Combining Ability Analyses of Net Photosynthesis Rate in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

In perspective of breeding high-yield hybrid pepper varieties, combining ability analysis of net photosynthesis rate at different phases of flowering and fruit setting in pepper was made with 15 cross combinations from 6 parents by （1/2） n （n- 1） diallel crosses. There are relatively large differences not only in general combining ability （GCA） effect among different parents and at different phases of flowering and fruit setting, but also in specific combining ability （SCA） effect among different hybrids. There are relatively large GCA effects in late parents but relatively less GCA effects in early parents. No obvious laws have been found in the relationship between SCA effects and maturity of hybrids. Variances of SCA are larger than those of GCA. Heritability is less but influence of environment is larger. Correlation analysis of combining ability between net photosynthesis rate and agronomic character or resistances to main diseases has showed that correlation coefficients of GCA are relatively large at the medium phase and the late phase of flowering and fruit setting. Net photosynthesis rate is more relative to leaf characters and fruit characters. Correlation coefficients of SCA are relatively large at the early phase and the late phase of flowering and fruit setting. Net photosynthesis rate is more relative to leaf characters and plant characters at the early phase but to plant characters and fruit characters at the late phase. Correlation coefficients of SCA between net photosynthesis rate and resistances to main diseases are larger than those of GCA. The combining abilities of net photosynthesis rate at different phases of flowering and fruit setting are positively correlated with those of yield per plant. The combining ability is an important parameter of breeding of high photosynthesis hybrid pepper varieties.

Light Intensity Affects Pungency of Hot Pepper(Capsicum annuum L.) Fruits

This study was carried out both laboratory and field experiment to research the effects of three different light intensity on capsaicin content of hot pepper fruits during the growing stage, the varieties in the study were in different hot levels named No.4 Xiangyan(mid-hot) and No.3 Jingjianjiao(very hot). The study showed that capsaicin content increased accompanied with light intensity weakening. There was an inverse relationship between capsaicin content and peroxidase activity.

Effects of Nitrogenous Fertilizer on Pungency of Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Fruits

The response of pungency of hot pepper fruits nitrogenous fertilizer on was invesigated. The results indicated that nitrogenous fertilizer had a significant effect on the capsaicin content of hot pepper fruits at 35 and 42 days after flowering;, capsaicin content gradually decreased, while peroxidase activity increased with nitrogenous fertilizer increasing.

Effect of Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers on the Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency of Hot Pepper in Qiu-bei

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of slow and controlled release fertilizers（SCRF）on the yield of qiubei hot pepper,its nutrient use efficiency and environment.[Method] Using Qiubei hot pepper（Capsicum frutescens L.）as the experimental material,we studied the fertilization effect and environment-protecting effect of SCRF.[Result] The result showed that SCRF could improve the agronomic characteristics of hot pepper.Compared to singly applied common fertilizers,SCRF increased economic yield by 20.90% and economic benefit by 13 234.35 Yuan/hm2,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 47.93%.In comparison with common straight fertilizers at same NPK proportion and rate,SCRF increased economic yield by 5.26% and economic benefit by 5 554.80 Yuan/hm2,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 9.91%.Under the reduced use of SCRF by 20%,SCRF increased economic yield by 12.38% and economic benefit by 9595.20 Yuan/hm2 compared with singly applied common fertilizers,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 65.95%.SCRF improved nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium use efficiencies by 12.42-17.53,3.35-5.24 and 5.37-14.02 percents respectively.[Conclusion] As the result of much reduced N and P application rates,SCRF would significantly economize fertilizer resources and minimize the pollution caused by the loss of fertilizer nutrients,which is of practical importance for environment protection.

Relationship between SSR Genetic Distance and Heterosis in Hot Pepper

[Objective] This study aimed to predict the heterosis of hot pepper using SSR genetice distance. [Method] Twenty-five hybridized combinations between 10pepper parents were obtained through NCⅡ incomplete diallel cross to analyze the relationship between SSR genetic distance and heterosis. [Result] The genetic distance of the parents varied in a range from 0.13 to 0.33, and the average genetic distance was 0.25, indicating that the genetic difference was not obvious among the parents, namely, they shared a close genetic relationship. In addition, the SSR genetic distance was closely related to yield per plant and fruits per plant, but showed no obvious correlation with other traits. [Conclusion] This study proved that in a certain range the combinations between the parents with a distant genetic distance possessed stronger heterosis and a larger possibility to produce a high yield and vice versa.

