Composite Activated Carbon from Canarium schweinfurthii/Polyethylene Terephthalate: Adsorption Test of Rhodamine B Dye Removal in Aqueous Solution

The present work deals on one hand with the valorization of wastes plastics, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and Canarium schweinfurthii (CS) for the preparation of polyethylene terephthalate activated carbon (PETAC) and Canarium schweinfurthii/polyethylene terephthalate activated carbon (CS/PETAC). These adsorbents, on the other hand, were used for removal Rhodamine B (RhB) in an aqueous solution. PET and CS precursors were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning colorimetry (DSC). Meanwhile PETAC and CS/PETAC were characterized using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nitrogen adsorption/desorption (N2-BET). The N2-BET results revealed an increase of the specific surface area from 6.75 m2/g to 1282.0 m2/g for PETAC and CS/PETAC. The results of characterization indicated the key role played by plastic wastes to enhance the structural and functional properties of CS/PETAC. The RhB removal from the aqueous solution onto PETAC and CS/PETAC was found to be independent of pH, with an optimal contact time of RhB removal within 10 min for materials. The non-linear adsorption isotherm data for the adsorption process showed that the Langmuir and Freundlich models best fitted the RhB adsorption onto PETAC meanwhile only the Freundlich adsorption isotherm gave the best fit for CS/PETAC according to the correlation coefficient value closed to unity. The pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order kinetic models best described the RhB dye removal on both adsorbents. Additionally, the Elovich model confirmed that chemisorption was the main mechanism followed. These findings proved that CS seeds and PET wastes are low-cost precursors that should be given an added value by transforming them into an outstanding carbon material for dye removal in liquid effluent.

橄榄(Canarium album)种子形态结构与数量性状分析

以福建主栽的橄榄(Canarium album (Lour.) Rauesch.)品种‘长营’种子为材料,观察其成熟种子及不同发育时期种子的形态结构,对数量性状进行测量与统计分析,并运用概率分级建立形态指标的正态分布分级标准。结果显示,橄榄种子表型性状和形态结构变异较大,各数量性状变异系数为6.77%~19.04%,具有丰富的遗传多样性;橄榄种子心室类型有12种,其中三心室占比最高(97.80%);胚数量0~4个不等;经K-S检验,各数量性状符合正态分布,依据各性状可划分为5级分级标准。本研究为橄榄种质的系统学研究提供了种子形态方面的新内容,可为橄榄资源描述的标准化及遗传育种研究提供一定的参考。

Fate of polyphenols in pili(Canarium ovatum Engl.) pomace after in vitro simulated digestion

Objective: To evaluate the stability and bioavailability of polyphenols in pili(Canarium ovatum Engl.) pomace during simulated in vitro digestion.Methods: Freeze-dried pili pomace was subjected to in vitro digestion simulating conditions in the stomach, small intestine and colon. Total polyphenols, anthocyanins, fl avonoids and condensed tannins, and its antioxidant activity – 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,20-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid, and ferric reducing antioxidant power were measured using standard spectrophotometric methods.Results: In vitro digestion of pili pomace resulted in reduction of phenolic compounds.Condensed tannins and anthocyanins were released in the gastric and intestinal stages,while total polyphenols and flavonoids after fermentation simulating colonic conditions.Antioxidant values of the bioavailable fractions showed that more than 90% of activity was lost during simulated digestion.Conclusions: Findings indicate that pili pomace is a promising functional ingredient for food and dietary supplements which can furnish potentially bioavailable phenolic antioxidants to the body.

