Genome sequencing provides insights into Caprifoliaceae genome evolution and the mechanism underlying second blooming phenomenon in Heptacodium miconioides

Plants of the Caprifoliaceae family are widely cultivated worldwide as ornamental plants owing to their numerous,sweet-smelling,beautiful flowers and fruits.Heptacodium miconioides Rehd.,a member of the family,is endemic to eastern China and is cultivated as a popular ornamental plant in North America and European countries.It has a rather novel and beautiful trait of high horticultural value,that is,its sepals persist and enlarge,turning purplish red.Here,we report the chromosome-level genome assembly of H.miconioides to understand its evolution and floral characteristics.The 622.28 Mb assembled genome harbored a shared whole-genome duplication with a related species,Lonicera japonica.Comparative genomic analysis suggested that chromosome fission events following genome duplication underlie the unusual chromosome number of these two species,as well as chromosome fission of another five chromosomes in H.miconioides,giving rise to a haploid chromosome number of 14(versus 9 in L.japonica).In addition,based on transcriptome and chloroplast genome analysis of 17 representative species in the Caprifoliaceae,we assumed that large structural variations in the chromosomes of H.miconioides were not caused by hybridization.Changes in the candidate genes of the MADS-box family were detected in the H.miconioides genome,including AP1-,AP3-,and SEPexpanded,which might underlie the sepal elongation and development in this species.The current findings provided a critical resource for genome evolution studies in Caprifoliaceae and it was an example of how multi-omics data can elucidate the regulation of important ornamental traits.

Vegetative Reproduction through Green Cuttings of the Introduced Form <i>Weigela florida</i>f. “<i>Bristol ruby</i>” (Caprifoliaceae) in the Conditions of the Tashkent Botanical Garden (Uzbekistan)

For the first time, work was carried out on the vegetative reproduction of Weigela florida f. “Bristol Rubru” (Caprifoliaceae) was introduced into the Tashkent Botanical Garden (Uzbekistan) through green branches. As a result of the research conducted, it was noted that the vegetative reproduction possibilities of the “Bristol Ruby” form of Weigela florida were high. When placed on stimulants of two types (kornevin, heteroauxin), it became known that kornevin stimulants are effective in taking root. It was found that the effective way to multiply this form by green branches in a vegetative way—when placed on the stimulator of kornevin from the middle part of the rod, the indicators of root extraction of the cuttings were 93.3%, which is more effective than other options. When vegetative reproduction of this decorative form, it is recommended that the seedlings come to the standard state in 3 - 4 years and the root extraction indicators are high—this is its use as the second row shrubs in the case of growing on strongly saline soils in the conditions of Uzbekistan. The cultivation of green cuttings of the form in the fog showed that they are more effective than in the open ground.

Lonicerae Flos:A Review of Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities

Lonicerae flos,a widely used traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),has been used for several thousand years in China.As a famous traditional Chinese herbal medicine,it was used as heat-clearing drug and alexipharmic agent and was widely cultivated in Hunan province.L.flos mainly contains biologically active compounds such as caffeic acid derivatives,essential oil,flavonoids,iridoid glycosides and terpenoids.A range of biological activities has been reported from plant extracts including anti-inflammatory,antitumor,antioxidant,antiallergy,immunomodulating and antibacterial activity.In this study,the author investigated ancient books of TCM and nowadays reports,summarized the chemical constituents,biological activity of L.flos to provide a comprehensive systematic review.

抗氧化剂对金银花中绿原酸稳定性的考察

金银花为忍冬科（Caprifoliaceae）忍冬属（Lonicera）忍Lonicera japonica Thunb.植物的干燥花蕾,金银花又名双花,简称金花或者银花,为忍冬科植物忍冬的干燥花蕾或带出开的花,为常用清热解毒和抗菌消炎中药材。其主要药效活性成分为绿原酸（简称CHA）,绿原酸含量高低是评价金银花质量的重要依据。