Effects of Chlorine Dioxide Gas on Postharvest Physiology and Storage Quality of Green Bell Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.var.Longrum)

The effects of treatment of chlorine dioxide （C1Oz） gas on postharvest physiology and preservation quality of green bell peppers were studied. Green bell peppers were collected in bags and treated with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 50 mg L^-1 ClO2 gas at 10±0.5℃ for over 40 d, and the changes in postharvest physiology and preservation quality of the peppers were evaluated during the storage. The inhibition of rot of the peppers was observed for all the tested ClO2 gas treatments. The rot rates of the treated samples were 50% lesser than those of the control after day 40 of storage. The highest inhibitory effect was obtained after 50 mg L^-1 ClO2 gas treatment, where the peppers did not decay until day 30 and showed only one-fourth of the rot rate of the control at day 40 of storage. The respiratory activity of the peppers was significantly （P〈0.05） inhibited by 20 and 50 mg L^-1 ClO2 treatments, whereas no significant effects on respiratory activity were observed with 5 and 10 mg L^-1 ClO2 treatments （P〉0.05）. Except for 50 mg L^-1 ClO2, malondialdenyde （MDA） contents in the peppers treated with 5, 10, or 20 mg L^-1 ClO2 were not significantly （P〉0.05） different from those in the control. Degradation of chlorophyll in the peppers was delayed by 5 mg L-1ClO2, but promoted by 10, 20, or 50 mg L^-1 ClO2. The vitamin C content, titratable acidity, and total soluble solids of the peppers treated by all the tested ClO2 gas did not significantly change during the storage. The results suggested that ClO2 gas treatment effectively delayed the postharvest physiological transformation of green peppers, inhibited decay and respiration, maintained some nutritional and sensory quality, and retarded MDA accumulation.

RAPD Technique Used to Determine the Purity of Hybrid Hot Pepper Seeds

Two hybrid hot pepper varieties Xiangyan 5 and Xiangyan 10, and their parents were analyzed the polymerase chain reaction with MJ /PT 200 Peltrier Themal Cycler and DS 800 White-ultravilot Transilluminator to set up a RAPD system adaptable to the purity determination of the hy-brid seeds. Among the 39 random primers, 2 and 4 primers were found to be used effectively in Xiangyan 5 and Xiangyan 10 respectively.

Indoor Inoculation and Identification Technology of Sweet (Hot) Pepper Virus

[Objective] The paper was to establish an affordable indoor virus inoculation and identification technology. [Method] Taking Tobacco Mosaic Virus （TMV） and Cucumber Mosaic Vires （CMV） of sweet （hot） pepper as the sources of virus, an affordable indoor virus inoculation and identification technology was developed in the paper. [ Result] The suitable inoculation concentration of CMV was five to ten times, and the best seedling age for inoculation was five to six leav- es. Suitable inoculation concentration of TMV was 20 to 30 times, and the best seedling age for inoculation was three to six leaves. Single inoculation technology was mainly used for indoor virus inoculation and identification of sweet （hot） pepper, and complex inoculation technology could also be adopted with first, st inoculation of CMV and late inoculation of TMV. For mixed inoculation technology, CMV： TMV should be 1： 1. Complex inoculation and mix inoculation should base on the tech- nology of single inoculation. Disease resistant materials, AID1-W22-dg176, ABgl-W22-48123, AB91-DL-6428, HY031-2-8-1-6, BYT-4-1-3-6-8, JFG-2-1-2-6, JF8S-1-1-5-4-8 and I＇502-1-1-3-5, were identified by this method. [ Conclusion] This research provided scientific basis for standardization of indoor inoculation of sweet （hot） pepper virus.

Comparisons of Several Similarity Coefficients for Cluster Analysis of Hot Pepper Germplasm Resources

An appropriate genetic similarity coefficient is particularly important for accurately estimating the genetic similarity and phylogenetic relationship between individuals and evaluating the genetic diversity of populations. In this study, five genetic similarity coefficients were compared for analysis of phylogenetic relationship among 31 hot pepper inbred lines based on SRAP. The applicability of different genetic similarity coefficient was investigated by means of SRAP data of hot pepper inbred lines. According to the experimental results, the variation ranges of Nei ＆ Li, Jaceard, Sorensen, Simple matching and Yule coefficients were 0. 598 - 0. 973, 0. 427 - 0. 947, 0. 598 - 0. 973, 0.427 - 0. 947 and 0. 133 - 0. 997, respectively. Results of cluster analysis based on different similarity coefficients varied greatly. To be specific, clustering results based on Nei ＆ Li, Jaccard and Sorensen coefficients were consistent; clustering with Simple matching and Yule coef ficients led to consistent classification of category in different order and slightly different classification of subcategory. Comprehensively comparing the results of cluster analysis and the dendrograms of hot pepper inbred lines, Yule coefficient is suitable for SRAP analysis of hot pepper.

