Cantorian-Fractal Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy as the Ordinary and Dark Energy Density of the Cosmos Respectively

In a one-dimension Mauldin-Williams Random Cantor Set Universe, the Sigalotti topological speed of light is where . It follows then that the corresponding topological acceleration must be a golden mean downscaling of c namely . Since the maximal height in the one-dimensional universe must be where is the unit interval length and note that the topological mass (m) and topological dimension (D) where m = D = 5 are that of the largest unit sphere volume, we can conclude that the potential energy of classical mechanics translates to . Remembering that the kinetic energy is , then by the same logic we see that when m = 5 is replaced by for reasons which are explained in the main body of the present work. Adding both expressions together, we find Einstein’s maximal energy . As a general conclusion, we note that within high energy cosmology, the sharp distinction between potential energy and kinetic energy of classical mechanics is blurred on the cosmic scale. Apart of being an original contribution, the article presents an almost complete bibliography on the Cantorian-fractal spacetime theory.

Einstein-Rosen Bridge (ER), Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Experiment (EPR) and Zero Measure Rindler-KAM Cantorian Spacetime Geometry (ZMG) Are Conceptually Equivalent

By viewing spacetime as a transfinite Turing computer, the present work is aimed at a generalization and geometrical-topological reinterpretation of a relatively old conjecture that the wormholes of general relativity are behind the physics and mathematics of quantum entanglement theory. To do this we base ourselves on the comprehensive set theoretical and topological machinery of the Cantorian-fractal E-infinity spacetime theory. Going all the way in this direction we even go beyond a quantum gravity theory to a precise set theoretical understanding of what a quantum particle, a quantum wave and quantum spacetime are. As a consequence of all these results and insights we can reason that the local Casimir pressure is the difference between the zero set quantum particle topological pressure and the empty set quantum wave topological pressure which acts as a wormhole “connecting” two different quantum particles with varying degrees of entanglement corresponding to varying degrees of emptiness of the empty set (wormhole). Our final result generalizes the recent conceptual equation of Susskind and Maldacena ER = EPR to become ZMG = ER = EPR where ZMG stands for zero measure Rindler-KAM geometry (of spacetime). These results were only possible because of the ultimate simplicity of our exact model based on Mauldin-Williams random Cantor sets and the corresponding exact Hardy’s quantum entanglement probability P(H) = where is the Hausdorff dimension of the topologically zero dimensional random Cantor thin set, i.e. a zero measure set and . On the other hand the positive measure spatial separation between the zero sets is a fat Cantor empty set possessing a Hausdorff dimension equal while its Menger-Urysohn topological dimension is a negative value equal minus one. This is the mathematical quintessence of a wormhole paralleling multiple connectivity in classical topology. It is both physically there because of the positive measure and not there because of the negative topological dimension.

An Invitation to El Naschie’s Theory of Cantorian Space-Time and Dark Energy

The paper is a condensed but accurate account of El Naschie’s theory of Cantorian space-time which was used by him to clarify some major problems in theoretical physics and cosmology. In particular El Naschie’s revision and completion of relativity theory and demystification of dark energy are destined to be two milestones in the history of theoretical physics.

The Three Page Guide to the Most Important Results of M. S. El Naschie’s Research in E-Infinity Quantum Physics and Cosmology

In this short survey, we give a complete list of the most important results obtained by El Naschie’s E-infinity Cantorian space-time theory in the realm of quantum physics and cosmology. Special attention is paid to his recent result on dark energy and revising Einstein’s famous formula .

Kerr Black Hole Geometry Leading to Dark Matter and Dark Energy via E-Infinity Theory and the Possibility of a Nano Spacetime Singularities Reactor

