Crosstalk among canonical Wnt and Hippo pathway members in skeletal muscle and at the neuromuscular junction

Skeletal muscles are essential for locomotion,posture,and metabolic regulation.To understand physiological processes,exercise adaptation,and muscle-related disorders,it is critical to understand the molecular pathways that underlie skeletal muscle function.The process of muscle contra ction,orchestrated by a complex interplay of molecular events,is at the core of skeletal muscle function.Muscle contraction is initiated by an action potential and neuromuscular transmission requiring a neuromuscular junction.Within muscle fibers,calcium ions play a critical role in mediating the interaction between actin and myosin filaments that generate force.Regulation of calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum plays a key role in excitation-contraction coupling.The development and growth of skeletal muscle are regulated by a network of molecular pathways collectively known as myogenesis.Myogenic regulators coordinate the diffe rentiation of myoblasts into mature muscle fibers.Signaling pathways regulate muscle protein synthesis and hypertrophy in response to mechanical stimuli and nutrient availability.Seve ral muscle-related diseases,including congenital myasthenic disorders,sarcopenia,muscular dystrophies,and metabolic myopathies,are underpinned by dys regulated molecular pathways in skeletal muscle.Therapeutic interventions aimed at preserving muscle mass and function,enhancing regeneration,and improving metabolic health hold promise by targeting specific molecular pathways.Other molecular signaling pathways in skeletal muscle include the canonical Wnt signaling pathway,a critical regulator of myogenesis,muscle regeneration,and metabolic function,and the Hippo signaling pathway.In recent years,more details have been uncovered about the role of these two pathways during myogenesis and in developing and adult skeletal muscle fibers,and at the neuromuscular junction.In fact,research in the last few years now suggests that these two signaling pathways are interconnected and that they jointly control physiological and pathophysiological processes in muscle fibers.In this review,we will summarize and discuss the data on these two pathways,focusing on their concerted action next to their contribution to skeletal muscle biology.However,an in-depth discussion of the noncanonical Wnt pathway,the fibro/a dipogenic precursors,or the mechanosensory aspects of these pathways is not the focus of this review.

CRABP1-mediated non-canonical retinoic acid signaling in motor neurons and neural stem cells

Retinoic acid(RA),the active metabolite of vitamin A(the retinoids),elicits a wide spectrum of biological activities critical to the development and health of most of the organ systems including the nervous systems(Corcoran et al.,2002).The effects of RA are mediated by two very distinct pathways;the first is manifested in the nucleus by binding to a large family of nuclear RA receptors(RARs)to regulate proper expression of RAtargeted genes.

Cross-Project Software Defect Prediction Based on SMOTE and Deep Canonical Correlation Analysis

Cross-Project Defect Prediction(CPDP)is a method that utilizes historical data from other source projects to train predictive models for defect prediction in the target project.However,existing CPDP methods only consider linear correlations between features(indicators)of the source and target projects.These models are not capable of evaluating non-linear correlations between features when they exist,for example,when there are differences in data distributions between the source and target projects.As a result,the performance of such CPDP models is compromised.In this paper,this paper proposes a novel CPDP method based on Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique(SMOTE)and Deep Canonical Correlation Analysis(DCCA),referred to as S-DCCA.Canonical Correlation Analysis(CCA)is employed to address the issue of non-linear correlations between features of the source and target projects.S-DCCA extends CCA by incorporating the MlpNet model for feature extraction from the dataset.The redundant features are then eliminated by maximizing the correlated feature subset using the CCA loss function.Finally,cross-project defect prediction is achieved through the application of the SMOTE data sampling technique.Area Under Curve(AUC)and F1 scores(F1)are used as evaluation metrics.This paper conducted experiments on 27 projects from four public datasets to validate the proposed method.The results demonstrate that,on average,our method outperforms all baseline approaches by at least 1.2%in AUC and 5.5%in F1 score.This indicates that the proposed method exhibits favorable performance characteristics.

Canonical对偶理论在一类多项式全局优化中的应用

用Canonical对偶理论,讨论一类高阶多项式全局最优化问题的求解.首先将无约束多项式全局优化问题转换成箱体约束下的多项式全局优化问题,之后通过构造非线性变换对偶函数及相应的共轭函数,得到原问题的Canonical对偶问题.进一步通过求解对偶问题的最优解,导出原多项式全局优化问题的最优解,并给出对偶问题是凹函数的证明.最后应用所得方法,计算一个二元6次多项式全局最优化实例.