忍冬科的系统发育核糖体DNA ITS区序列证据

以败酱草科Valerianaceae的Centranthu rubber为外类群,使用Phylip 3.65软件对忍冬科Caprifoliaceae 12个属12个代表种的ITS区序列进行了系统发育分析。采用最大简约法分析获得了5个最简约树,步长为580,一致性指数(CI)和维持性指数(RI)值分别为0.7832和0.7415。利用5个最简约树获取严格一致树。结果表明:①荚蒾属Viburnum与接骨木属Sambucus是姐妹群,自展支持率100%;并与忍冬科内七子花属Heptacodium、锦带花属Weigela构成姐妹群,虽然自展支持率为60%,从遗传距离上可看出荚蒾属与忍冬科内其他属之间仍有较近的亲缘关系,所以支持荚蒾属和接骨木属置于忍冬科内。②忍冬属Lonicera与鬼吹萧属Leycesteria聚成一小支,并构成姐妹群,自展支持率为100%;并与毛核木属Symphoricarpos、莛子镳属Triosteum构成姐妹群,自展支持率为100%,故不支持将毛核木属置于北极花族内Linnaceae;北极花属Linnaea、六道木属Abelia、猬实属Kolkwitzia、双盾木属Dipelta聚成姐妹群,自展支持率为100%,说明四者亲缘关系较近,仍置于北极花族内。

Glucosylated caffeoylquinic acid derivatives from the flower buds of Lonicera japonica

Three new glucosylated caffeoylquinic acid isomers (1-3), along with six known compounds, have been isolated from an aqueous extract of the flower buds of Lonicera japonica. Structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods as (-)-4-O-(4-O-beta-D-glucopyranosylcaffeoyl)quinic acid (-)-3-O-(4-O-beta-D-glucopyranosylcaffeoyl)quinic acid (2), and (-)-5-O-(4-O-beta-D-glucopyranosylcaffeoyl)quinic acid (3), respectively. In the preliminary in vitro assays, two known compounds methyl caffeate and 2'-O-methyladenosine showed inhibitory activity against Coxsackie virus B3 with IC50 values of 3.70 mu mol/L and 6.41 mu mol/L and SI values of 7.8 and 12.1, respectively. (C) 2015 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.

Two 1-(6'-O-acyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)pyridinium-3-carboxylates from the flower buds of Lonicera japonica

Two new l-（6＇-O-acyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl）pyridinium-3-carboxylates,lonijaponinicotinosides A（1）and B（2）,were isolated from an aqueous extract of the flower buds of Lonicera japonica.Their structures were determined by spectroscopic data analysis,and confirmed by comparison with synthetic 1-β-Dglucopyranosylpyridinium-3-carboxylate.

Two new triterpenoid saponins from Lonicera macranthoides

Two new triterpenoid saponins named lonimacranthoideⅣ（1） and lonimacranthoideⅤ（2） were isolated from the flower buds of Lonicera macranthoides Hand.-Mazz.（Caprifoliaceae）.They have hederagenin as aglycone.LonimacranthoideⅣ（1） is a rare chlorogenic acid ester acylated on the C-23 of hederagenin.LonimacranthoideⅣis a new sulfated triterpenoid saponin.The structures of the saponins were established by chemical and spectral methods.

Iridoid glycosides from fruits reduce the growth of fungi associated with fruit rot

Aims Ripe,fleshy fruits generally function as rewards to attract mutualistic seed dispersers,but many fruits also contain high concentrations of toxic secondary metabolites.These compounds may serve a variety of adaptive roles in seed dispersal or as a defense against non-dispersing seed predators or pathogens.We tested the effects of iridoid glycosides from fruits of a hybrid bush honeysuckle,Lonicera×bella,on the growth of two pathogenic fungal strains associated with fruit rot,Alternaria tenuissima and Aspergillus tubingensis.Methods Fungi were isolated from field-collected L.×bella fruits and identified using molecular techniques.Their growth rates were assessed in vitro in the presence of varying concentrations of pure loganin,one of the most abundant iridoid glycosides in fruits,as well as fruit extracts containing a mix of at least seven different iridoid glycosides.Important FindingsLoganin had strong dose-dependent negative effects on the growth of both fungi.Extracts from fruits had no effect on Aspergillus but a strong antifungal effect on Alternaria that increased with fruit ripening.Total iridoid glycoside concentrations in extracts were not good predictors of variation in fungal growth,but several individual compounds had significant negative effects.Although iridoid glycosides have primarily been studied as antiherbivore defenses in leaves,these results indicate that they can also function to reduce the growth of fungi associated with fruit rot.