Balance of Irrigation Water in Jinghui Canal Irrigation District of China

Jinghuiqu Canal Irrigation District is an old irrigation area with a long history.Due to natural and man-made factors,the inflow and rainfall of the irrigation area are decreasing,which seriously affects agricultural production water in the irrigation area and constantly threatens the safety of irrigation water in irrigation area.In this paper,natural and man-made factors of affecting irrigation water in irrigation area are analyzed,and it is proposed that main channels of solving safety of irrigation water are enhancing the utilization of canal water and optimizing the allocation of canals and wells.

Efficacy of Solution Form of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid on Removing Smear Layer of Root Canal at Different Exposure Time In Vitro

Summary： This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of solution form of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid （EDTA） on removing smear layer of root canals at different exposure time periods and to provide scientific basis for EDTA as a choice of root canal irrigation in clinical practice. Twenty-five single-rooted teeth were randomly divided into 5 groups： control group （group A） was given 2.5% NaOC1, and 4 experimental groups were given 2.5% NaOC1 and 17% EDTA, including groups B, C, D and E with exposure time of 1, 3, 5 and 7 min, respectively. After preparation of the root canals, the teeth were split along their longitudinal axis, and the root sections were examined under scanning elec- tron microscope for evaluation of smear layer removal and erosion on the surface of the root canal walls. The specimens in group B showed presence of smear layer on the walls of the root canal with no statistical difference from that in group A （P〉0.05）. In groups C and D, partial removal of smear layer was obtained, and there was no significant difference between the two groups （P〉0.05）, but there was significant difference in removal of smear layer between group C and group B （P〈0.05）. Root canal walls in group E specimens showed almost complete removal of smear layer, and the removal of smear layer was significantly different from that in group D （P〈0.01）. There was no significant change in the structure of the surface of root canal for each sample. It was concluded that combined irrigation with 17% EDTA and 2.5% NaOC1 could remove the smear layer with no significant alteration in dentinal structure when the chelating agent was applied for 7 min. At 3 and 5 min of application, partial removal of smear layer was observed and at 1 min negligible removal of smear layer was achieved.

Endodontic irrigants from a comprehensive perspective

This review article explores the fundamental principles of modern endodontics with a focus on root canal cleaning and shaping.It reviews commonly used endodontic irrigant,namely sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl),herbal extracts,chlorhexidine(CHX),and chelating agents,highlighting their properties,applications,and potential drawbacks.NaOCl,a key antimicrobial agent,demonstrates effectiveness against various microorganisms but poses challenges such as high cytotoxicity.Herbal extracts,gaining recognition in endodontics,present an alternative with potential advantages in preserving dentin integrity.CHX,known for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity,is discussed in both liquid and gel formulations,emphasizing its role in reducing smear layer formation and preserving hybrid layer durability.Chelating agents,specifically ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and citric acid,play a vital role in removing the smear layer,enhancing dentin permeability,and facilitating the penetration of antimicrobial agents.The review article underscores the importance of careful application and consideration of each irrigant's properties to ensure safe and effective endodontic procedures.It serves as a valuable guide for clinicians in selecting appropriate irrigants based on specific treatment requirements.

Two-way coupling of unsaturated-saturated flow by integrating the SWAT and MODFLOW models with application in an irrigation district in arid region of West China

This paper presents the realization of two-way coupling of the unsaturated-saturated flow interactions of the SWAT2000 and MODFLOW96 models on the basis of the integrated surface/groundwater model SWATMOD99, and its application in Hetao Irrigation District （HID）, Inner Mongolia, China. Major revisions and enhancements were made to the SWAT2000 and MODFLOW models for simulating the detailed hydrologic budget and coupled unsaturated and saturated interactions, and irrigation canal hydrology for the HID. The simulation results of seasonal groundwater recharge to and evaporate from the shallow groundwater, and the annual water budget over the district are presented and discussed. The results implied the necessity of two-way coupling of the unsaturated-saturated interactions when groundwater is shallow, and the feasibility of making comprehensive use of the information coming from both the surface water and groundwater models to make a more physically-based assessment of the coupled interactions.

Rural Impact Assessment of Agriculture Water Systems in a Climate Change Context

This study is a rapid appraisal procedure （RAP） of two forms of agriculture water delivery systems comprising two canal irrigation schemes and 26 Zimbabwean bush pumps in the Midlands and Masvingo Provinces. A longitudinal multiple data collection technique employed involved various primary and secondary sources including site visits, literature review, observation, interviews with key personnel and group discussions. General findings of this study indicate： （1） the available coping mechanisms in smallholder farming in a climate change context and （2） the challenges faced in the actual delivery of water in terms of design, management, physical and institutional factors. The study provides pragmatic recommendations for overall improvement and performance in a local, technical and socio-economic context through evaluation of the current situation, practices and processes. An integrated approach to addressing climate change impacts should include water management, rehabilitation, complete overhaul and introduction of other relevant water systems and water saving farming techniques. Yet, ownership of these technologies by communities remains instrumental. Rural development and agricultural policies that ensure maximum and full capacity utilisation of water systems to improve rural livelihoods, mitigation and adaptation to climate change are recommended.

A Lattice Boltzmann Model to Study Sedimentation Phenomena in Irrigation Canals

Fresh water is one of the most significant resources for human activities and survival,and irrigation is among the most important uses of water.The sustainibility and performance of irrigation canals can be greatly affected by sediment transport and deposition.In our previous works,we proposed a Lattice Boltzmann model for simulating a free surface flow in an irrigation canal,as an alternative to more traditional models mainly based on shallow water equations.Here we introduce the sedimentation phenomenon into our model by adding a new algorithm,based on the earlier work by B.Chopard,A.Dupuis and A.Masselot[9,11,12,27].Transport,erosion,deposition and toppling of sediments are taken into account and enable the global sedimentation algorithm to simulate different transport modes such as bed load and suspended load.In the present work,we study both the behaviour of a sediment deposit located at an underflow submerged gate(depending on the gate opening and the flow discharge)and the influence of the presence of such a deposit on the flow.Both numerical and experimental validations have been performed.The experiments were realized on the micro-canal of the LCIS laboratory at Valence,France.The comparisons between simulations and experiments give good qualitative agreement.