Spatio-temporal distribution of phytoplankton in the Danjiangkou Reservoir, a water source area for the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (Middle Route), China

One of the water source areas of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is the Danjiangkou Reservoir （DJKR）. To understand seasonal variation in phytoplankton composition, abundance and distribution in the DJKR area before water diversion, as well as to estimate potential risks of water quality after water diversion, we conducted an investigation on phytoplankton in the DJKR from August 2008 to May 2009. The investigation included 10 sampling sites, each with four depths of 0.5, 5, 10, and 20 m. In this study, 117 taxa belonging to 76 genera were identified, consisting of diatoms （39 taxa）, green algae （47 taxa）, blue-green algae （19 taxa）, and others （12 taxa）. Annual average phytoplankton abundance was 2.01×10^6 ind./L, and the highest value was 14.72 ×10^6 ind/L （at site 3 in August 2008）. Phytoplankton abundance in front of the Danjiangkou Dam （DJKD） was higher than that of the Danjiang Reservoir Basin. Phytoplankton distribution showed a vertical declining trend from 0.5 m to 20 m at most sites in August 2008 （especially at sites of 1, 2, 4 and 10）, but no distinct pattern in other sampling months. In December 2008 and March 2009, Stephanodiseus sp. was the most abundant species, amounting to 55.23% and 72.34%, respectively. We propose that high abundance ofStephanodiscus sp. may have contributed greatly to the frequent occurrence of Stephanodiscus sp. blooms in middle-low reaches of the Hanjiang River during the early spring of 2009. In comparison with previous studies conducted from 1992 to 2006, annual average phytoplankton density, green algae and blue-green algae species, as well as major nutrient concentrations increased, while phytoplankton diversity indices declined. This indicates a gradual decline in water quality. More research should be conducted and countermeasures taken to prevent further deterioration of water quality in the DJKR.

Critical chain construction with multi-resource constraints based on portfolio technology in South-to-North Water Diversion Project

Recently, the critical chain study has become a hot issue in the project management research field. The construction of the critical chain with multi-resource constraints is a new research subject. According to the system analysis theory and project portfolio theory, this paper discusses the creation of project portfolios based on the similarity principle and gives the definition of priority in multi-resource allocation based on quantitative analysis. A model with multi-resource constraints, which can be applied to the critical chain construction of the A-bid section in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, was proposed. Contrast analysis with the comprehensive treatment construction method and aggressive treatment construction method was carried out. This paper also makes suggestions for further research directions and subjects, which will be useful in improving the theories in relevant research fields.

Land Cover Changes and Drivers in the Water Source Area of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China from 2000 to 2015

The Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project(MR-SNWDP)in China,with construction beginning in 2003,diverts water from Danjiangkou Reservoir to North China for residential,agriculture and industrial use.The water source area of the MR-SNWDP is the region that is most sensitive to and most affected by the construction of this water diversion project.In this study,we used Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM)and HJ-1 A/B images from 2000 to 2015 by an object-based approach with a hierarchical classification method for mapping land cover in the water source area.The changes in land cover were illuminated by transfer matrixes,single dynamic degree,slope zones and fractional vegetation cover(FVC).The results indicated that the area of cropland decreased by 31%and was replaced mainly by shrub over the past 15 years,whereas forest and settlements showed continuous increases of 29.2% and 77.7%,respectively.The changes in cropland were obvious in all slope zones and decreased most remarkably(–43.8%)in the slope zone above 25°.Compared to the FVC of forest and shrub,significant improvement was exhibited in the FVC of grassland,with a growth rate of 16.6%.We concluded that local policies,including economic development,water conservation and immigration resulting from the construction of the MR-SNWDP,were the main drivers of land cover changes;notably,they stimulated the substantial and rapid expansion of settlements,doubled the wetlands and drove the transformation from cropland to settlements in immigration areas.

Reliability model of organization management chain of South-to-North Water Diversion Project during construction period

In order to analyze the indispensability of the organization management chain of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project （SNWDP）, two basic forms （series connection state and mixed state of both series connection and parallel connection） of the organization management chain can be abstracted. The indispensability of each form has been studied and is described in this paper. Through analysis of the reliability of the two basic forms, reliability models of the organization management chain in the series connection state and the mixed state of both series connection and parallel connection have been set up.

