Online Capacitor Voltage Transformer Measurement Error State Evaluation Method Based on In-Phase Relationship and Abnormal Point Detection

The assessment of the measurement error status of online Capacitor Voltage Transformers (CVT) within the power grid is of profound significance to the equitable trade of electric energy and the secure operation of the power grid. This paper advances an online CVT error state evaluation method, anchored in the in-phase relationship and outlier detection. Initially, this method leverages the in-phase relationship to obviate the influence of primary side fluctuations in the grid on assessment accuracy. Subsequently, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is employed to meticulously disentangle the error change information inherent in the CVT from the measured values and to compute statistics that delineate the error state. Finally, the Local Outlier Factor (LOF) is deployed to discern outliers in the statistics, with thresholds serving to appraise the CVT error state. Experimental results incontrovertibly demonstrate the efficacy of this method, showcasing its prowess in effecting online tracking of CVT error changes and conducting error state assessments. The discernible enhancements in reliability, accuracy, and sensitivity are manifest, with the assessment accuracy reaching an exemplary 0.01%.

Analysis of output voltage on a planar insulating core transformer

Output voltage is an important performance characteristic of planar insulating core transformer (PICT).In PICT magnetic cores are insulated from their neighboring magnetic cores by solid insulating materials.Solid insulating materials can increase leakage flux.This results in a low generated voltage in secondary coils,especially on the upper stages.Connecting flux compensation capacitors to secondary coils can compensate the flux loss.Design equations to calculate the flux compensation capacitors value and relevant simulation by CST and Protel software were presented.Simulation results of an actual PICT showed that output voltage increased by 19% after being connected to flux compensation capacitors and the voltage on every stage was equally distributed.Results of simulation were consistent with the following experimental test,which revealed that flux compensation capacitors were effective.

考虑CVT输出特性的换流变剩磁测算方法

特高压换流变空载合闸时,其剩磁会改变铁心磁通的大小和方向,极易造成严重的励磁涌流,导致换流变无法正常投入运行。针对换流变剩磁测算,分析电容式电压互感器(CVT)输出数据存在误差是由系统频率变化引起的,根据误差式进行校正并基于电压积分法给出考虑CVT输出特性的换流变剩磁测算方法。在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建相关仿真模型,对Y、D桥换流变的电压正向、负向峰值处分别进行分闸实验,并根据所提测算方法确定换流变剩磁。利用校正前、校正后以及监测的换流变剩磁完成选相合闸对比实验,实验结果表明所提方法能够有效测算换流变剩磁,为励磁涌流抑制手段提供参考依据。

Mitigation of Transients in Capacitor Coupled Substations Using Traditional RLC Filter Techniques

This article presents an extensive examination and modeling of Capacitor Coupled Substations (CCS), noting some of their inherent constraints. The underlying implementation of a CCS is to supply electricity directly from high-voltage (HV) transmission lines to low-voltage (LV) consumers through coupling capacitors and is said to be cost-effective as compared to conventional distribution networks. However, the functionality of such substations is susceptible to various transient phenomena, including ferroresonance and overvoltage occurrences. To address these challenges, the study uses simulations to evaluate the effectiveness of conventional resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) filter in mitigating hazardous overvoltage resulting from transients. The proposed methodology entails using standard RLC filter to suppress transients and its associated overvoltage risks. Through a series of MATLAB/Simulink simulations, the research emphasizes the practical effectiveness of this technique. The study examines the impact of transients under varied operational scenarios, including no-load switching conditions, temporary short-circuits, and load on/off events. The primary aim of the article is to assess the viability of using an established technology to manage system instabilities upon the energization of a CCS under no-load circumstances or in case of a short-circuit fault occurring on the primary side of the CCS distribution transformer. The findings underscore the effectiveness of conventional RLC filters in suppressing transients induced by the CCS no-load switching.