Investigation of the Effects of Radio Frequency Water Treatment on Some Characteristics of Growth in Pepper (<i>Capsicum annuum</i>) Plants

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of electromagnetic radio frequency treatment of water on the growth of pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants. For this experiment, one hundred one-week old plants were divided into two groups. The first group of plants was watered with water subjected to radio frequency electromagnetic radiation from an internet router for one hour a day, while the other group was watered with tap water (control). The overall results showed changes of growth characters of plant watered with electromagnetic water. The length of pepper plants is significantly affected by the treated water, where the length of shoot was lower in plants grown under the effect of treated water (22.43 ± 7.17 cm) than those grown without treated water (28.11 ± 8.57 cm). The results revealed that the stem diameter of control plants (1.74 ± 0.39 cm) was significantly higher than that of the treated plants (1.66 ± 0.35 cm). In addition, the root length was lower in plants grown under the effect of treated water than those grown without treated water. Pepper plants watered with electromagnetic treated water exhibited marked decreases in health index, fresh and dry weight, relative water content, number of flowers and fruits/plant as well as number of seeds/fruit. In addition, the current experiment showed a significant decrease in the number of leaves, branch and flower per plant when watered with electromagnetic treated water. The results revealed that the first flowering time for plants in treated group was remarkably decelerated when compared to other plants in control group.

AFLP Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA from a Cytoplasmic Male Sterility Line and its Maintainer in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited trait characterized by the inability of a plant to produce functional pollen, which is widespread among higher plants. CMS system is a valuable tool for plant

Chilli Pepper (<i>Capsicum</i>Spp.) Diversity, Production and Fungal Contamination Management in Benin

The present study was carried out in the form of a survey with the aim of listing and describing the technical itineraries of production, storage and conservation used in six departments of high production of chilli pepper in Benin. The survey was conducted on the basis of a questionnaire in the six departments of Benin: Ouémé, Plateau, Atlantic, Littoral, Zou and Collines. The survey collected information on the socio-economic characteristics of producers, the varieties of chilli pepper grown, and the current technical itineraries used for the production, storage and conservation of chilli pepper. On the other hand, it also gave an idea of the constraints that prevent the production of chilli pepper of good sanitary quality. The results of this survey show that three varieties of chilli peppers are the most produced and consumed in Benin. These are the Gbotakin variety (Capsicum chinense), the Afundja variety (Capsicum annuum) and the Danhomètakin variety (Capsicum frutescens). The technical itineraries related to the cultivation of these chilli peppers varieties are the same in the six study departments. Unfortunately, their contamination sometimes starts at the nursery stage, passing through the field where other contaminants are added and develop until harvest. After harvest, contamination can continue in storage and finally reach the consumer if proper measures are not taken. The inappropriate or inadequate use of phytosanitary products in the chilli pepper industry is also a source of illness for consumers of this vegetable fruit. Training of producers on the best technical itineraries for the production and storage of chilli peppers is essential to revitalize and develop this sector by improving the sanitary quality of the chilli peppers produced in Benin.

Purification and Biochemical Characterization of a Protease Inhibitor Ⅱ Family from Jalapeno Pepper(Capsicum annuum L.)

Capsicum annuum L. was initially domesticated in Mexico and northern Central America, and represented an ancient Neotropical plant food complex. The purpose of this paper is to report the isolation and purification of a novo-member of a protease inhibitor from jalape&ntildeo pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) (PIJP). The molecular weight of PIJP inhibitor is 5.95 kDa with 56 amino acids and 6 Cys residues with high inhibitory activity to trypsin with a Ki value of 95 nM. This inhibitor according to the alignment with homologous from NCBI and Pfam databases is a member of proteinase inhibitors II. It is worthwhile to mention a major compositional difference between the proteinase inhibitor II families which have 8 Cys residues. PIJP is the first purified proteinase inhibitor, member of this family with only 6 Cys residues.