The present paper is basically a synthesis resulting from incorporating Kerr spinning black hole geometry into E-infinity topology, then letting the result bares on the vacuum zero point Casimir effect as well as the cosmic dark energy and dark matter density. In E-infinity theory a quantum particle is represented by a Hausdorff dimension Φ where Φ =2/(√5+1) . The quantum wave on the other hand is represented by Φ2 . To be wave and a particle simultaneously intersection theory leads us to?(Φ) (Φ)2= Φ3 which will be shown here to be twice the value of the famous Casimir force of the vacuum for a massless scalar field. Thus in the present work a basically topological interpretation of the Casimir effect is given as a natural intrinsic property of the geometrical topological structure of the quantum-Cantorian micro spacetime. This new interpretation compliments the earlier conventional interpretation as vacuum fluctuation or as a Schwinger source and links the Casimir energy to the so called missing dark energy density of the cosmos. From the view point of the present work Casimir pressure is a local effect acting on the Casimir plates constituting the local boundary condition while dark energy is nothing but the global combined effect of infinitely many quantum waves acting on the M&#246bius-like boundary of the holographic boundary of the entire universe. Since this higher dimensional M&#246bius-like boundary is one sided, there is no outside to balance the internal collective Casimir pressure which then manifests itself as the force behind cosmic expansion, that is to say, dark energy. Thus analogous to the exact irrational value of ordinary energy density of spacetime E(O)=(Φ5/2) mc2 we now have P (Casimir) = (Φ3/2)(ch/d2) where c is the speed of light, m is the mass, h is the Planck constant and d is the plate separation. In addition the new emerging geometry combined with the topology of E-infinity theory leads directly to identifying dark matter with the quasi matter of the ergosphere. As a direct consequence of this new insight E=mc2 which can be written as E = E (O) + E (D)?where the exact rational approximation is E (O)=mc2/22 is?the ordinary energy density of the cosmos and the exact rational approximation E (D)=mc2/(21/22) is the corresponding dark energy which could be subdivided once more albeit truly approximately into E(D)=mc2/(5/22)?+mc2/(16/22)??where 5 is the Kaluza Klein spacetime dimension, 16 are the bosonic extra dimensions of Heterotic superstrings and 5/22 □?22% is approximately the density of the dark matter-like energy of the ergosphere of the Kerr geometry. As for the actual design of our nano reactor, this is closely related to branching clusters of polymer, frequently called lattice animals. In other words we will have Casimir spheres instead of Casimir plates and these spheres will be basically nano particles modelling lattice animals. Here D=?4 will be regarded as spacetime dimensionality while D=6 of percolations are the compactified super string dimensions and D=8 is the dimension of a corresponding super space.

From a Dual Einstein-Kaluza Spacetime to ‘tHooft Renormalon and the Reality of Accelerated Cosmic Expansion

We use a dual Einstein-Kaluza spacetime to calculate the exact energy density of dark energy and dark matter using a novel topological computation method. Starting from the said spacetime and ‘tHooft’s topological renormalon as well as the corresponding symmetry group, we show how the zero set quantum particle and the empty set quantum wave interact with the vacuum and give rise to pure dark energy and pure dark matter all along with ordinary energy density of the cosmos. The consistency of the exact calculation and the accurate observations attests to the reality of ‘tHooft’s renormalon dark matter, pure dark energy and accelerated cosmic expansion.

From Modified Newtonian Gravity to Dark Energy via Quantum Entanglement

Starting from the classical Newton inverse square law of gravitation we arrive at a modified Newtonian gravity in the spirit of the work of Milgrom-Bekenstein pioneering work. This is achieved by injecting the needed quantum mechanical dissection of special relativity into Newton’s law via the modified energy mass relationship which transforms Einstein’s famous formula?from a smooth four dimensional space to a rugged fractal-like spacetime manifold. The confidence in the present result stems not only from the consistency of the mathematical scheme but also from agreement with the general direction of cosmological measurements and observations.

The Emergence of Spacetime from the Quantum in Three Steps

The paper presents a very simple and straight forward yet pure mathematical derivation of the structure of actual spacetime from quantum set theory. This is achieved by utilizing elements of the topological theory of cobordism and the Menger-Urysohn dimensional theory in conjunction with von Neumann-Connes dimensional function of Klein-Penrose modular holographic boundary of the E8E8 exceptional Lie group bulk of our universe. The final result is a lucid sharp mental picture, namely that the quantum wave is an empty set representing the surface, i.e. boundary of the zero set quantum particle and in turn quantum spacetime is simply the boundary or the surface of the quantum wave empty set. The essential difference of the quantum wave and quantum spacetime is that the wave is a simple empty set while spacetime is a multi-fractal type of infinitely many empty sets with increasing degrees of emptiness.