Effect of Switching Devices on Power Quality and Transient Voltage Suppression Using Capacitor Bank Model

The main purpose of the electrical power system is to transport and distribute energy generated by the central power plants in a safe and reliable manner to the customer premises. Most of the electrical equipment is exposed within the open which suggests they can be vulnerable to lightning strikes, road dwindling, windstorms, and a few engineering activities with the potential of causing different degrees of damage to the electrical equipment. One of the ways to guard the equipment is to deploy switching devices. However, the operations of most of these switching devices produce oscillatory transient in the electrical transmission and distribution systems which result in voltage, current, and frequency fluctuations in the load. This paper investigates the effect of switching devices on power quality and proposes a positive sequence voltage power transient suppression technique that can spontaneously improve the distorted voltage at the instant of capacitor switching using the capacitor line model as a case study. MATLAB/Simulink software was utilized for the analysis on an electrical network model with bus voltages of 69 kV/12.47 kV and 480 V. The results showed that, during switching operations, the positive sequence voltage power detector block produces ripple-free accurate results.

一起220 kV CVT额定输出容量校核异常的处理分析

针对发现的一起220 kV电容式电压互感器(CVT)额定输出容量30 VA与设计值50 VA不一致的问题,介绍了问题发生情况及产生原因。基于CVT的误差理论,得出准确度和温升指标与CVT的额定输出容量强相关的结论,并通过准确度试验、型式试验两者相结合来校核CVT额定输出容量。逐台进行了准确度试验,对30 VA规格的CVT按照50 VA开展了产品型式试验,重点关注温升、准确度试验,试验结果表明:30 VA规格的CVT符合50 VA额定输出容量的要求。最后更新了CVT铭牌的额定输出容量参数,投运后运行正常。本文为CVT额定容量校核提供了一种解决方法。

基于电压差值变化量的CVT在线监测方法研究

近年来,利用调度自动化系统中CVT电压数据进行CVT在线监测的研究逐渐增多,在实践中也取得了不少成果,但由于CVT采样误差的原因,直接利用电压对比的方法进行监测会产生大量的误告警,需要大量的人工介入进一步甄别。文章利用CVT电压差值进行在线监测,可进一步提高监测报警的准确性,减少人工确认工作量。

220kV CVT二次电压降低原因分析及防范措施

针对一起运行中220 kV电容式电压互感器二次电压降低典型故障,通过带电检测、试验分析、解体检查等环节,分析励磁、变比、油色谱等试验过程中的异常数据,查找并确定二次电压降低故障原因主要有2个:一是电磁装置的中间变压器高压接线端子未可靠紧固,形成一次回路串联接触电阻;二是二次绕组引线绝缘皮质量不佳,运行中出现局部开裂,产生二次绕组并联接触电阻。结合故障原因,从产品设计、制造、选用和设备日常运维检测等方面提出防范措施。

基于改进CVT的暂态电压扰动监测技术研究

为解决现有电容式电压互感器(capacitor voltage transformer,CVT)无法对电力系统暂态电压扰动信号精准监测问题,本文通过在原有CVT低压端串联大电容C_(3),设计了一种基于CVT,适用于500kV系统的暂态电压扰动监测装置。通过建立模型,对装置的低压及二次回路对频响影响进行仿真。借助实验平台对该装置性能进行了评估,结果表明装置暂态特性、线性度、频率响应性能、波形跟随特性均满足技术指标要求,目前该装置在现场工作良好。

NOVEL LINEAR TRANSFORMATION SWITCHED-CAPACITOR FILTER DESIGN

This paper presents a novel method that is applied to realize the Linear Transformation(LT)Switched-Capacitor Filter(SCF).It adopts the Voltage Control Voltage Source(VCVS)equalized transfor-mation to revise the original LC ladder filter and induce it into 16 basic sections and then extend the princi-ple of the LT in order to fit active and 3 port networks and give out switched-capacitor circuits corre-sponding to the 16 basic sections,which can realize all four kinds of filters——LP,HP,BP,BS filters.De-signed examples are given here.An Nth order filter only requires N amplifiers and the circuit is insensitive toparasitic capacitances.The experimental results of a 3rd order elliptic LP and a 6th order elliptic BP are giv-en and agree with the theory.