辣椒的干燥特性和力学性能试验研究

为了降低辣椒在干燥及运输过程中的破损率,提高辣椒的干燥品质,对辣椒进行热风干燥的同时,进行拉伸和三点弯曲力学性能试验研究,并分析了辣椒的干燥特性和力学特性。试验结果表明:当干燥温度为45、60、75℃时,水分有效扩散系数分别为1.160096×10^(-10)、1.713660×10^(-10)、2.380429×10^(-10),随温度升高而升高。由阿伦尼乌斯公式计算得出辣椒活化能为22.0769kJ/mol,表明干燥过程中从辣椒中出去1mol的水分所需的最低能量是22.0769kJ。在75℃干燥温度下的辣椒拉伸力学性能试验中,随着加热时间的增加,平均最大载荷不断增大,加热300min后平均最大载荷曲线开始下降与前面干燥特性吻合,表明辣椒在前300min快速升温,降水速度快,表面自由水失去多,整体韧性增强导致所需载荷增大,干燥后期辣椒含水率较低,脆性增加,拉伸所需最大载荷降低;45℃干燥温度下,随着加热时间的增加,平均最大载荷变化不大。在不同含水率辣椒的三点弯曲试验中,含水率为14%时最大承受载荷约为3.5N,含水率为10%时最大承受载荷为约2.5N,含水率为6%时最大承受载荷约为1.1N,表明随着含水率的减小辣椒所能承受的最大载荷和压缩位移逐渐减小,辣椒抗压能力下降。研究结果可为提高辣椒干燥品质、降低运输过程中的破损提供理论依据。

辣椒种质资源PMMoV抗性基因检测与抗性鉴定

辣椒轻斑驳病毒(Pepper mild mottle virus,PMMoV)是世界范围内最严重的病原体之一,目前已报道的PMMoV包括P_(0)、P_(1)、P_(1,2)、P_(1,2,3)、P_(1,2,3,4)五种致病型。辣椒轻斑驳病毒寄主范围广、致病力强,严重影响辣椒的产量和品质,开展抗病育种是防治该病毒最为经济有效的手段。本课题组前期研究已明确了感染海南儋州辣椒种质资源圃的PMMoV为P_(1,2)致病型,为了筛选抗PMMoV的辣椒种质资源,以110份种质为材料,利用已报道的与L^(3)连锁的分子标记对辣椒种质进行检测。结果表明:在110份材料中共检测到46份辣椒种质含有与L^(3)连锁的分子标记。采用苗期人工接种鉴定方法,对含有抗性分子标记的46份辣椒种质接种PMMoV P_(1,2)致病型进行抗性鉴定。接种5 d后调查局部症状,接种20 d后调查系统症状,计算病情指数。结果表明:不同的辣椒种质在抗病性上存在显著差异,各种质的病情指数在8.86~60.00之间,对PMMoV P_(1,2)致病型表现高抗(HR)的种质为CF19-34m和19FB6-1;表现抗病(R)的种质为CCJ93-1;表现中抗(MR)的种质包括17YB32、17SCa28m、15SM39-2、14SM555×14SM1、14SM567-2、14SM526-1、14SM565-1、14SM502-1、14SM519-1、14SM504m、14SM503m、14SM519-3、14SM518-2、14SM519-2、CCJ52-1等34份;表现感病(S)的种质包括14SM514m、CCJ22-1、CCJ113-2、CCJ135-1、CCJ157-1、L537-1m、L545、CCJ87-2、CCJ133-1,获得的高抗、抗病、中抗种质占总鉴定材料的80.43%。本研究结果为创制抗辣椒轻斑驳病毒种质资源和培育抗性品种奠定基础。

辣椒新品种辣研509的选育

辣研509是以雄性不育系y92-1A作母本、自交系GJH-4-2①作父本组配选育而成的三系杂交鲜食型线椒新品种。始花节位8节左右,中早熟,果实线形、单生向下,全生育期约179 d。青果绿色、老熟果红色,果面光亮微皱。果实纵径20.36 cm、横径1.83 cm,果肉厚度0.148 cm,单果鲜质量14.58 g;果实维生素C含量(w,后同)173 mg·100 g^(-1),辣椒素含量0.15%。抗病毒病、炭疽病,中抗疫病。667 m^(2)鲜椒产量1547.65 kg,产量稳定,丰产。适宜在贵州、宁夏、新疆等地进行保护地及露地种植。2022年12月通过农业农村部非主要农作物品种登记。

