisiting the Relationship Between Urbanization and Economic Development in China Since the Reform and Opening-up

The relationship between urbanization and economic development has become a hot topic in the scientific community due to its great practical significance,and economic and social value.However,this relationship continues to change dynamically.In the new stage of urbanization,it is urgent to reveal the causal relationship quantitatively and diagnose the future direction systematically.Based on this,this paper calculates the contribution rate of China’s urbanization to economic development from 1978 to 2019 and uses the panel data cointegration test method to explore the causal relationship between urbanization and economic development in China.The study has three principal results.First,the contribution rate of urbanization to economic growth has maintained the overall growth trend from1978 to 2019,but the growth rate of urbanization’s contribution to economic growth has been relatively low since 2012.It is an important reason that the real estate sector has moved into a new stage of transformation.Second,the cointegration test shows that economic development is a significant factor in advancing urbanization and the urbanization is the product of economic development.Urbanization has a positive feedback effect on economic development,but this effect does not pass the 5%significance level test.The impulse response function shows that the impact of urbanization on economic development is relatively small and stable,indicating that it is limited that the boost of economic development by land-centered urbanization.Third,China’s urbanization and economic development have both shown rapid growth for some time,but their relationship is still the low level of coordination,which has also led to a downward trend in the contribution of new-type,people-oriented urbanization to economic growth in recent years.In the future,China’s urbanization and economy need to maintain relatively medium-low speed growth in the medium-long term,and we should boost the coordinated development of urbanization and economy from low level to high level.

Relationship between ecological economics and circular economy,eco-industry,cleaner production,and other relevant categories

Eco-industry, circular economy, cleaner production, industrial ecology or industrial ecosystem and other subjects are all categories related to sustainable development. This paper studies the relations and differences between the four categories and sustainable development as well as ecological economics. Circular economy, eco-industry, industrial ecosystem and cleaner production were put forward during the revolution in “end treatment pattern” of traditional industrial society. Industrial ecology, eco-industry and circular economy theory are three content expansions of cleaner production. Ecological economics is of instructive function theoretically and methodologically for circular economy, eco-industrial, cleaner production and industrial ecology. Circular economy theory is easier to be accepted, compared with ecological economics theory. And circular economy in nature is the complete application of ecological economics theory.

The Centenary of the CPC:Exploration and Improvement of Central-Local Economic Relationship

Decentralization is a global phenomenon,but growth is not.The economic relationship between central and local governments is an important yet unresolved question in China’s economic development.As a large country with unbalanced political and economic development,China is faced with unbalanced and inadequate development as the primary constraint to meeting people’s ever-growing needs for a better life.The Communist Party of China(CPC)has been exploring to mobilize the initiatives of both central and local governments.During the planned economy era,China experienced a few rounds of centralization of economic powers but failed to strike a balance in maximizing the initiatives of both central and local governments.After the reform and opening up policy enacted in 1978,China’s central and local governments have succeeded in combining economic decentralization with administrative decentralization.China’s central government,local governments and enterprises have become resource allocation entities.China’s economic growth miracle has been driven by promoting the initiatives of central and local governments.Entering the new era,the central-local economic relationship represents an institutional strength of concentrating resources to accomplish great undertakings and leveraging the initiatives of both central and local governments.With the principal contradiction facing China’s development shifted into one between people’s growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development,the management of central and local government relationship has taken on greater theoretical significance and salient implications in the new era.

On the Relationship between Human Rights Protection and Economic Development

British Economist Angus Maddison said that eco nomic development is a recent phenomenon inhuman history. Although human species have lived on the planet at least 2.5 million years, economic development only appeared around the 1850s. In pursuit of economic development, not all nationalities have been equally lucky. Among more than 200 countries in the world, only dozens of countries are devel oped. Onethird of the world＇s total population of 6.5 billion are living in poverty. In both developing and developed countries, the wealth gap is often obvious. Therefore, eco nomic development is the goal of each country, the aim of each politi cal party, and the wish of all people. However, economic development usually baffles people. As a result, understanding the relationship be tween economic development and human rights protection is a matter of urgency.