一类非线性优化的Canonical对偶函数

研究如何获取球体约束下非线性优化的全局最小点.通过引入常微分方程和构造Canonical对偶函数的局部形式,引入了相应的对偶定理,勾勒出了原问题的KKT点和对偶问题的KKT点两者之间的关系.给出了凸乘子定义,对偶定理和搜寻全局最优点的方法,并通过一些例子加以演示.

一类非单调互补问题的Canonical对偶问题研究

对于一类具有广泛应用背景的非单调互补问题,我们构建了这类问题的Canonical对偶问题。其对偶问题可以写成和原问题类似的互补问题。我们给出了对偶问题和原问题解之间的对偶关系,并且将对偶问题转化成一个一维优化问题,这不但可以方便的求解这类问题,也为研究这类问题性质提供了一个非常直观的研究工具。最后,本文给出了几个算例来演示对偶问题的性质。

Canonical Correlation Analysis of Agronomic Characters of Brassica juncea in Western China

[Objective] The study aimed at exploring the relationship among the agronomic characters of B. juncea in western China, in order to provide scientific basis for the breeding of B. juncea in western China. [Method] 39 B. juncea materials from western China were used for the canonical correlation analysis, and canonical correlations between each pair of the four ecological character （containing 18 variables） were verified, including yield characters （5 variables）, caulis characters （6 variables）, branch characters （3 variables） and pod characters （3 variables）. [Result] Yield per plant of B. juncea in western China suffered a tremendous influence from effective pod number per plant while was not significantly affected by the total pod number per plant, seed number per pod and 1 000-seed weight; the most important character related with the yield character of B. juncea in western China was caulis character, followed by the branch character and pod character; yield characters, caulis characters, branch characters and pod characters of B. juncea in western China were closely correlated. [Conclusion] In order to improve the yield characters of B. juncea in western China, caulis characters should be focused on, followed by branch characters and pod characters; rapeseed varieties with high performance in total pod number per plant and effective pod number per plant should be chosen through the perspectives of effective branch number, plant height, pod number of main inflorescence, fruit stalk number of main inflorescence and other traits, while rapeseed varieties with high performance in seed number per pod and 1 000-seed weight should be chosen through the perspectives of beak length and other traits.

Fe(Ⅱ)对CANON工艺处理城镇污水脱氮性能的影响

全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺,作为新型脱氮工艺应用于城镇污水深度脱氮过程中,有望降低污水处理的运行费用。考察了亚铁离子[Fe(Ⅱ)]对CANON工艺启动及稳定运行时脱氮性能的影响。结果表明:15~23℃条件下投加6.3 mg/L Fe(Ⅱ)时,可有效启动并稳定运行CANON工艺处理城镇污水,该工艺氮去除负荷(NRR)、总氮去除率(TNRE)和氨氮去除率(ARE)分别为(4.8±1.1)g-N/(L^(3)·d)、(97±1)%和(44.2±9.3)%;相关性分析表明,通过调控Fe(Ⅱ)投加量可有效抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的活性;本次优化的Fe(Ⅱ)投加量为6.3 mg/L,其对CANON工艺脱氮性能的影响机制与CANON工艺中功能微生物活性的提高、Fe(Ⅱ)与进水氨氮及其他氮化合物的循环反应、铁型反硝化过程以及铁型厌氧氨氧化过程的耦合有关。

Rapid ecotoxicological assessment of heavy metal combined polluted soil using canonical analysis

Quick, simple to perform, and cheap biomarkers were combined in a rapid assessment approach to measure the effects of metal pollutants, Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn in meadow burozem on wheat. Analysis of orthogonal design showed that the significant zinc factor indicated both the inhibition rate of shoot mass and that of root elongation were affected by zinc(P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). The first toxicity canonical variable (TOXI), formed from the toxicity data set, explained 49% of the total variance in the toxicity data set; the first biological canonical variable(BIOL) explained 42% of the total variation in the biological data set. The correlation between the first canonical variables TOXI and BIOL (canonical correlation) was 0.94 (P<0.0001). Therefore, it is reliable and feasible to use the achievement to assess toxicity of heavy metal combined polluted soil using canonical analysis. Toxicity of soil combined polluted by heavy metals to plant community was estimated by comparing the IC 50 values describing the concentration needed to cause 50% decrease with grow rate compared to no metal addition. Environmental quality standard for soils prescribe that all these tested concentration of heavy metals in soil should not cause hazard and pollution ultimately, whereas it indicated that the soils in second grade cause more or less than 50% inhibition rates of wheat growth. So environmental quality standard for soils can be modified to include other features.