Wet-Dry Runoff Correlation in Western Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project,China

The Western Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is an important trans-basin diversion project to transfer water from the upstream Yangtze River and its tributaries （water-exporting area）, to the upstream of the Yellow River （water- importing area）. The long-term hydrologieal data from 14 stream gauging stations in the Western Route area and techniques including the pre-whitening approach, non-parametric test, Bayes, law, variance analysis extrapolation, and Wavelet Analysis are applied to identify the streamflow eharacteristics and trends, streamflow time series cross-correlations, wetness-dryness encountering probability, and periodicities that occurred over the last 50 years. The results show that the water-exporting area, water- importing area, and the streteh downstream of the water-exporting have synehronization in high-low flow relationship, whereas they display non- synchronization in long-term evolution. This corresponds to the complicated and variable climate of the plateau region. There is no obvious increasing or decreasing trend in runoff at any gauging station. The best hydrological eompensation probability for rivers where water is diverted is about 25% to lO%, and those rivers influenced significantly by diversion are the Jinsha and Yalong rivers. Proper planning and design of compensation reservoirs for the water-exporting area and stretch downstream of the water- exporting area can increase the hydrological compensation possibility from water-exporting area to the water-importing area, and reduce the impact on the stretch of river downstream of the water- exporting area.

Penalty model for delay of bidding section construction period in South-to-North Water Diversion Eastern Route Project from perspective of programs

According to the multi-project and program management theory, this paper analyzes the program generation principle and establishes a program based on progress goals. On the basis of the present situation of calculation of penalty for delay of the bidding section construction period with the critical path method, we studied the effects of contractor-induced delay of the bidding section construction period in detail, including the effects on the construction period of the bidding section itself, the earliest start times of the next bidding section and other subsequent bidding sections, and the construction period of the program, and then constructed a penalty model for delay of the bidding section construction period from the perspective of programs. Using the penalty model, we conducted a practical analysis of penalty for delay of the construction period of the Baoying station program in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. The model can help determine the amount of penalty for delay of the construction period in bidding sections scientifically and reasonably,

IMPACTS OF THE SOUTH-TO-NORTH WATER DIVERSION PROJECTS (MIDDLE ROUTE)ON THE WATER ENVIRONMENT OF THE MIDDLE AND LOWER REACHES OF THE HANJIANG RIVER

In this paper, according to the rule of unbalanced sediment transport and the analysis of field data, different water diversion schemes were theoretically studied, including the erosion and sedimentation trend as well as their impacts on the environment of the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River. The results showed that the 95×10 8m 3 water diversion scheme will cause less erosion and water level decrease than the 15×10 8m 3 water diversion scheme. Using a water diversion scheme of 95×10 8m 3, the decrease of water quantity can impact the river hydrodynamic regime substantially and the environments of the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River will be greatly affected. It is therefore necessary to develop new water resources or build projects to meet the need of the environment and the needs for navigation.

Critical discharge at Datong for controlling operation of South-to-North Water Transfer Project in dry seasons

Previous research shows that there is a strong correlation between saltwater intrusion in the Yangtze Estuary and discharge at Datong. In the near future, the discharge of the Yangtze River during dry seasons will decrease due to the construction and operation of large water diversion projects, including the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, which will further exacerbate saltwater intrusion in the estuary. In this paper, a nested 1D river network model and a 2D saltwater numerical model are used to associate saltwater intrusion in the Yangtze Estuary with different values of discharge at Datong. It is concluded that 13 000 m3/s is the critical discharge at Datong for preventing saltwater intrusion and controlling the volume of water transferred by the South-to-North Water Transfer Project. Furthermore, based on the analysis of river discharge from Datong to Xuliujing and in consideration of the influence of all of the water diversion projects, operation schemes are proposed for the Eastern Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project for different hydrological years.

