Combining Ability Analyses of Net Photosynthesis Rate in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

In perspective of breeding high-yield hybrid pepper varieties, combining ability analysis of net photosynthesis rate at different phases of flowering and fruit setting in pepper was made with 15 cross combinations from 6 parents by （1/2） n （n- 1） diallel crosses. There are relatively large differences not only in general combining ability （GCA） effect among different parents and at different phases of flowering and fruit setting, but also in specific combining ability （SCA） effect among different hybrids. There are relatively large GCA effects in late parents but relatively less GCA effects in early parents. No obvious laws have been found in the relationship between SCA effects and maturity of hybrids. Variances of SCA are larger than those of GCA. Heritability is less but influence of environment is larger. Correlation analysis of combining ability between net photosynthesis rate and agronomic character or resistances to main diseases has showed that correlation coefficients of GCA are relatively large at the medium phase and the late phase of flowering and fruit setting. Net photosynthesis rate is more relative to leaf characters and fruit characters. Correlation coefficients of SCA are relatively large at the early phase and the late phase of flowering and fruit setting. Net photosynthesis rate is more relative to leaf characters and plant characters at the early phase but to plant characters and fruit characters at the late phase. Correlation coefficients of SCA between net photosynthesis rate and resistances to main diseases are larger than those of GCA. The combining abilities of net photosynthesis rate at different phases of flowering and fruit setting are positively correlated with those of yield per plant. The combining ability is an important parameter of breeding of high photosynthesis hybrid pepper varieties.

Light Intensity Affects Pungency of Hot Pepper(Capsicum annuum L.) Fruits

This study was carried out both laboratory and field experiment to research the effects of three different light intensity on capsaicin content of hot pepper fruits during the growing stage, the varieties in the study were in different hot levels named No.4 Xiangyan(mid-hot) and No.3 Jingjianjiao(very hot). The study showed that capsaicin content increased accompanied with light intensity weakening. There was an inverse relationship between capsaicin content and peroxidase activity.

Effects of Nitrogenous Fertilizer on Pungency of Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Fruits

The response of pungency of hot pepper fruits nitrogenous fertilizer on was invesigated. The results indicated that nitrogenous fertilizer had a significant effect on the capsaicin content of hot pepper fruits at 35 and 42 days after flowering;, capsaicin content gradually decreased, while peroxidase activity increased with nitrogenous fertilizer increasing.

Effect of Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers on the Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency of Hot Pepper in Qiu-bei

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of slow and controlled release fertilizers（SCRF）on the yield of qiubei hot pepper,its nutrient use efficiency and environment.[Method] Using Qiubei hot pepper（Capsicum frutescens L.）as the experimental material,we studied the fertilization effect and environment-protecting effect of SCRF.[Result] The result showed that SCRF could improve the agronomic characteristics of hot pepper.Compared to singly applied common fertilizers,SCRF increased economic yield by 20.90% and economic benefit by 13 234.35 Yuan/hm2,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 47.93%.In comparison with common straight fertilizers at same NPK proportion and rate,SCRF increased economic yield by 5.26% and economic benefit by 5 554.80 Yuan/hm2,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 9.91%.Under the reduced use of SCRF by 20%,SCRF increased economic yield by 12.38% and economic benefit by 9595.20 Yuan/hm2 compared with singly applied common fertilizers,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 65.95%.SCRF improved nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium use efficiencies by 12.42-17.53,3.35-5.24 and 5.37-14.02 percents respectively.[Conclusion] As the result of much reduced N and P application rates,SCRF would significantly economize fertilizer resources and minimize the pollution caused by the loss of fertilizer nutrients,which is of practical importance for environment protection.

Relationship between SSR Genetic Distance and Heterosis in Hot Pepper

[Objective] This study aimed to predict the heterosis of hot pepper using SSR genetice distance. [Method] Twenty-five hybridized combinations between 10pepper parents were obtained through NCⅡ incomplete diallel cross to analyze the relationship between SSR genetic distance and heterosis. [Result] The genetic distance of the parents varied in a range from 0.13 to 0.33, and the average genetic distance was 0.25, indicating that the genetic difference was not obvious among the parents, namely, they shared a close genetic relationship. In addition, the SSR genetic distance was closely related to yield per plant and fruits per plant, but showed no obvious correlation with other traits. [Conclusion] This study proved that in a certain range the combinations between the parents with a distant genetic distance possessed stronger heterosis and a larger possibility to produce a high yield and vice versa.