Antisalmonellal and antioxidant potential of hydroethanolic extract of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl.(Burseraceae) in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium-infected chicks

Objective:To evaluate the anti-infectious and antioxidant activities of hydroethanolic extract of Canarium schweinfurthii on broiler chickens infected by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium,known to be threatening public health.Methods:Animals were divided into six groups of eight animals per group:the normal control group,negative control group,positive control group and three test groups receiving the plant extract at 5,19 and 75 mg/kg bw,respecively.The evolution of the disease as well as the effectiveness of the treatment were monitored by stool culture from the second day post infection until the end of the treatment.In addition,the effects of treatment on growth performances and feed conversion efficiency of broilers were evaluated.For the assessment of antioxidant status,enzymatic and non-enzymatic biomarkers such as catalase,glutathione peroxidase,malondialdehyde and nitric oxide were evaluated in the serum and tissues of animals.Results:The infected chickens treated with oxytetracycline recovered on day 7 after treatment,while animals treated with 19 and 75 mg/kg of Canarium schweinfurthii extract recovered on day 9 and those with 5 mg/kg of the extract on day 10.Salmonella infection caused a decrease on catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities;the administration of various doses of Canarium schweinfurthii extract increased these enzymatic activities.Animals receiving the extract at 5 mg/kg showed a significant increase in catalase activity in serum,heart and lungs while all concentrations of the extract significantly increased glutathione peroxidase activity in the serum,liver and spleen.Concerning non-enzymatic biomarkers,Salmonella infection caused a significant increase of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde concentration in the liver and lungs.Treatment with 75 mg/kg of the extract significantly reduced nitric oxide concentration in the heart and lungs while each dose of the extract reduced and normalized the malondialdehyde level in the serum.Additionally,malondialdehyde production was significantly decreased in the liver,heart and lungs after administration of Canarium schweinfurthii extract at all doses.Conclusions:The hydroethanolic extract of Canarium schweinfurthii attenuates oxidative stress,and is effective in the treatment of avian salmonellosis.

Cytotoxic Activity of Stem Bark Extracts from Canarium odontophyllum Miq (Dabai) against Human Colorectal Carcinoma HCT 116 Cell Line

The preliminary study is aimed at evaluating the cytotoxic activity of crude extracts from the stem bark of Canarium odontophyllum against colorectal carcinoma cell HCT 116. Result of the extraction yield showed that distilled water produced the highest yield (10.58%) followed by methanol (6.55%) whereas acetone extracted the lowest yield (4.58%) from C. odontophyllum stem bark. Phytochemical screening test revealed the presence of terpenoid, flavonoid, tannin, saponin and phenolic compound in all the stem bark extracts of C. odontophyllum. Acetone extract of C. odontophyllum stem bark showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) cytotoxic effect with IC50 of 0.062 ± 1.04 mg/ml compared to methanol extract with IC50 0.122 ± 4.92 mg/ml. No cytotoxic effect was observed by the aqueous extract despite its high extraction yield. In conclusion, acetone and methanol extracts from C. odontophyllum stem bark exhibited promising cytotoxic activity against human colorectal cancer cell line HCT 116 and paves way for further investigation in view of its mode of cancer cell death.

Phytoconstituent Screening and Antibacterial Activity of the Leaf Extracts from <i>Canarium odontophyllum</i>Miq.

Canarium odontophyllum is one of the underutilized fruits among the local community in Sarawak, Malaysia. The leaf extracts from C. odontophyllum (6.25 mg/ml to 50 mg/m) were screened against two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Extraction of the C. odontophyllum leaves using methanol produced the highest yield (5.46%) followed by water (4.0%) and acetone (2.83%) whereas hexane extracted the lowest yield (0.98%). Out of the four bacterial species tested, only S. aureus was found to be susceptible towards the C. odontophyllum leaves extract. Screening result using agar well diffusion method showed that the antimicrobial activity of the acetone and methanol extracts from C. odontophyllum leaves was concentration-dependent towards the growth inhibition of S. aureus. The MIC values for both MeOH and acetone extracts were 0.391 mg/ml. The MBC value of MeOH extract was twice its MIC value whereas the MBC and MIC values of acetone extract against S. aureus were the same. Phytochemical analysis showed that acetone, MeOH and water extracts contain flavonoid, tannin, terpenoid and phenol. These findings conclude that the leaves of C. odontophyllum may contain therapeutically-useful compounds against S. aureus, which are mostly concentrated in the acetone extract. As such, C. odontophyllum have the potential to be developed as an alternative treatment against Staphylococcus aureus-associated skin and soft tissue infections.