Quantum Gravity and Dark Energy Using Fractal Planck Scaling

Following an inspiring idea due to D. Gross, we arrive at a topological Planck energy Ep and a corresponding topological Planck length effectively scaling the Planck scale from esoterically large and equally esoterically small numbers to a manageably where P(H) is the famous Hardy’s probability for quantum entanglement which amounts to almost 9 percent and Based on these results, we conclude the equivalence of Einstein-Rosen “wormhole” bridges and Einstein’s Podolsky-Rosen’s spooky action at a distance. In turn these results are shown to be consistent with distinguishing two energy components which results in , namely the quantum zero set particle component which we can measure and the quantum empty set wave component which we cannot measure , i.e. the missing dark energy. Together the two components add to where E is the total energy, m is the mass and c is the speed of light. In other words, the present new derivation of the world’s most celebrated formula explains in one stroke the two most puzzling problems of quantum physics and relativistic cosmology, namely the physicomathematical meaning of the wave function and the nature of dark energy. In essence they are one and the same when looked upon from the view point of quantum-fractal geometry.

The Looped Light of the Triple-Slit Real Experiment as a Confirmation for the Extra Dimensions of Quantum Spacetime and the Reality of Dark Energy

Looped light in a recent sophisticated real three-slit experiment is interpreted as a strong justification of the old theoretical Peano-Hilbert spacetime model of Ord and El Naschie. This in turn entails the existence of extra fractal dimensions and consequently of real dark energy density in full agreement with previous analysis as well as accurate measurements and observations of COBE, WMAP, and the type 1a supernova.

Quantum Fractals and the Casimir-Dark Energy Duality—The Road to a Clean Quantum Energy Nano Reactor

Based on Witten’s T-duality and mirror symmetry we show, following earlier work, the fundamental complimentarity of the Casimir energy and dark energy. Such a conclusion opens new vistas in cold fusion technology in the wider sense of the word which we tackle via fractal nano technologies leading to some design proposals for a nano Casimir-dark energy reactor.

From Highly Structured E-Infinity Rings and Transfinite Maximally Symmetric Manifolds to the Dark Energy Density of the Cosmos

Starting from well established results in pure mathematics, mainly transfinite set theory, E-infinity algebra over operads, fuzzy manifolds and fuzzy Lie symmetry groups, we construct an exact Weyl scaling for the highly structured E-infinity rings corresponding to E-infinity theory of high energy physics. The final result is an exact expression for the energy density of the cosmos which agrees with previous analysis as well as accurate cosmological measurements and observations, such as COBE, WMAP and Planck. The paper is partially intended as a vivid demonstration of the power of pure mathematics in physics and cosmology.

On a New Elementary Particle from the Disintegration of the Symplectic &#39t Hooft-Veltman-Wilson Fractal Spacetime

't Hooft-Veltman Wilson dimensional regularization depends crucially upon Borel summability which entails strong links to the modern mathematical theory of transfinite sets and consequently to the fractal-Cantorian spacetime proposal of Ord-Nottale-El Naschie. Starting from the above, we interpret the main step of the mathematical analysis in terms of elementary particles interaction. Thus 't Hooft-Veltman “perturbation” parameter which measures the deviation of the regulated space from the four dimensionality of spacetime is interpreted as an elementary particle with a topological mass charge equal to 0.18033989, i.e. double the magnitude of Hardy’s quantum entanglement. In turn, Hardy’s quantum entanglement which may be interpreted geometrically as a consequence of the zero set embedded in an empty set could also be interpreted as an exchange of pseudo elementary particles with a topological mass charge equal to Hardy’s entanglement where is the Hausdorff dimension of the zero set of the corresponding 't Hooft-Veltman spacetime.

Chaotic Fractals at the Root of Relativistic Quantum Physics and Cosmology

At its most basic level physics starts with space-time topology and geometry. On the other hand topology’s and geometry’s simplest and most basic elements are random Cantor sets. It follows then that nonlinear dynamics i.e. deterministic chaos and fractal geometry is the best mathematical theory to apply to the problems of high energy particle physics and cosmology. In the present work we give a short survey of some recent achievements of applying nonlinear dynamics to notoriously difficult subjects such as quantum entanglement as well as the origin and true nature of dark energy, negative absolute temperature and the fractal meaning of the constancy of the speed of light.