基于CVT宽频传递模型的杂散电容分步辨识方法

杂散电容是导致电容式电压互感器(CVT)宽频传递特性呈现复杂变化的关键因素,其参数值无法通过直接测量得到,杂散电容的获取一直是个难点。为此,文中提出一种基于CVT宽频传递模型的杂散电容参数分步辨识方法。在分析CVT谐振机理的基础上,以CVT在各谐振点处电压变比误差最小为目标,利用多目标灰狼优化算法,分两步对多个杂散电容进行参数辨识。实际算例测试表明,所提方法仅需根据CVT谐振变比便可实现宽频传递模型中杂散电容参数辨识,且辨识误差小,能够为建立精确CVT宽频电路模型提供理论指导,进一步为暂态电压的测量奠定基础。

基于主成分分析的CVT误差状态评估

电容式电压互感器(CVT)的误差准确度是CVT重要的性能参数,但CVT的误差准确度通常受多种因素影响。针对目前的CVT误差状态评估离线法不能反映CVT在线实际工况,在线评估法尚不成熟的问题,本文提出了利用主成分分析的CVT误差状态在线评估方法。该方法首先将CVT的误差状况映射到残差空间中并计算测量数据的平方预测误差(SPE)统计量,然后根据SPE统计量和控制线判断CVT的误差状态。最后通过实例分析,结果表明了本文方法对于CVT误差在正常、突变和渐变等状况下均能进行准确评估,为CVT误差状态的在线准确评估提供了理论参考。

基于SCADA系统的CVT缺陷排查与分析

通过等效电路分析了电容式电压互感器(capacitor voltage transformer,CVT)二次电压变化与其电容量变化的关系,结合SCADA系统中存储的线路和母线电压数据,开展了某电网100余座变电站CVT缺陷排查工作,有效避免了多起CVT缺陷扩大影响电力系统稳定运行的事故发生,通过典型缺陷解体案例的分析进一步验证了该方法的有效性,该方法的成功实践一定程度上为CVT缺陷的提前发现和及时处理提供了有效经验。

Design of an Equipotential Shielding 1000 kV Capacitor Voltage Transformer

With the increase of the operating voltage and enlargement of the size of the capacitor voltage transformer(CVT),the additional measurement error caused by stray capacitance coupling and leakage current along the polluted surface of the CVT becomes noticeable.The equipotential shielding CVT(EPSCVT)was proposed and designed by the authors to mitigate these effects.An improved conceptual design option of the EPS-CVT is presented in this paper with special references to this study to improve the shielding effect without the increase of shielding capacitance.A proposed method of non-uniform capacitance configuration can improve the shielding effect significantly without an increase of the external shielding capacitance.Based on this achievement,the potential difference and the capacitive current exchange between the internal measuring system and external shielding systems are significantly reduced.In the evaluation of the shielding effect for the influence of stray capacitance,compared with a conventional CVT with equal capacitance,EPS-CVT can reduce the measurement error by two orders of magnitude.In addition,the measurement error caused by the leakage current can also be greatly reduced,especially for the reduction of the phase angle error.Based on the improved design method,a design scheme for an engineering application is proposed which can achieve effective shielding while ensuring as good a technical performance as the existing CVT.