Elaboration and Characterization of a Composite Material Based on <i>Canarium schweinfurthii</i>Engl Cores with a Polyester Matrix

The aim of this work was to develop and characterize a polyester matrix composite material based on Canarium schweinfurthii Engl core granule. The particle size and the mass fractions of these cores used as fillers in this composite were the two optimization parameters. The experimentation of the twelve sample areas was based on the following optimization parameters: Three particles sizes of 80 1 2 3 &middot;m-3, which allows us to admit that this composite belongs to the family of light materials. The maximum compressive stress at break was obtained for the formulation 40% filler of size T3. This compressive stress at maximum rupture is in the range of 199.14 MPa. From 0% to 45% of filler, the flexural Young’s modulus of the composite increases whatever the particle size. The highest value is obtained for T2 particle size, i.e. 13.11 GPa. The static friction coefficient of the composite on wood increases as the filler content varies from 0.30 to 0.42. Thus, in view of the properties obtained, this composite can be used as alternative solutions in industrial applications, for the manufacturing of shoe heel, house ceiling, floors for housing and table support.

Physical, Water Diffusion and Micro-Structural Analysis of “Canarium Schweinfurthii Engl”

The purpose of this study is to determine the morphological, microstructural characteristics and water diffusion parameters of the Canarium schweinfurthii (CS) shellnut. This work is part of a vast project to valorize the above-mentioned cores for possible industrial use as charges in composites or abrasives materials. The study was based on the characterization of intrinsic physical characteristics of the coreshells scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations desorption, adsorption and absorption kinetics. The water diffusion phenomenon was modeled and it appears that the Page model well predicted the kinetic of drying, absorption and adsorption. The effective diffusion coefficient and the energy of activation were calculated at three isothermal temperatures (50°C, 70°C and 90°C). There was a tendency for hysteresis in the sorption-desorption cycles. These results strongly predicted the possibility of using these products as a filler in composites, clay building materials and cement because of their high water diffusion stability on a macroscopic scale.

Analysis of Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Map of Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>Treated with Acetone Extract from <i>Canarium odontophyllum</i>Miq. Leaves

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is a global health concern that has caused severe health threats over the past decade. Leaves extract of C. odontophyllum has been proven previously as an anti MRSA agent. Proteomics provide a technique that used to analyze the differential of protein expression profile between untreated and treated MRSA with subinhibitory concentrations of acetone extract from C. odontophyllum leaves. This study aims to determine the optimum parameter for analysis of protein expression profile using two-dimension gels electrophoresis (2-DE) for MRSA protein after treatment with acetone extract from C. odontophyllum leaves. Comparison of the Protein Expression Profile (PEP) between the untreated and treated MRSA was analyzed using PDQuest software. The optimum condition for MRSA protein treated with acetone extract from C. odontophyllum leaves to produce the best resolution with greater spot distribution was as follows: 100 μg volume of MRSA protein that loaded after passive rehydration then was run until reaching 25 kVrhs during IEF using 17 cm IPG strip within ranges of pH 4 - 7. Analysis of protein expression from the 2-DE gel map shows that 9 protein spots up-regulated and 41 protein spots were down-regulated with more than 2-fold differences (p < 0.05). This preliminary study on the PEP of MRSA treated with acetone extract of C. odontophyllum leave may provide an insight into the antimicrobial mechanism, which could lead to the identification of target protein for future novel therapeutic development against MRSA infections.