A Causality Analysis of Coal Consumption and Economic Growth for China and India

China and India are the two countries with the strongest economic growth in the world. Meanwhile they consume much of the global coal to fuel their economic development. With coal burning as a major factor contributing to global greenhouse gas emissions, China and India are confronted with a dilemma of economic growth and environment protection. Will coal consumption reduction cause economic shocks? Is there a causal relationship between coal consumption and economic growth in China and India? In this paper Granger causality tests were used to examine the relationship between coal consumption and GDP in China and India, using data for the period from 1965 to 2006. It was found that a unidirectional causality from GDP to coal consumption existed in China while a unidirectional causality from coal consumption to GDP did in India. Therefore, developing cleaner and more efficient technologies is essential to reduce their CO2 emissions to reach sustainable development.

Coordination of economic development and ecological environment in resource exhausted cities

This paper establishes the evaluation index system of ecological environment and economic development in resource exhausted cities, and calculates the level of economic development and ecological environment during the year 2005-2012 by using the entropy method. Furthermore, this study analyzes the coordination degree and coordinated development degree by using the coordination model. The results show that the coordination relationship of economic development and ecological environment continues to improve from 2005 to 2012 in most of these resource exhausted cities. By 2012, other resource depletion cities are in all kinds of hierarchical coordination except Yichun and Hegang. From the standpoint of coordination development degree, although most of these resource exhausted cities have been increased continuously but the level is also lower except in Tongling and Xinyu. Finally, this paper puts forward the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions according to the results of the analysis.

中国数字经济空间动态演进的区域现状

数字经济已成为引领我国经济一体化高质量发展的主要驱动力,立足于国家整体经济及区域经济稳步协调发展的战略。文章基于中国2013—2020年省级数据,运用主成分分析法对中国数字经济进行测度,并运用社会网络分析及核密度等方法对我国数字经济动态演化的空间关联及区域差异进行研究。研究发现:(1)2013—2020年我国数字经济发展整体网络密度稳步提升但依旧处于低水平。(2)中国各省份数字经济发展两极分化,东部与西北、东北等边缘地区存在“数字经济鸿沟”,加之整体关联水平低,分化严重,发达地区对边缘地区的辐射效应较低,差距可能愈发扩大。(3)将其划分为四个板块,发现存在“弱关联”板块,板块间溢出关系及关联度差异悬殊,进一步研究各省份数字经济发展的“中间人”作用,发现各省份承担角色更是“极化”严重。研究结果可为我国持续深化数字经济建设,推动经济协调、稳定、高质量发展提供参考。

人工智能时代的知识学习与教育变革

随着人工智能的崛起及其对部分人脑活动的替代,其“创造性毁灭”效应对社会带来巨变的同时也形成了前所未有的挑战,如何应对这种巨变及其挑战已经成为人工智能时代学习与教育领域的紧要任务。通过梳理人工智能对当今社会发展造成的影响与挑战,探讨了人工智能在改变人类生活环境与经济需求的同时对知识学习的目标、内容与方式的影响,说明人类在教育和知识学习上如何应对人工智能的挑战。人工智能作为人类智能的延伸与替代,虽然将会极大地改变包括人类教育与知识学习的方式和内容在内的教育的显性功能,但其工具实质不会改变教育与知识学习的本质属性。根据劳动者与人工智能的三重关系及人类自身发展的要求,在新的时代,人类更应以学习者为中心,保持持续学习直至终身学习的能力,重视立体复合知识及其转化能力的学习,培养新型立体多维复合型人才。与此相应,教育体制也必然需要进行适应性的改革,使教育实现更大规模和更深覆盖的同时,助力人的全面发展及“个体禀赋”的提升,从而在提升认知的过程中完善自我。