Water diversion and agricultural production:Evidence from China

Water diversion can alleviate water shortages caused by the uneven distribution of water resources.China’s Southto-North Water Diversion Project(SNWD)is the largest water diversion project worldwide.Based on the prefecturelevel data of China’s Huang-Huai-Hai Plain from 2000 to 2020,this study employs an empirical strategy of Differencesin-Differences(DID)to analyze the impact of SNWD on agricultural production.The results show that SNWD has significantly increased agricultural production,measured by the agricultural value added.The estimated results of the benchmark model remain robust when the contemporaneous policy is addressed,an alternative outcome is used,subsamples are estimated,and alternative estimation techniques are employed.This study argues that the potential impact mechanism may be that SNWD significantly increases the acreage for cash crops but reduces that for grain crops.Heterogeneity analysis shows that in prefectures with high temperature or land potential,SNWD’s impact on agricultural value added is relatively low.In contrast,in areas with prolonged sunshine or high slopes,SNWD’s impact on agricultural value added is relatively large.Given the low added value of grain crops,the government should consider strengthening food security by subsidizing water supply to sustain grain production.

Water-saving potential evaluation of water-receiving regions in Shandong province on the East Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project of China

Taking 13 water-receiving areas on the East Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project(ERSNWDP)in Shandong Province as the study area,and comparing it with Jiangsu Province on the ERSNWDP and the Middle Route of the South-to-North(MRSNWDP),the current water-saving potential of the water-receiving areas within the municipalities of Shandong was analyzed.Different water-saving scenarios were constructed and analyzed with key water-saving indexes in various industries.These indexes include the effective utilization coefficient of farmland irrigation water,total water consumption of industrial sectors with an added value of over 10000 RMB,average leakage rate of the urban public water supply pipe network and the penetration rate of water-saving appliances.Based on the scenarios,comprehensive water-saving potential of the 13 water-receiving area cities was calculated.The results show that the water-saving potential of the study area is at a relative high level.However,some cities still have a certain amount of water-saving potential for agriculture and industry to be elevated.Under the recommended water-saving scenario,the water-saving potential is 1.134 billion m3,accounting for 5.33%of the current total water consumption,of which 460 million m3 is in agriculture,600 million m3 in industry,is and 74.20 million m3 in urban domestic sector.Comprehensive water-saving measures for the study area were proposed from the aspects of agricultural,industrial and domestic water uses.Agricultural and industrial water saving are more significant.The major cities for agricultural water saving include Jining City,Heze City,Weifang City and Jinan City;the focus cities of industrial water saving mainly include Weihai City,Jining City and Qingdao City and etc.;the key water-saving areas for urban use mainly include Zaozhuang City,Jining City and Heze City.

On conservation and development of architecture and environment in the construction of large-scale national infrastructure——Exemplified by the Jiangsu Section of the Eastern Route South-to-North Water Diversion Project

The water-diverting route project’s characteristics,natural landscapes,and histories and humanism of the Jiangsu Section of the Eastern Route South-to-North Water Diversion Project were systemically analyzed through proposing and studying the canal culture routes,the water resources heritage corridors,the landscape and recreation corridors,and the town economic corridors.The station areas along the water-diverting route were scientifically zoned and graded through quantitative and qualitative synthetic methods.Both planning compendiums and construction controlling methods were proposed based on the project grades of points,lines,and areas.Conservation and development of architecture and environment in the large-scale national infrastructure construction were explored systemically.Theories and methods of developing harmonious water-supplying functions,ecological functions,landscape effects,and cultural effects of large-scale water resources were examined.

Application of SEDEA to evaluation of degree of harmony between water resources and economic development

This paper introduces the method of data envelopment analysis （DEA） for evaluation of the degree of harmony between water resources and economic development of the water conservancy area of China＇s South-to-North Water Diversion Project （SNWDP）. For this evaluation, a super-efficiency DEA （SEDEA） model was developed based on the super-efficiency method. To verify the applicability of the SEDEA model, both the SEDEA model and a normal-efficiency DEA （NEDEA） model were used to evaluate the degree of harmony between water resources and economic development of typical cities in the SNWDP water conservancy area. The results show that the SEDEA model ranks the degree of harmony of typical cities more efficiently than the NEDEA model, and thus can better evaluate the degree of harmony between water resources and economic development of different cities than the NEDEA model. Furthermore, the SEDEA model can be applied as an operational research tool in regional water resources management.