Effects of Chlorine Dioxide Gas on Postharvest Physiology and Storage Quality of Green Bell Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.var.Longrum)

The effects of treatment of chlorine dioxide （C1Oz） gas on postharvest physiology and preservation quality of green bell peppers were studied. Green bell peppers were collected in bags and treated with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 50 mg L^-1 ClO2 gas at 10±0.5℃ for over 40 d, and the changes in postharvest physiology and preservation quality of the peppers were evaluated during the storage. The inhibition of rot of the peppers was observed for all the tested ClO2 gas treatments. The rot rates of the treated samples were 50% lesser than those of the control after day 40 of storage. The highest inhibitory effect was obtained after 50 mg L^-1 ClO2 gas treatment, where the peppers did not decay until day 30 and showed only one-fourth of the rot rate of the control at day 40 of storage. The respiratory activity of the peppers was significantly （P〈0.05） inhibited by 20 and 50 mg L^-1 ClO2 treatments, whereas no significant effects on respiratory activity were observed with 5 and 10 mg L^-1 ClO2 treatments （P〉0.05）. Except for 50 mg L^-1 ClO2, malondialdenyde （MDA） contents in the peppers treated with 5, 10, or 20 mg L^-1 ClO2 were not significantly （P〉0.05） different from those in the control. Degradation of chlorophyll in the peppers was delayed by 5 mg L-1ClO2, but promoted by 10, 20, or 50 mg L^-1 ClO2. The vitamin C content, titratable acidity, and total soluble solids of the peppers treated by all the tested ClO2 gas did not significantly change during the storage. The results suggested that ClO2 gas treatment effectively delayed the postharvest physiological transformation of green peppers, inhibited decay and respiration, maintained some nutritional and sensory quality, and retarded MDA accumulation.

RAPD Technique Used to Determine the Purity of Hybrid Hot Pepper Seeds

Two hybrid hot pepper varieties Xiangyan 5 and Xiangyan 10, and their parents were analyzed the polymerase chain reaction with MJ /PT 200 Peltrier Themal Cycler and DS 800 White-ultravilot Transilluminator to set up a RAPD system adaptable to the purity determination of the hy-brid seeds. Among the 39 random primers, 2 and 4 primers were found to be used effectively in Xiangyan 5 and Xiangyan 10 respectively.

Indoor Inoculation and Identification Technology of Sweet (Hot) Pepper Virus

[Objective] The paper was to establish an affordable indoor virus inoculation and identification technology. [Method] Taking Tobacco Mosaic Virus （TMV） and Cucumber Mosaic Vires （CMV） of sweet （hot） pepper as the sources of virus, an affordable indoor virus inoculation and identification technology was developed in the paper. [ Result] The suitable inoculation concentration of CMV was five to ten times, and the best seedling age for inoculation was five to six leav- es. Suitable inoculation concentration of TMV was 20 to 30 times, and the best seedling age for inoculation was three to six leaves. Single inoculation technology was mainly used for indoor virus inoculation and identification of sweet （hot） pepper, and complex inoculation technology could also be adopted with first, st inoculation of CMV and late inoculation of TMV. For mixed inoculation technology, CMV： TMV should be 1： 1. Complex inoculation and mix inoculation should base on the tech- nology of single inoculation. Disease resistant materials, AID1-W22-dg176, ABgl-W22-48123, AB91-DL-6428, HY031-2-8-1-6, BYT-4-1-3-6-8, JFG-2-1-2-6, JF8S-1-1-5-4-8 and I＇502-1-1-3-5, were identified by this method. [ Conclusion] This research provided scientific basis for standardization of indoor inoculation of sweet （hot） pepper virus.

Comparisons of Several Similarity Coefficients for Cluster Analysis of Hot Pepper Germplasm Resources

An appropriate genetic similarity coefficient is particularly important for accurately estimating the genetic similarity and phylogenetic relationship between individuals and evaluating the genetic diversity of populations. In this study, five genetic similarity coefficients were compared for analysis of phylogenetic relationship among 31 hot pepper inbred lines based on SRAP. The applicability of different genetic similarity coefficient was investigated by means of SRAP data of hot pepper inbred lines. According to the experimental results, the variation ranges of Nei ＆ Li, Jaceard, Sorensen, Simple matching and Yule coefficients were 0. 598 - 0. 973, 0. 427 - 0. 947, 0. 598 - 0. 973, 0.427 - 0. 947 and 0. 133 - 0. 997, respectively. Results of cluster analysis based on different similarity coefficients varied greatly. To be specific, clustering results based on Nei ＆ Li, Jaccard and Sorensen coefficients were consistent; clustering with Simple matching and Yule coef ficients led to consistent classification of category in different order and slightly different classification of subcategory. Comprehensively comparing the results of cluster analysis and the dendrograms of hot pepper inbred lines, Yule coefficient is suitable for SRAP analysis of hot pepper.