Tannins from Canarium album with potent antioxidant activity

The contents of total phenolics and extractable condensed tannins in the leaves,twigs and stem bark of Canarium album were determined. The structural heterogeneity of condensed tannins from stem bark was characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) analyses. The results show the predominance of signals representative of procyanidins and prodelphinidins. In addition,epicatechin and epigallocatechin polymers with galloylated procyanidin or prodelphinidin were also observed. The tannins were screened for their potential antioxidant activities using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power(FRAP) model systems. Tannins extracted from leaves,twigs and stem bark all showed a very good DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing power.

Ontogenetic changes in feeding and food preferences of the dog conch Laevistrombus canarium Linnaeus 1758 (Mollusca： Gastropoda) from Merambong shoal, Malaysia

Laevistrombus canarium is one of the marine gastropod mollusks that have high commercial value,particularly in the aquaculture sector in Malaysia.This study was conducted to determine the feeding and food items of L.canarium at dif ferent ontogenetic stages(juveniles,sub-adults and adults)from Merambong shoals,Malaysia.Field observations on feeding activity were conducted,followed by detailed laboratory analysis on the stomach content.Five-minutes observations on randomly selected individuals were conducted at the fi eld sampling site and their feeding activities were recorded with reference to age stage.Various shell sizes from each ontogenetic stage were randomly collected and quickly anaesthetized with ice and preserved in 10%formalin before being transported to the laboratory for stomach content analyses.Field observations showed that L.canarium mainly grazed on epiphytes occurring on seagrass(46.67%),followed by sediment surface(40%)and epiphytes occurring on macroalgae(13.33%).Stomach content analyses showed a signifi cant dif ference(P<0.05)in gastro-somatic index(Gasi)between the juveniles(0.39±0.05),sub-adults(0.68±0.09)and adults(0.70±0.05)(P<0.05).Food items found in the conch stomach include diatoms,detritus,foraminifera,seagrass and macroalgae fragments,sand particles and shell fragments.The Index of Relative Importance(%IRI)indicates three main types of food dominated the three ontogenetic stages namely diatoms,sand particles and detritus.However,no signifi cant diff erence(P>0.05)was detected between the three main food items(diatoms,sand particles and detritus)among the ontogenetic stages.Therefore,feeding activity revealed the role of the dog conch in the marine food network.While,classifi cation of the types of food consumed by L.canarium through stomach content analysis determines the particular position of the gastropod in the food chain.Further studies are needed to provide a better insight between trophic relationships of L.canarium with marine ecosystem.

橄榄黑斑病病原菌的分离鉴定及防治药剂筛选

为明确引起潮州市橄榄黑斑病的病原菌种类,筛选有效防治药剂,对发病果实采用组织分离法进行了病原菌的分离与纯化,并结合形态学和分子生物学技术对病原菌进行鉴定。鉴定结果表明,引起橄榄黑斑病的病原菌为链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata)。通过菌丝生长速率法测定了14种杀菌剂对病原菌的抑菌效果,结果表明14种杀菌剂对链格孢菌均有抑制作用,其中3%中生菌素可湿性粉剂、80%克菌丹水分散粒剂、8%氟硅唑微乳剂和40%苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂的抑菌效果较好,EC_(50)分别为1.267、1.207、1.100、0.944 mg·L^(-1)。田间防效测定结果表明,40%苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂、8%氟硅唑微乳剂的防治效果显著,防效为68.58%、65.44%;而30%王铜、2%春雷霉素的防效较差,仅为10%左右。综上,推荐将8%氟硅唑微乳剂和40%苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂2种药剂作为防控橄榄黑斑病的首选药剂。本研究可为橄榄黑斑病高效杀菌剂的筛选提供数据参考,并为其防控工作提供科学依据。