干旱和局部渗水对膨胀土渠堤稳定性影响研究

为探究膨胀土渠堤表面风干、地下水位升高和侧坡渗水等因素对其稳定性的影响,防控由此引发的现场灾害,开展了填方渠坡室内模型试验,研究了南水北调渠堤膨胀土含水量波动对渠坡变形和裂缝发育规律的影响,分析了边坡变形值、裂缝长度宽度与含水率、时间和渗水位置的关系,揭示了膨胀土含水量波动的致灾过程和时空发育规律。试验结果表明:(1)旱季坡面水分蒸发导致渠坡表层200 mm深度内首先产生垂直坡表面的“V”形簇状纵向裂缝,后逐渐水平发育,坡面最大沉降值为4 mm, 15 d后沉降趋于稳定;(2)雨季渠堤下部地基水位抬升使渠堤底部膨胀土发生显著膨胀,渠堤整体抬升3.32 mm;(3)在渠堤侧坡渗水中心点附近土体含水量上升8%以上,坝堤内自由水沿纵横向不均匀扩散而引起土体各向不均匀膨胀变形,并在右坡坡脚处产生长400 mm、宽14 mm的宽大裂缝;(4)基于膨胀系数的地基变形计算公式可以较好地预测渠坡浸水后各位置的变形量,有助于依据土体含水量判别各点的变形状态,为渠堤稳定性分析提供参考。

南水北调中线总干渠污染物降解及自净能力研究

自净过程是影响河湖水体水质变化的重要因素,污染物降解系数是决定水体自净能力的关键参数。定量分析长距离输水过程中渠道本身的自净作用,对于认识总干渠水质变化过程,区分其他外源因素对水质变化的影响都有着重要意义。以高锰酸盐指数和氨氮为研究对象,采用室内实验模拟的方法测定了南水北调中线输水总干渠典型断面的污染物降解系数,并将模拟的自净衰减过程与水质实际变化过程进行对比。结果显示:①总干渠污染物降解系数k相对天然河流处于较低水平,陶岔断面k_(COD_(Mn))为0.055 d^(-1),k_(NH_(3)-N)为0.003 d^(-1),郑湾断面k_(COD_(Mn))为0.049 d^(-1),k_(NH_(3)-N)为0.003 d^(-1),大安舍断面k_(COD_(Mn))为0.032 d^(-1),k_(NH_(3)-N)为0.009 d^(-1);考虑到高锰酸盐指数实际组分复杂,渠道降解系数较模拟结果可能更低。②模拟的自净衰减过程受温度、流速的影响较大,不同条件下总干渠高锰酸盐指数将从1.8 mg/L下降至0.228~1.042 mg/L,氨氮浓度将从0.034 mg/L下降至0.026~0.030 mg/L。由于存在藻源性、大气沉降和坡面径流等外源输入增量,总干渠沿程实测高锰酸盐指数介于1.8~2.4 mg/L之间(2019年),基本维持稳定;氨氮浓度介于0.029~0.096 mg/L之间(2019年),有升高趋势。理想条件下,自净作用最大能够消减高锰酸盐指数增量的81.81%,消减氨氮增量的30.37%。研究成果可为深入认识南水北调中线总干渠输水过程中水质沿程变化提供参考。

2-D NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FLOODING EFFECTS CAUSED BY SOUTH-TO-NORTH WATER TRANSFER PROJECT

Since the General Channel designed for the South-to-North Water Transfer Project in China has to cross many rivers and streams flowing from west to east, there are potentially serious effects additional flooding on the western side of the project alignment. Therefore, a 2-D numerical model for forecasting basin flood disasters was established and verified using historical flood data. The model was applied to researching the interaction between the proposed Project and flooding events for 5 streams in the Anyang River reach as a representative case study. Simulated results indicate that the model could correctly forecast the flood, submerged area and depths, and water surface elevations along the left side of the channel. The discharge capacity and location of hydraulic structures in the transfer canal alignment were analyzed. Then adjustments to the dimensions and positioning of proposed hydraulic structures were recommended at intersections, especially the addition of a channel to transfer flood water from one stream to another, which can effectively limit the sluice and protect the Anyang City from flooding.