石家庄市县域科技创新与经济发展耦合协调关系时空演变

选取石家庄市13个县域单元作为研究区域,构建科技创新能力和经济发展水平评价指标体系,计算评价指数,测算两者的耦合协调度,使用ArcGIS绘制空间分布图,深入剖析科技创新能力、经济发展水平以及两者耦合协调关系的时空演变特征。研究发现:全市县域科技创新能力和经济发展水平呈现较强的正相关性,且都在2010—2017年间提升速度较快,而在2019年之后提升速度呈减慢的趋势。2010—2021年经济发展水平指数均高于科技创新能力指数,但后者提升速度高于前者,表明石家庄市各县域科技创新能力滞后于经济发展水平,但科技创新能力的发展势头较好。2010年以来,全市县域耦合协调度呈现上升趋势,但耦合协调度与科技创新能力和经济发展水平的变化趋势相似,即2018年之前的提升速度要快于2018年之后。2021年,全市县域耦合协调度等级为“勉强协调发展”,协调发展水平较低,有待进一步提升。

经济社会与生态用水平衡计算规则与方法

从平衡的概念出发,针对经济社会与生态用水竞争问题,提出了经济社会与生态用水平衡的概念,并论述了其内涵及特性;构建了经济社会与生态用水平衡计算规则框架,包括遵循四大规律、基于六大理论、考虑六大因素、符合三大准则;提出了经济社会与生态用水平衡的计算思路,包括资料处理、量化计算、结果检验3个步骤,并给出了其计算方法和计算结果表征方式。以2019年沁河流域为例,量化了流域经济社会与生态用水平衡;在求解一次平衡点以及经济社会用水刚性约束、生态用水刚性约束、综合效益刚性约束条件下平衡结果的基础上,综合考虑六大因素以及总需水量与水资源总量关系,确定了沁河流域经济社会与生态用水平衡点,即经济社会用水与生态用水的比例为0.71∶0.29。

西方经济学方法论及其展开方式

经济学已然成为显学,学习者甚众。西方经济学初学者有两个感觉:一是难度大,二是容易忘。究其原因,教学中“重知识轻方法”是最大的弊病,对西方经济学方法及其层级关系不甚明了,教师就无法用方法论“红线”将知识点串起来,学生学习的困难就可想而知了。该文阐述西方经济学的主要方法,指出其之间的层级关系,并例证经济学方法的展开过程,提醒在教和学之中要注意方法论的学习,旨在提高经济学的教学水平。

数字金融与区域经济发展的耦合协调性测度及其动态演进

以中国八大综合经济区为例,运用耦合协调度模型分析数字金融对区域经济发展的耦合协调关系,并基于Dagum基尼系数与Kernel核密度揭示数字金融与区域经济发展之间协调关系的地区差异及动态演进规律。结果表明:八大综合经济区的经济发展水平总体呈现稳定增长态势,具有“东高西低”阶梯形的异质性和阶段性特征;数字金融与区域经济发展之间协调发展水平逐年提升,八大综合经济区普遍由失调阶段跨入协调阶段;数字金融与区域经济发展之间协调关系存在明显的地区差异,沿海经济区的协调水平明显高于内陆经济区,但地区间协调程度的差距呈现逐渐缩小的演进态势。

贵州省北盘江流域经济贫困与生态脆弱性的空间耦合关系研究

为研究北盘江流域经济贫困与生态环境之间的空间耦合关系,揭示其空间格局,基于遥感数据及统计资料,构建北盘江流域乡镇单元的经济贫困与生态脆弱性的评价体系,采用耦合协调度模型,对经济贫困与生态脆弱性的空间格局及耦合特征进行综合分析。结果表明:1)研究区中度贫困以上的乡镇占全部乡镇的40.54%,贫困程度较重的乡镇主要分布于东南部、中部及六盘水一带的西北部地区,有一定聚集性。2)生态脆弱性等级空间分布差异明显,由东至西生态脆弱程度愈加严重。中度以上脆弱性的乡镇仅占全部乡镇的30.41%,生态脆弱程度处于偏低水平,各类型分布具有明显的集中性。3)耦合协调类型占全部乡镇的83.24%,处于优良的耦合协调状态,耦合协调差异类型分布连片且集中,失调差异类型主要分布于研究区东部。研究可为区域经济发展与环境改善提供一定理论支持,为区域可持续发展提供科学参考。