气候条件对黔北地区辣椒产量的影响与气象产量预测模型研究

【目的】探明影响黔北地区辣椒产量的关键气象因子、关键时段以及气象条件对黔北地区辣椒产量的影响强度,为黔北地区辣椒生产决策、气候影响评估和产量预测提供理论依据。【方法】采用产量分离方法和数理统计对影响黔北地区辣椒产量的关键气象因子、关键时段以及关系进行研究;并以播州区为研究区,研究辣椒气象产量预测模型。【结果】6月的平均气温和最高气温越高,越不利辣椒产量形成;8月下旬至9月中旬的最低气温为产量的限制性因子,最低气温越高则产量越高。在日较差大于8.5℃的情况下,随着日较差的增大,辣椒产量呈缓慢增加趋势。6月下旬的降水量为辣椒生长的水分限制因子,降水量增多则产量增高。4月中旬至5月上旬、6月中旬至下旬的日照时数与气象产量呈负相关。播州区辣椒气象产量预测模型为Y_(w)=-40.836T_(6月中旬至下旬)+40.644T_(8月上旬)-106.159。【结论】黔北地区气象条件对辣椒产量影响程度达±50%左右。不同区域气象条件对辣椒产量影响的关键时段不同,播州区气候条件影响的关键时段在中后期。辣椒生长中期,温度与辣椒产量呈显著负相关;除播州区6月下旬降水量限制辣椒生长外,大部分县市区降水均能满足辣椒生长需要;日照时数对辣椒产量的影响呈前期为正,后期为负。

外源褪黑素对辣椒果实采后生理特性及贮藏品质的影响

【目的】为探究外源褪黑素对辣椒果实采后生理特性及贮藏品质的影响。【方法】利用不同浓度(0、50、100、150、200和250μmol/L)褪黑素对辣椒果实进行浸泡处理2h,确定辣椒果实采后保鲜的最佳褪黑素浓度,并分析最佳褪黑素浓度处理后,贮藏过程中辣椒果实色泽、衰老、营养品质及抗氧化酶活性等的变化。【结果】适宜浓度(100~200μmol/L)褪黑素处理能降低果实(贮藏第12天)的失重率和丙二醛含量,维持果实硬度、亮度及风味品质,当褪黑素浓度为150μmol/L时,辣椒果实的色泽、硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性蛋白质含量均为最大值,相比对照组分别提高了8.70%(以L*表示)、27.73%、23.22%、24.64%,然而丙二醛的含量相比对照组下降了32.48%。进一步的动态分析发现贮藏早期150μmol/L(最佳浓度)外源褪黑素对辣椒果实生理品质无显著影响,但贮藏第8天后,外源褪黑素可显著提高辣椒果实中过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶的活性,降低果实的失重率、丙二醛含量及可溶性果胶含量,维持果实亮度及硬度。此外,外源褪黑素处理还可改善贮藏过程中辣椒果实的风味品质。贮藏第8天后,外源褪黑素组辣椒果实中维生素C、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性固形物、总酚的含量均高于对照组,增长幅度分别在11.71%~21.0%、5.55%~12.93%、15.21%~25.32%、11.05%~24.03%。【结论】外源褪黑素可诱导辣椒果实抗氧化酶活性的增强,降低丙二醛及可溶性果胶的积累,进而抑制果实衰老,维持或改善贮藏过程中辣椒果实的品质。

基于不同包装材料和杀菌方式的糟辣椒贮藏品质变化及货架期预测

目的研究不同包装材料和杀菌方式对糟辣椒贮藏品质的影响,并对糟辣椒的货架期进行预测。方法以花溪新鲜红辣椒制作的糟辣椒为研究对象,探索高温蒸煮袋、铝箔袋、聚丙烯(polypropylene plastic,PP)塑料瓶、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polythylene terephthalate,PET)塑料瓶、玻璃瓶5种包装材料和巴氏杀菌、蒸汽灭菌、微波杀菌、超高压杀菌、辐照杀菌5种杀菌方式对糟辣椒贮藏品质的影响,通过加速货架期测试法(accelerated shelf life testing,ASLT)和Q10货架期预测模型对糟辣椒的货架期进行预测。结果糟辣椒袋装材料以铝箔袋包装效果较好,瓶装以玻璃瓶包装效果较好;糟辣椒经5种杀菌方式处理后,硬度和咀嚼性略有减小,菌落总数显著降低。随着贮藏时间的延长,不同杀菌处理可降低糟辣椒亚硝酸盐峰值,保持色泽,维持质地特性,延缓微生物的生长。整体上,冷杀菌效果优于热杀菌,但超高压杀菌对糟辣椒感官品质有影响(产生异味),因此,辐照杀菌较适合用于糟辣椒的杀菌。通过ASLT法和Q10货架期预测模型得到优化后糟辣椒在25℃的货架期约为219 d。结论玻璃瓶包装的糟辣椒经辐照冷杀菌处理,与未杀菌的玻璃瓶包装糟辣椒相比,货架期延长了121 d,该研究可为提升糟辣椒贮藏品质提供参考。