不同鲜食品质橄榄果实转录组测序及酚类代谢途径相关调控基因挖掘

【目的】果实酚类物质类别、含量是与橄榄营养及风味密切相关的重要品质性状,探究橄榄酚类物质生物合成的分子调控机制。【方法】以总酚含量差异显著的橄榄(低酚/高酚)为试材,分别取花后80-160 d的果实进行转录组分析,对莽草酸-水解单宁/苯丙烷-类黄酮生物合成通路差异基因进行表征,并对差异表达基因进行WGCNA分析,从中挖掘与酚类代谢途径相关的转录因子。【结果】转录组测序共获得296314条Unigene,其中73%的Unigene被注释到数据库;4个品种(系)橄榄成熟果共鉴定到1628个差异表达基因(DEGs),KEGG分析显示,DEGs在酚类代谢途径的“类黄酮生物合成”通路上显著富集;进一步对果实成熟过程莽草酸-水解单宁/苯丙烷-类黄酮生物合成途径的DEGs进行表征,结合WGCNA分析中每个模块与性状的R2和P值,筛选到4个关键模块,根据模块内基因的调控关系利用MCC拓扑分析法以度值≥1挖掘模块内关键转录因子,挖掘到137个转录因子Unigene与30个酚类合成结构基因Unigene共表达,转录因子Unigene功能注释来自35个基因家族,最多的为锌指蛋白(C2C2、C3H、C2H2、PHD),其次为B3、HB、MYB、NAC基因家族。【结论】从转录组角度初步解析了橄榄鲜食品质在酚类代谢途径的差异,同时挖掘了调控酚类代谢的差异基因,对进一步探究橄榄鲜食品质差异的分子机制提供了重要依据。

橄榄果实表型性状分级及挥发性化合物鉴定与特征香气分析

对59个品种(系)橄榄果实表型性状(单果质量、纵径、横径、果形指数)进行测定分析和概率分级,筛选果形指数级别不同且遗传背景不同的15个品种(系)橄榄果实,采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术进行挥发性化合物的分离鉴定。结果表明:4个表型性状的变异丰富,变异系数范围为10.70%~26.67%;经K-S检验,果形指数、纵径、横径符合正态分布,并对这3个表型性状进行概率分级;橄榄果实中共鉴定到886种挥发性化合物,包括萜类186种、杂环类157种、酯类146种、酮类73种、烃类64种、醇类64种、醛类53种、芳烃51种、酸类21种、胺类21种、酚类20种、其他30种,含量1881.70~6727.40μg/g(以鲜质量计,下同);萜类为主要的挥发性化合物,相对含量52.49%,含量最高的为α-蒎烯(309.66μg/g),相对含量7.13%;香气活性值(odor activity value,OAV)分析表明,对橄榄具有香气贡献的特征香气成分为181种,贡献最高的为杂环化合物5-乙基-3-羟基-4-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮,OAV为2468148.28,呈甜香型;进一步通过主成分分析结合正交偏最小二乘判别分析,筛选到不同品种(系)橄榄果实的差异特征香气成分6种,变量投影重要性值最高的是α-法呢烯,OAV为19.71,香气类型花果香。研究结果可为橄榄果实品质质量分级提供依据,也为深入研究橄榄果实香气形成机制、果实品质改善提供了参考依据。