黄河流域城市群水资源利用与经济发展脱钩关系研究

黄河流域最大的矛盾是水资源短缺,如何科学揭示大尺度缺水型流域城市群水资源利用与经济发展之间的脱钩关系,是黄河生态保护和高质量发展的重大战略管理需求,也是水科学与经济学交叉学科的研究难点.本文发展了基于三维水资源生态足迹和Tapio弹性指数的耦合脱钩模型方法,辨识黄河流域城市群2010-2020年水资源生态足迹时空变化格局及其水资源可持续利用水平,从广度和深度多个维度定量揭示了黄河流域城市群水资源利用与经济发展的脱钩状态.结果表明:(1)2010-2020年黄河流域兰西城市群具有最大的水资源生态足迹广度和最小的水资源生态足迹深度,平均值分别为570.73×10^(4)hm^(2)和1.25;宁夏沿黄城市群则具有最小的水资源生态足迹广度和最大的水资源生态足迹深度,平均值分别为2.01×10^(4)hm^(2)和567.05.(2)黄河流域水资源可持续利用水平最强的是山东半岛城市群,相对较低的是宁夏沿黄城市群.(3)水资源生态足迹广度与GDP发生强脱钩和扩张性负脱钩的比例分别为49.68%和36.13%,水资源生态足迹深度与GDP发生强脱钩和扩张性负脱钩的比例分别为41.29%和34.03%,二者均未达到最佳脱钩状态.研究显示,为提升黄河流域水资源可持续利用水平,水资源生态足迹广度与GDP弱脱钩、水资源生态足迹深度与GDP强脱钩是最佳状态.

长江经济带生态系统服务时空变化及权衡/协同关系研究

长江经济带是生态文明建设的先行示范带,探明生态系统服务时空变化及权衡/协同关系,对区域生态环境可持续发展具有重要意义。基于土地利用转移矩阵、修正的当量因子法、敏感性指数、空间自相关分析及Pearson相关系数等方法,定量分析了长江经济带2000—2020年土地利用情况及其对生态系统服务的时空响应,并探究了各生态系统服务的权衡/协同关系,结果表明:长江经济带土地利用类型主要为林地、耕地和草地,其中转出面积和转入面积最多的分别为耕地和林地;长江经济带生态系统服务价值由2000年的70195.01亿元增长至2020年的70426.23亿元,增长率为0.33%;生态系统服务以水文调节、气候调节、土壤保持和气体调节为主;长江经济带生态系统服务价值的空间分布表现为上游>中游>下游;研究区生态系统服务价值空间分布的集聚效应显著,高高集聚区集中在上游地区,低低集聚区集中在下游的江苏省和安徽省等,低高集聚区集中在四川省攀枝花市;协同关系是长江经济带生态系统服务的主导关系,协同关系占比为63.64%。

经济集聚与农业环境效率:非线性关系与空间溢出

【目的】经济集聚对农业环境效率具有双重影响,研究经济集聚与农业环境效率的关系对于改善中国农业生产环境、促进农业高质量发展意义重大。【方法】基于2001—2020年中国280个地级及以上城市的面板数据,通过构建非线性模型实证分析了经济集聚对农业环境效率的影响及作用机制。【结果】①经济集聚对农业环境效率的影响呈现出倒“U”型特征,该结论在进行一系列稳健性检验后依然成立。②经济集聚对农业环境效率的影响在环境规制强、地形起伏小的地区更加显著。③城市创新能力和农村人力资本水平是经济集聚影响农业环境效率的两个渠道。④进一步研究发现,经济集聚对周边地区农业环境效率在空间上呈现出正“U”型影响。【结论】研究为提高农业环境效率提供了一定的政策依据和经验参考。

长江经济带居民健康水平和经济发展水平的耦合关系及空间格局研究

文章构建了长江经济带居民健康水平与经济发展水平的耦合协调模型,分析2017—2021年长江经济带两系统间耦合协调发展关系及变化趋势,并进一步探讨其空间分布格局和关联特征。结果发现,两系统发展水平差异逐渐缩小,但经济发展水平仍滞后于健康水平;耦合协调度均值由0.556增长到0.647,呈现“下游高,中上游低”的空间格局分布,说明存在地区间不平衡;全局莫兰指数均大于0,表示存在趋同聚集,局域空间自相关分析结果集中于高高聚集区和低低聚集区。研究结果为推动长江经济带地区居民健康水平与经济发展水平提升、促进两系统间协调发展提供参考。