南水北调中线电子渠道平台建设

南水北调中线工程输水线路长,沿线分水口门和控制设施多,水力学及调度控制响应是工程设计与运行管理的关键。在收集、整理南水北调中线相关资料的基础上,建立了南水北调中线基础地理、输水线路、控制工程及相关建筑物的综合数据库。采用自主开发的TGIS平台,集成了南水北调中线总干渠一维和局部二维、三维数学模型,在该平台下,能够进行输水能力计算、水力控制响应分析,为工程设计、管理和运行调度提供了基础平台。

长距离输水渠道冰期运行控制研究

高纬度地区的渠道在冬季往往采用冰盖下输水,保证冰盖的稳定性是渠道冬季安全输水的前提条件。目前,渠道在冬季的运行控制多依靠经验,开展长距离渠道冰期运行控制研究对实现冰期安全输水是十分重要的。利用数值模拟的方法分析了长距离输水渠道的冰情和水情的变化过程,根据渠道内的冰情演变特性,提出冬季渠道应采用闸前常水位方式运行。鉴于气象预报以及冰情预报可能存在的不确定性,提出采用水位-流量串级的反馈控制算法,建立了渠道冰期运行控制模型,并在控制器内加入解耦环节,以提高渠道的控制效果。并通过南水北调中线干渠的数值模拟实验,对渠道冰期运行控制模型的控制效果进行了验证。结果表明,该冰期运行控制模型可以实现渠道冬季安全、适时、适量的供水目标。

大型输水明渠运行控制模式研究

以南水北调中线干渠为背景,研究了大型输水明渠闸前常水位运行控制模式。基于下游运行控制概念,提出了包括前馈控制、反馈控制和解耦三个环节的分布式集中控制方案。其中前馈控制采用主动蓄量补偿方法,用于消除计划分水等可预测扰动的影响,加快渠道的响应与恢复速度。反馈控制采用水位-流量串级PI反馈控制方法,用于消除非计划分水等未知扰动和测量扰动的影响。采用流量控制器降低下游方向渠池间的耦合影响。设计专门的解耦算法,降低上游方向的耦合影响。在南水北调中线京石段渠道上进行了仿真试验。模拟了计划分水和非计划分水工况下,各闸门的操作过程和相应水位流量响应过程。结果表明,所设计的控制方案能够有效减少大型输水明渠的时间滞后,快速消除已知分水扰动和未知分水扰动的影响,使闸前水位快速回复至目标值,控制过程中的水位波动满足安全限幅。

北京市南水北调工程配套工程东干渠输水隧洞设计方案研究

东干渠工程是北京市南水北调工程供水环路的重要组成部分,输水隧洞全长44.7 km,内径4.6 m。由于输水线路长、埋深大、内水压力高、风险源多,设计工作面临众多难点,设计采用结构力学、二维和三维有限元等计算方法,取得结构应力分布云图,确定控制工况及应力最大区域,模拟特殊工况下的结构破坏形式,充分确保结构安全可靠。通过将HDPE高密度聚乙烯自粘胶膜防水卷材应用到多层防水设计中,解决了双层衬砌容易发生层间窜水的难题,为达到一、二衬联合受力效果提供了条件。采用地下连续墙围护结构及玻璃纤维筋作为洞门结构配筋,避免了大面积施工降水对环境的影响,提高了盾构进出洞的施工效率。面对众多地铁、铁路、桥梁等风险源,引入了科学的风险管理机制,采取有针对性的风险分级,进行了全面的检测、评估、论证,确保了工程建设顺利完成。

南水北调中线工程运行特性及控制方式研究

简要介绍了国家"十一五"科技支撑计划项目"南水北调中线工程关键技术研究与应用"课题四"中线工程输水能力及冰害防治技术研究"所取得的部分水力学研究成果,包括南水北调中线工程输水模拟平台的研制、中线工程数值仿真软件开发、分水口和节制闸的水力敏感性分析、闸前常水位控制算法、穿黄工程节制闸闸前水位确定、冰期输水能力及冰期运行控制等,研究成果紧密结合中线工程的实际情况,可应用于中线工程的运行、调度与管理。