Panel Recommends 12 Steps for Cutting Cancer Deaths

If more Americans quit smoking,lost a little weight and started eating bet-ter,at least 60,000 cancer deaths could be avoided each year,according tO a re-port issued Monday by a government advisory panel. 假如有更多的美国人戒烟,适当减肥,并开始吃得更健康些,至少每年可以减少60 000死于癌症的病例。政府顾问团周一发表的一则报告如是说。

Population attributable risks of cigarette smoking for deaths of all causes, all cancers and other chronic diseases among adults aged 40-74 years in urban Shanghai, China

Objective： To evaluate the population attributable risks （PARs） between cigarette smoking and deaths of all causes, all cancers, lung cancer and other chronic diseases in urban Shanghai. Methods： In total, 61,480 men aged 40-74 years from 2002 to 2006 and 74,941 women aged 40-70 years from 1997 to 2000 were recruited to undergo baseline surveys in urban Shanghai, with response rates of 74.0% and 92.3%, respectively. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate relative risks （RRs） and 95% confidence intervals （95% CIs） of deaths associated with cigarette smoking. PARs and 95 % CIs for deaths were estimated from smoking exposure rates and the estimated RRs. Results： Cigarette smoking was responsible for 23.9% （95% CI： 19.4-28.3%） and 2.4% （95% Ch 1.6- 3.2%） of all deaths in men and women, respectively, in our study population. Respiratory disease had the highest PAR in men [37.5% （95% CI： 21.5-51.6%）], followed by cancer [31.3% （95% Ch 24.6-37.7%）] and cardiovascular disease （CVD） [24.1% （95% CI： 16.7-31.2%）]. While the top three PARs were 12.7% （95% CI： 6.1-19.3%）, 4.0% （95% CI： 2.4-5.6%）, and 1.1% （95% CI： 0.0-2.3%）, for respiratory disease, CVD, and cancer, respectively in women. For deaths of lung cancer, the PAR of smoking was 68.4% （95% CI： 58.2- 76.5%） in men. Conclusions： In urban Shanghai, 23.9% and 2.4% of all deaths in men and women could have been prevented if no people had smoked in the area. Effective control programs against cigarette smoking should be strongly advocated to reduce the increasing smoking-related death burden.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRINKING WATER,VEGETABLES AND CANCER DEATH IN THE HIGH INCIDENCE AREA OF DIGESTIVE TRACT CANCER

The Paper analyzed of investigation datas on thedeath causes of digestive tract cancer in high-incidencearea between 70s and 80s. The results showed that thecancer-adjusted mortalities were 224.14/100000 and226.66/100000: it was 7 times as high as low-incidence(31.19/100000 and 29.82/100000). In 70s, the cancer deathof esophagus, stomach and liver (87.41/100000,73.93/100000 and 8.59/100000) were 28 times, 10 timesand 4 times as high as low-incidence area (3.70/100000,10.57/100000 and 1.94/100000), respectively (P<0.001). In80s, the cancer death of esophagus, stomach and liver(68.26/100000, 109.39/100000 and 23.89/100000) were 17times, 10 times and 4 times as high as low-incidence area(4.54/100000, 10.84/100000 and 6.35/100000), respectively(P<0.001). In high-incidence area, the cancer death ofesophagus was lower, of stomach and liver were higherin 80s than 70s, respectively (P<0.01)- The result alsoshowed that the nitrate content of drinking water andvegetables were 21.45mg/1 and 1185.27mg/kg in high-incidence area; it were significant higher than that in low-incidence area (2.14mg/1 and 41.6omg/kg), the nitritecontent (0.01mg/l) of drinking water in high-incidencearea was significant higher than that in low-incidencearea (0.004mg/l), but the nitrite content among vegetableswas no significant difference between the two regions(N0.05). Our results suggest that the nitrate and nitritecontents increase in drinking water and vegetables maybe an important risk factor of upper alimentary cancer inhigh-incidence area.