Exact invariants and adiabatic invariants of Raitzin＇s canonical equations of motion for a nonlinear nonholonomic mechanical system

The exact invariants and the adiabatic invariants of Raitzin＇s canonical equations of motion for a nonlinear nonholonomic mechanical system are studied. The relations between the invariants and the symmetries of the system are established. Based on the concept of higher-order adiabatic invariant of a mechanical system under the action of a small perturbation, the forms of the exact invariants and adiabatic invariants and the conditions for their existence are proved. Finally, the inverse problem of the perturbation to symmetries of the system is studied and an example is also given to illustrate the application of the results.

Adsorption of Benzene and Propylene in Zeolite ZSM-5:Grand Canonical Monte Carlo Simulations

The adsorption behavior of benzene and propylene in zeolite ZSM-5 was studied by Grand Canonical Monte Carlo（GCMC） simulations. It could be found that benzene and propylene molecules showed different adsorption behavior in the zeolite cavities. The loadings of propylene were significantly larger than those of benzene at 100 kPa. From the figures of potential energy distribution, the potential energy of benzene/zeolite was more negative than that of propylene/zeolite, so benzene could be adsorbed more stably than propylene. When the temperature was in- creased from 298 to 443 K at 100 kPa, the loading ofpropylene was reduced from 99 to 82 molecules, whereas that of benzene changed little. When benzene and propylene were adsorbed in zeolite simultaneously, the competitive adsorption of them occurred; therefore, the potential energy distribution could be changed significantly. Besides, the adsorption isotherms of benzene and propylene in ZSM-5 at 298 and 443 K were simulated. The results exhibit that the different factors influenced the molecular adsorption at various temperatures and pressures, leading to the diffe- rent rules for the adsorption of benzene and propylene molecules in the zeolite. At a low pressure, the unfavorable energy of propylene/zeolite and the ＂commensurate freezing＂ phenomenon of benzene would make the loadings of itself higher than those of propylene. When pressure was higher than 5 kPa, the adsorption of benzene in ZSM-5 would nearly reach saturation.

THE EXISTENCE AND MOMENTS OF CANONICAL BRANCHING CHAIN IN RANDOM ENVIRONMENT

The concepts of branching chain in random environmnet and canonical branching chain in random environment are introduced. Moreover the existence of these chains is proved. Finally the exact formulas of mathematical expectation and variance of branching chain in random environment are also given.

Generalized canonical transformation for second-order Birkhoffian systems on time scales

The theory of time scales,which unifies continuous and discrete analysis,provides a powerful mathematical tool for the study of complex dynamic systems.It enables us to understand more clearly the essential problems of continuous systems and discrete systems as well as other complex systems.In this paper,the theory of generalized canonical transformation for second-order Birkhoffian systems on time scales is proposed and studied,which extends the canonical transformation theory of Hamilton canonical equations.First,the condition of generalized canonical transformation for the second-order Birkhoffian system on time scales is established.Second,based on this condition,six basic forms of generalized canonical transformation for the second-order Birkhoffian system on time scales are given.Also,the relationships between new variables and old variables for each of these cases are derived.In the end,an example is given to show the application of the results.

Diffusion and Adsorption of Benzene and Propylene in MFI,MWW and BEA Zeolites:Molecular Dynamics and Grand Canonical Monte Carlo Simulations

The diffusion and adsorption behaviors of benzene and propylene in zeolites MFI, MWW and BEA have been studied by molecular dynamics（MD） and grand canonical Monte Carlo（GCMC） simulations. The diffusion coefficients of benzene and propylene in MFI, MWW and BEA zeolites were calculated by simulating the mean-square displacements（MSD） at 298 and 600 K. Benzene and propylene showed the different adsorption rules in the channels of the three zeolites. For propylene, the molecular loadings decreased in the order： BEA（linear channel）〉BEA （tortuous channel）〉MFI（linear channel）〉MWW（12-membered rings, 12MR channel）〉MFI（tortuous channel）〉MWW （10-membered rings, 10MR channel）; for benzene, the molecular loadings decreased in the order： BEA（linear chan-nel）〉BEA（tortuous channel）〉MWW（12MR channel）〉MFI（linear channel）〉MFI（tortuous channel）〉MWW（10MR channel）. Besides, the adsorption isotherms of benzene and propylene in the three zeolites at 298 and 443 K were simulated. The results show that the different factors influenced the molecular adsorption at various temperatures and pressures, leading to the different rules for the adsorption of benzene and propylene molecules in the zeolites. At a low pressure, the unfavorable energy would make the loadings of propylene lower than those of benzene. When pressure was higher than 0.25 kPa, the adsorption of benzene in MFI would nearly reach saturation.