Cosmic Dark Energy from ‘t Hooft’s Dimensional Regularization and Witten’s Topological Quantum Field Pure Gravity

We utilize two different theories to prove that cosmic dark energy density is the complimentary Legendre transformation of ordinary energy and vice versa as given by E(dark) = mc2 (21/22) and E(ordinary) = mc2/22. The first theory used is based on G ‘t Hooft’s remarkably simple renormalization procedure in which a neat mathematical maneuver is introduced via the dimensionality of our four dimensional spacetime. Thus, ‘t Hooft used instead of D = 4 and then took at the end of an intricate and subtle computation the limit to obtain the result while avoiding various problems including the pole singularity at D = 4. Here and in contradistinction to the classical form of dimensional and renormalization we set and do not take the limit where and is the theoretically and experimentally well established Hardy’s generic quantum entanglement. At the end we see that the dark energy density is simply the ratio of and the smooth disentangled D = 4, i.e. (dark) = (4 -k)/4 = 3.8196011/4 = 0.9549150275. Consequently where we have ignored the fine structure details by rounding 21 + k to 21 and 22 + k to 22 in a manner not that much different from of the original form of dimensional regularization theory. The result is subsequently validated by another equally ingenious approach due mainly to E. Witten and his school of topological quantum field theory. We notice that in that theory the local degrees of freedom are zero. Therefore, we are dealing essentially with pure gravity where are the degrees of freedom and is the corresponding dimension. The results and the conclusion of the paper are summarized in Figure 1-3, Table 1 and Flow Chart 1.

From Chern-Simon, Holography and Scale Relativity to Dark Energy

Chern-Simon theory and the holographic principle as well as scale relativity are used to find out the exact value of cosmic ordinary and dark energy density. The result agrees completely with previously obtained ones as well as with accurate cosmic measurements.

Completing Einstein’s Spacetime

The four-dimensional character of Einstein’s spacetime is generally accepted in mainstream physics as beyond reasonable doubt correct. However the real problem is when we require scale invariance and that this spacetime be four-dimensional on all scales. It is true that on our classical scale, the 4D decouples into 3D plus one time dimension and that on very large scale only the curvature of spacetime becomes noticeable. However the critical problem is that such spacetime must remain 4D no matter how small the scale we are probing is. This is something of crucial importance for quantum physics. The present work addresses this basic, natural and logical requirement and shows how many contradictory results and shortcomings of relativity and quantum gravity could be eliminated when we “complete” Einstein’s spacetime in such a geometrical gauge invariant way. Concurrently the work serves also as a review of the vast Literature on E-Infinity theory used here.

Kähler Dark Matter, Dark Energy Cosmic Density and Their Coupling

We utilize homology and co-homology of a K3-Kähler manifold as a model for spacetime to derive the cosmic energy density of our universe and subdivide it into its three fundamental constituents, namely: 1) ordinary energy;2) pure dark energy and 3) dark matter. In addition, the fundamental coupling of dark matter to pure dark energy is analyzed in detail for the first time. Finally, the so-obtained results are shown to be in astounding agreement with all previous theoretical analysis as well as with actual accurate cosmic measurements.

On a Fractal Version of Witten’s M-Theory

Starting from Witten’s eleven dimensional M-theory, the present work develops in an analogous way a corresponding dimensional fractal version where . Subsequently, the new fractal formalism is utilized to determine the measured ordinary energy density of the cosmos which turns out to be intimately linked to the new theory’s fractal dimension via non-integer irrational Lorentzian-like factor: where is Hardy’s probability of quantum entanglement. Consequently, the energy density is found from a limiting classical kinetic energy to be Here, is ‘tHooft’s renormalon of dimensional regularization. The immediate logical, mathematical and physical implication of this result is that the dark energy density of the cosmos must be in astounding agreement with cosmic measurements and observations.

Negative Norms in Quantized Strings as Dark Energy Density of the Cosmos

The present short paper is concerned with accurate explanation as well as quantification of the so called missing dark energy of the cosmos. It was always one of the main objectives of any successful general theory of high energy particle physics and quantum cosmology to keep non-physical negative norms, the so called ghosts completely out of that theory. The present work takes the completely contrary view by admitting these supposedly spurious states as part of the physical Hilbert space. It is further shown that rethinking the ghost free condition with the two critical spacetime dimensions D1 = 26 and D2 = 25 together with the corresponding intercept a1 = 1 and a2 ≤ 1 respectively and in addition imposing, as in Gross et al. heterotic superstrings, an overall 496 dimensional exceptional Lie symmetry group, then one will discover that there are two distinct types of energy. The first is positive norm ordinary energy connected to the zero set quantum particles which is very close to the measured ordinary energy density of the cosmos, namely E(O) = mc2/22. The second is negative norm (i.e. ghost) energy connected to the empty set quantum wave and is equal to the conjectured dark energy density of the cosmos E(D) = mc2 (21/22) presumed to be behind the observed accelerated cosmic expansion. That way we were able to not only explain the physics of dark energy without adding any new concepts or novel additional ingredients but also we were able to compute the dark energy density accurately and in full agreement with measurements and observations.