利用CVT捕捉电压行波实现故障测距的分析与实践

对两次葛岗线单相接地故障实测电容式电压互感器(CVT)二次侧电压数据进行小波分析处理,精确捕捉到初始电压行波波头,并采用双端行波测距原理准确定位接地故障点,最大绝对误差不超过300 m,结合CVT高频等值模型,探讨了CVT二次侧电压测距的可行性。文中还讨论了CVT的频率和暂态特性,重点分析了CVT中间变压器一、二次之间杂散电容对CVT暂态响应的影响,对比实测和仿真波形及其小波变换,说明借助于高速采集的CVT二次电压,能有效捕捉故障初始行波到达时刻,从而实现故障测距的目的。

1000kV CVT误差的现场试验方法

1000kV电容式电压互感器(CVT)是我国特高压交流试验示范工程中的新型设备,其准确度(误差)的现场试验在世界上没有先例。为确保1000kV CVT误差现场试验的顺利实施,开展了对1000kV CVT现场试验方法的研究,结合试验示范工程用1000kV CVT的结构特点和具体参数,提出了差值法、电压系数测量法等3种方法,通过比较这些方法的优缺点,表明在现场宜用1000kV电磁式标准电压互感器作为试验标准、采用差值法进行CVT的准确度(误差)现场试验;根据试验方法所需的标准装置,研制出1600kV标准电容器、1000kV量值传递用和现场用电磁式标准电压互感器。同时,对测量中可能导致不确定度的来源进行分析,使测量中的偏差控制在允许误差的1/3以内。

电容电压初值对CVT铁磁谐振影响的仿真研究

电容式电压互感器(CVT)的传统等效电路模型中忽略了电容分压器电容电压初值对等效电路模型的影响,然而在CVT暂态时这一因素的影响不能简单地看成是一个误差问题。基于正确的电容分压器的分压比公式,建立了计及电容电压初值的CVT完整的等值电路模型。基于此电路模型,利用Matlab中的电气系统模块库PSB建立了CVT铁磁谐振暂态过程的仿真模型。仿真结果表明,在二次侧短路又消除短路这种铁磁谐振激发方式下,不同的短路时刻和消除短路时刻对CVT的铁磁谐振过程有影响,甚至出现了持续的振荡过程。在二次电压过零短路同时又在其过峰值时消除短路的情况下,电容电压的初值可以抑制铁磁谐振过电压的持续时间,但电容电压的初值较大时,在系统加压瞬间出现的过电压,可能引起二次侧高速继电保护误动作。

基于CVT二次信号的实用化行波定位方法

根据行波定位的技术要求和电容式电压互感器(CVT)的高频信号传变特点,通过仿真计算,分析了利用CVT的二次信号进行行波定位的可行性。结合工程应用实际,提出了自适应门槛消噪、不同电压综合判断和采样坏值处理等实用化处理方法,以提高电压行波波头检测的可靠性和准确性。最后,通过数字仿真数据和运行现场的实测数据,对所提出的实用化方法进行了验证。

特高压CVT的选型对运行可靠性的影响

随着电压等级的提高,电容分压器节数增多,受运行条件的影响也加大,选型对保证1000kVCVT的正常工作至关重要。选型不当,可加剧CVT受运行条件的影响,甚至不能正常运行。为避免此情况,需选用的CVT电容分压器阻抗比对运行条件不敏感,特别是分压器低压臂阻抗受运行条件的影响要小。基于这点,分析1000kV分体式CVT和一体式CVT在运行中受运行条件的影响大小是十分必要的,否则,将给1000kVCVT的正常运行带来十分不利的影响。

基于新型LVQB型电流互感器的CVT在线校验方法研究

目前CVT误差校验的主要方法为离线校验法,存在着校验工作量庞大以及校验结果偏离CVT在线状态下的实际值等问题。笔者提出了一种利用在运容性设备协助CVT进行在线校验误差的新方法。在变电站中大量使用的LVQB型电流互感器结构基础上,设计改造使其具备高压标准电容器功能,通过在其末屏接地线处串入低压标准电容器和电子分压器组成标准电容分压器,即可实现对CVT误差的在线校验。这种新型在线校验方法规避了在变电站在线直接投切标准电容分压器的风险,同时在完成对站内CVT的校验工作之后,恢复LVQB型电流互感器的正常接地,不影响LVQB型电流互感器的正常工作。随着该方法的大量应用,CVT的在线误差校验将取代繁琐的离线校验,同时也为下一步电力设备的在线检修奠定了基础。