An algorithm and its application for obtaining some kind of infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian canonical formulation

Using factorization viewpoint of differential operator, this paper discusses how to transform a nonlinear evolution equation to infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian linear canonical formulation. It proves a sufficient condition of canonical factorization of operator, and provides a kind of mechanical algebraic method to achieve canonical ＇σ/σx＇-type expression, correspondingly. Then three examples are given, which show the application of the obtained algorithm. Thus a novel idea for inverse problem can be derived feasibly.

Chemometric identification of canonical metabolites linking critical process parameters to monoclonal antibody production during bioprocess development

A deeper understanding of the biological events occurring when bioprocess parameters changed will be of great value in improving the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) production. Design of experiment (DoE) was applied to investigate the effect of process parameters (pH, temperature shift and dissolve oxygen (DO)) on protein titer. The key metabolites connecting the critical process parameters (CPPs) with monoclonal antibody production were identified by different chemometrics tools. Finally, the biological events of marker metabolites relating with titer improvement were concluded. pH and temperature shift were identified as CPPs that affect the target protein titer. A series of metabolites influenced by the altered CPPs and correlated with protein titer were screened by principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson' correlation test. The marker metabolites and their pathways linking CPPs to target protein titer in different culture phases were summarized. Metabolomics and chemometrics are promising data-driven tools to shine light into the biological black box between the bioprocess parameters and process performance.

Bone morphogenetic protein 2-induced human dental pulp cell differentiation involves p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated canonical WNT pathway

Both bone morphogenetic protein 2（BMP2） and the wingless-type MMTV integration site（WNT）/p-catenin signalling pathway play important roles in odontoblast differentiation and dentinogenesis.Cross-talk between BMP2 and WNT/p-catenin in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation has been identified.However,the roles and mechanisms of the canonical WNT pathway in the regulation of BMP2 in dental pulp injury and repair remain largely unknown.Here,we demonstrate that BMP2 promotes the differentiation of human dental pulp cells（HDPCs） by activating WNT/p-catenin signalling,which is further mediated by p38mitogen-activated protein kinase（MAPK） in vitro.BMP2 stimulation upregulated the expression of p-catenin in HDPCs,which was abolished by SB203580 but not by Noggin or LDN193189.Furthermore,BMP2 enhanced cell differentiation,which was not fully inhibited by Noggin or LDN193189.Instead,SB203580 partially blocked BMP2-induced p-catenin expression and cell differentiation.Taken together,these data suggest a possible mechanism by which the elevation of p-catenin resulting from BMP2 stimulation is mediated by the p38 MAPK pathway,which sheds light on the molecular mechanisms of BMP2-mediated pulp reparative dentin formation.

Monomials with t-value ≤ 6 in Canonical Basis of Quantized Enveloping Algebra of Type B3

All monomials with t-value ≤ 6 in Canonical basis of quantized enveloping algebra of type B3 are determined in this paper.

Sorption and permeation of gaseous molecules in amorphous and crystalline PPX C membranes: molecular dynamics and grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation studies

Amorphous and crystalline poly （chloro-p-xytylene） （PPX C） membranes are constructed by using a novel com- putational technique, that is, a combined method of NVT＋NPT-molecular dynamics （MD） and gradually reducing the size （GRS） methods. The related free volumes are defined as homology clusters. Then the sorption and the permeation of gases in PPX C polymers are studied using grand canonical Monte Carlo （GCMC） and NVT-MD methods. The results show that the crystalline PPX C membranes provide smaller free volumes for absorbing or transferring gases relative to the amorphous PPX C area. The gas sorption in PPX C membranes mainly belongs to the physical one, and H bonds can appear obviously in the amorphous area. By cluster analyzing on the mean square displacement of gases, we find that gases walk along the x axis in the crystalline area and walk randomly in the amorphous area. The calculated permeability coefficients are close to the experimental data.

The Canonical Correlation Analysis on Semen Quality and Serum Heavy Metals in Chinese Young Men

Objective To explore the correlation between serum, heavy metal and semen quality in normal Chinese young menMethods This study was designed as a multi-center cross-sectional investigation. The subjects consisted of 562 male vomunteers who had undergone premarital physical examination in maternal and children health centers in 7 provinces in China. Results Results from Spearman rank correlation analysis (partial variable: region) show that serum lead and cadmium are negatively related to percentage of morphological normal sperm, but canonical correlation between semen quality and serum heavy metal are not significant. Canonical correlation analysis among the subjects from Guizhou shows cadmium is harmful to sperm morphology. In Henan, furthermore, results show lead and cadmium could negatively affect sperm viability and morphology. Conclusion Among all study subjects, canonical correlation between semen quality and serum heavy metal were not significant; however, results in some region showed serum cadmium and lead might be harmful to sperm quality.