Research progression of PD-1/PD-L1 in non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Despite great progress in the development of target agents, most people who do not harbor a mutation do not benefit from these agents. Immunotherapy, which stimulates the body's immune system to improve the anti-tumor immunity effect, is a new therapeutic method for non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC). Programmed cell death 1(PD-1) and its ligand(PD-L1) belong to the CD28/B7 immunoglobulin super-family and are co-stimulatory molecules that show negative regulation effects. Combined with its ligand, PD-1 can modulate the tumor microenvironment, enabling tumor cells to escape host immune surveillance and elimination and play a key role in the clinical significance of NSCLC. An increasing number of clinical trials have suggested that immune checkpoint inhibitors, including anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies, are beneficial and safe for NSCLC. Here, we review the brief history of PD-L1 as a biomarker, mechanism of action, and critical role of PD-1/PD-L1 in the treatment of NSCLC as well as the current research status and future directions.

Follow-up outcomes in patients with negative initial colon capsule endoscopy findings

BACKGROUND Colon capsule endoscopy(CCE),which became clinically applicable in 2006,is a simple and noninvasive procedure to evaluate colonic diseases;the accuracy of second-generation CCE,introduced in 2009,has dramatically improved.Currently,CCE is used as an alternative method for colorectal cancer screening,as well as for evaluating the mucosal lesions of inflammatory bowel disease,in cases where performing colonoscopy(CS)is difficult.However,the outcomes of CCE are uncertain.AIM To investigate the outcomes of Japanese patients with negative findings(no polyps or colorectal cancer)on initial CCE.METHODS This retrospective,single-center study was conducted at the Endoscopic Center at Aishinkai Nakae Hospital.This study included patients who underwent continuous CCE between November 2013 and August 2019,that exhibited no evidence of polyps or colorectal cancer at the initial CCE,and could be followed up using either the fecal immunochemical test(FIT),CS,or CCE.The observational period,follow-up method,presence or absence of polyps and colorectal cancer,pathological diagnosis,and number of colorectal cancer deaths were evaluated.RESULTS Thirty-one patients(mean age,60.4±15.6 years;range,28–84 years;14 men and 17 women)were enrolled in this study.The reasons for performing the first CCE were screening in 12,a positive FIT in six,lower abdominal pain in nine,diarrhea in two,and anemia in two patients.The mean total water volume at the time of examination was 3460±602 mL(2250–4800 mL),and a total CS was performed in 28 patients(90%).The degree of cleanliness was excellent in 15 patients and good in 16,and no poor cases were observed.No adverse events,such as retention or capsule aspiration,were observed in any of the patients.The mean follow-up period was 3.1±1.5 years(range,0.3–5.5 years).Follow-up included FIT in nine,CS in 20,and CCE in four patients(including duplicate patients).The FIT was positive in two patients,while CS revealed five polyp lesions(three in the ascending colon,one in the transverse colon,and one in the descending colon),with sizes ranging between 2 mm and 8 mm.Histopathological findings revealed a hyperplastic polyp in one patient,and adenoma with low grade dysplasia in four patients;colorectal cancers were not recognized.In the follow-up example by CCE,polyps and colorectal cancer could not be recognized.During the follow-up period,there were no deaths due to colorectal cancer in any of the patients.CONCLUSION We determined the outcomes in patients with negative initial CCE findings.

The regulatory and modulatory roles of TRP family channels in malignant tumors and relevant therapeutic strategies

Transient receptor potential(TRP)channels are one primary type of calcium(Ca^(2+))permeable channels,and those relevant transmembrane and intracellular TRP channels were previously thought to be mainly associated with the regulation of cardiovascular and neuronal systems.Nowadays,however,accumulating evidence shows that those TRP channels are also responsible for tumorigenesis and progression,inducing tumor invasion and metastasis.However,the overall underlying mechanisms and possible signaling transduction pathways that TRP channels in malignant tumors might still remain elusive.Therefore,in this review,we focus on the linkage between TRP channels and the significant characteristics of tumors such as multi-drug resistance(MDR),metastasis,apoptosis,proliferation,immune surveillance evasion,and the alterations of relevant tumor micro-environment.Moreover,we also have discussed the expression of relevant TRP channels in various forms of cancer and the relevant inhibitors’efficacy.The chemo-sensitivity of the anti-cancer drugs of various acting mechanisms and the potential clinical applications are also presented.Furthermore,it would be enlightening to provide possible novel therapeutic approaches to counteract malignant tumors regarding the intervention of calcium channels of this type.