基于感官评价的橄榄鲜食品质差异代谢组分析

【目的】筛选影响橄榄鲜食品质的关键代谢物,探究橄榄鲜食品质差异的可能代谢机制。【方法】以4个高接换种橄榄品种(系)果实为试验材料,高接砧木为‘惠圆’,采用感官评价进行鲜食品质评价,通过超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)联用技术进行代谢物鉴定及KEGG通路分析,探究果实成熟过程的代谢变化。【结果】4个品种(系)橄榄果实鲜食品质的感官评价结果差异显著,‘甜榄1号’‘东山长穗’鲜食品质好,‘惠圆’‘子阳1号’鲜食品质差;4个品种(系)橄榄果实共鉴定到15类651个代谢物,其中初级代谢产物6类277个,次级代谢产物9类365个;基于变量投影重要性与差异倍数筛选出26个影响橄榄鲜食品质的特征差异代谢物,包括氨基酸及其衍生物(6个)、有机酸(2个)、脂质(2个)、酚类化合物(16个),其中酚类化合物包括酚酸(3个)、黄酮(3个)、黄酮醇(2个)、黄烷醇(3个)以及水解单宁(5个),并结合橄榄成熟过程建立了造成鲜食品质差异的代谢网络,鲜食品质好的橄榄在L-天冬酰胺与N,N-二甲基甘氨酸生物合成代谢途径上积累较高,体现在鲜食口感上与回甘度有关;鲜食品质差的橄榄在水解单宁(二酰基诃子酰基葡萄糖、没食子酰没食子酸甲酯、榛子素A)、黄酮醇[桑色素-3-O-木糖苷、槲皮素-3-O-(6′没食子酰)半乳糖苷]、黄烷-3-醇[7-O-没食子酰基特利色黄烷、儿茶素-(7,8-bc)-4α-(3,4-二羟基苯基)-二氢-2-(3H)-酮、儿茶素-(7,8-bc)-4β-(3,4-二羟基苯基)-二氢-2-(3h)-酮]合成途径上积累较高,体现在鲜食口感上与苦涩味有关。【结论】不同橄榄鲜食品质差异与其成熟过程中氨基酸及其衍生物合成途径和水解单宁、黄酮醇、黄烷-3-醇合成途径的积累差异密切相关。

新石器时代广西地区橄榄属植物研究现状

新石器时代先民对植物资源利用一直是学界研究的热点问题。橄榄属植物是广西地区重要植物资源,然而有关橄榄属的系统研究十分缺乏。本文系统综述了国内外所发现的橄榄属遗存及其研究方法,进一步强调了拓宽识别方法对橄榄属遗存研究的重要性。本文对橄榄属遗存及其研究方法的梳理,不仅有助于理解新石器时代广西地区先民对橄榄属植物的利用情况,也为解读橄榄属植物在这一地区的驯化史、环境史提供重要信息。

Water absorption characteristics of Canarium Schweinfurthii fruits

Water absorption characteristics of two varieties of Canarium Schweinfurthii engl.fruit(Canarium Schweinfurthii engl.long and short)essential for predicting their suitable absorption conditions was investigated at three different temperatures(35,50,65
C).Increase in moisture content of the fruits was measured at one-hour interval until constant values were obtained after five successive intervals of moisture measurements.Loss of soluble constituents,textural and nutritive qualities of the rehydrated products and their thermodynamic behavior were also measured and calculated.The results obtained revealed that saturation time for 35,50 and 65
C of long and short varieties are 14,18 and 40 h and 18,22 and 36 h respectively.Rate of absorption of the fruits differ significantly(p>0.05)with temperature and not with the variety.Water absorption rate of Canarium Schweinfurthii engl.long and short varieties are 2.71 and 2.25 kg/h respectively.The moisture bearing capacity,textural,and nutritive qualities of the reconstituted products showed no significant difference among varieties at different temperatures used.Fruits soaked at 35
C produced reusable residual water,retained their nutritive values and soluble constituent more than other soaking temperatures studied.However,the absorption reaction is endothermic with negative entropy and Gibbs energy values were above zero.Midilli model had the best quality for describing the absorption characteristics of both Canarium Schweifurthii engl.fruits.

橄榄果实转录组SSR和SNP/InDel位点特征

简单重复序列标记(simple sequence repeats,SSR)和单核苷酸多态性标记(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)具有高灵敏度和高特异性特征,挖掘不同类型橄榄果实性状相关分子标记可为其分子辅助育种提供参考。本研究以充分成熟的长营和惠圆橄榄果实为材料,经总RNA提取和cDNA文库构建后采用Illumina Novaseq平台进行转录组测序,并采用MISA 1.0和GATK3软件分析转录组的SSR、SNP和插入缺失标记(Indel)位点特征。结果在橄榄果实转录组的10124条unigenes上鉴定到13935个SSR位点,发生频率为22.98%,平均每1 kb序列出现0.25个SSR位点,平均长度为14.34 bp;其中,单碱基重复基元类型的SSR位点数量最多(占比66.80%),长度为10~64 bp,平均长度为12.85 bp,重复基元的重复次数集中在9~12次,频率最高的基元为A/T(占比66.67%);六碱基重复基元类型的SSR位点数量最少(占比0.47%),长度为30~54 bp,平均长度31.76 bp,基元重复次数集中在5~8次,频率最高的基元为AGATGG/ATCTCC(占0.04%)。在橄榄果实转录组中共检测到284992个SNP位点,平均每1 kb序列含有5.21个;其中,转换类型的SNP位点数量为166162,包括C/T和A/G两种;颠换类型的SNP位点数量为118830,包括A/T、A/C、T/G和C/G四种。此外,橄榄果实转录组中共挖掘到18548个InDel位点,平均每1 kb序列存在2.95个,其中含有1个InDel位点的unigenes数量最多(7853条);通过比对预测发现,含有最多InDel位点的unigene可能是胼胝质合成酶基因。研究结果表明,通过转录组测序可有效开发橄榄SSR和SNP/InDel标记,不同性状橄榄果实中存在丰富多样的SSR位点且广泛分布SNP/InDel位点。该研究结果为橄榄果实性状鉴定标记的开发提供数据基础。

留树保鲜技术对橄榄果实品质的影响

为确定橄榄果实留树保鲜最佳时间,判断橄榄果实留树保鲜技术的可行性,以‘锡1号’橄榄正季果(11月采摘)和留树保鲜果(12月采摘、1月采摘、4月采摘)为试验材料,采用微量法测定样品中的氨基酸(半胱氨酸、谷氨酸、赖氨酸、脯氨酸和羟脯氨酸)、营养成分(单宁、抗坏血酸、纤维素、水溶性果胶、总糖、蔗糖和还原糖)、功能性成分(原花青素、类黄酮、总酚和总抗氧能力)和酶活性(酸性磷酸酶,碱性磷酸酶、羧酸酯酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶和超氧化物歧化酶)共24个指标。‘锡1号’橄榄留树保鲜1个月与正季采摘相比,24个指标均无显著差异(P>0.05);留树保鲜2个月,半胱氨酸、单宁、纤维素、原花青素、类黄酮、总抗氧能力、酸性磷酸酶、羧酸酯酶和过氧化物酶的含量均显著下降(P<0.05),而抗坏血酸和水溶性果胶的含量却显著上升(P<0.05),其他指标变化不显著;留树保鲜5个月,抗坏血酸、水溶性果胶、碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物歧化酶的含量均显著上升(P<0.05),除脯氨酸外19个指标均呈显著下降趋势。‘锡1号’橄榄果实可留树保鲜1个月,其果实品质与正季采收无明显差异。

橄榄提取物对肾素和血管紧张素转换酶的双重抑制作用

该研究探讨了不同溶剂橄榄提取物对肾素-血管紧张素系统中关键酶肾素和血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)的抑制作用,同时分析了其抗氧化能力和总酚、总黄酮的含量。结果表明:有机溶剂提取物的活性相较于水提物普遍较好,在0.50μg/μL质量浓度条件下,甲醇提取物的肾素抑制活性最高,为95.89%;在0.29μg/μL质量浓度条件下,丙酮提取物的ACE抑制活性最高,为92.71%。丙酮提取物的抗氧化活性最强,ABTS+自由基清除能力为384.86 mg TE/g DW,DPPH自由基清除能力为309.23 mg TE/g DW,铁离子还原能力为479.40 mg TE/g DW。同时丙酮提取物的总酚和总黄酮含量均最高,分别为318.14 mg GAE/g DW和45.46 mg CE/g DW。进一步相关性分析表明,总酚与肾素和ACE抑制活性显著相关(P<0.05)。该研究发现橄榄提取物显示出优良的肾素和ACE抑制活性,且有机溶剂提取物的活性优于水提取物,这为新型血压调控因子的研究提供了新思路,为橄榄资源的科学可持续开发提供了理论依据。