Investigation of the Effects of Radio Frequency Water Treatment on Some Characteristics of Growth in Pepper (<i>Capsicum annuum</i>) Plants

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of electromagnetic radio frequency treatment of water on the growth of pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants. For this experiment, one hundred one-week old plants were divided into two groups. The first group of plants was watered with water subjected to radio frequency electromagnetic radiation from an internet router for one hour a day, while the other group was watered with tap water (control). The overall results showed changes of growth characters of plant watered with electromagnetic water. The length of pepper plants is significantly affected by the treated water, where the length of shoot was lower in plants grown under the effect of treated water (22.43 ± 7.17 cm) than those grown without treated water (28.11 ± 8.57 cm). The results revealed that the stem diameter of control plants (1.74 ± 0.39 cm) was significantly higher than that of the treated plants (1.66 ± 0.35 cm). In addition, the root length was lower in plants grown under the effect of treated water than those grown without treated water. Pepper plants watered with electromagnetic treated water exhibited marked decreases in health index, fresh and dry weight, relative water content, number of flowers and fruits/plant as well as number of seeds/fruit. In addition, the current experiment showed a significant decrease in the number of leaves, branch and flower per plant when watered with electromagnetic treated water. The results revealed that the first flowering time for plants in treated group was remarkably decelerated when compared to other plants in control group.

AFLP Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA from a Cytoplasmic Male Sterility Line and its Maintainer in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited trait characterized by the inability of a plant to produce functional pollen, which is widespread among higher plants. CMS system is a valuable tool for plant

Chilli Pepper (<i>Capsicum</i>Spp.) Diversity, Production and Fungal Contamination Management in Benin

The present study was carried out in the form of a survey with the aim of listing and describing the technical itineraries of production, storage and conservation used in six departments of high production of chilli pepper in Benin. The survey was conducted on the basis of a questionnaire in the six departments of Benin: Ouémé, Plateau, Atlantic, Littoral, Zou and Collines. The survey collected information on the socio-economic characteristics of producers, the varieties of chilli pepper grown, and the current technical itineraries used for the production, storage and conservation of chilli pepper. On the other hand, it also gave an idea of the constraints that prevent the production of chilli pepper of good sanitary quality. The results of this survey show that three varieties of chilli peppers are the most produced and consumed in Benin. These are the Gbotakin variety (Capsicum chinense), the Afundja variety (Capsicum annuum) and the Danhomètakin variety (Capsicum frutescens). The technical itineraries related to the cultivation of these chilli peppers varieties are the same in the six study departments. Unfortunately, their contamination sometimes starts at the nursery stage, passing through the field where other contaminants are added and develop until harvest. After harvest, contamination can continue in storage and finally reach the consumer if proper measures are not taken. The inappropriate or inadequate use of phytosanitary products in the chilli pepper industry is also a source of illness for consumers of this vegetable fruit. Training of producers on the best technical itineraries for the production and storage of chilli peppers is essential to revitalize and develop this sector by improving the sanitary quality of the chilli peppers produced in Benin.

Purification and Biochemical Characterization of a Protease Inhibitor Ⅱ Family from Jalapeno Pepper(Capsicum annuum L.)

Capsicum annuum L. was initially domesticated in Mexico and northern Central America, and represented an ancient Neotropical plant food complex. The purpose of this paper is to report the isolation and purification of a novo-member of a protease inhibitor from jalape&ntildeo pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) (PIJP). The molecular weight of PIJP inhibitor is 5.95 kDa with 56 amino acids and 6 Cys residues with high inhibitory activity to trypsin with a Ki value of 95 nM. This inhibitor according to the alignment with homologous from NCBI and Pfam databases is a member of proteinase inhibitors II. It is worthwhile to mention a major compositional difference between the proteinase inhibitor II families which have 8 Cys residues. PIJP is the first purified proteinase inhibitor, member of this family with only 6 Cys residues.

辣椒属(Capsicum)不同野生种的组织培养与植株再生

以日本京都大学采自拉美各国的部分野生辣椒为材料,共计5个种、9个变种:C.annuum,var.annuum,C.annuum,var.mininum,C.baccatum,var.baccatum,C.baccatum,var.pendulum,C.chinense,C.frutescens,和 C.pubescens。愈伤组织诱导培养基以 MS 附加2.0mg/l NAA,0.3mg/l 6BA 较好。其中,C.baccatum,var.baccatum 和可栽培利用的 C.annuum,var.annuum 的子叶愈伤组织在 MS+0.1mg/l NAA+0.05mg/l IAA+6.6mg/l 6BA,以及 MS+0.4mg/l NAA+0.1mg/l IAA,0.1mg/l 6BA 分化培养基上均能获得再生绿苗。

高温高湿对不同品种(系)现蕾期辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)抗氧化性的影响

选用10个具有代表性辣椒品种(系),于人工气候室内分别在正常和高温高湿条件下,研究了现蕾期辣椒抗氧化系统生理生化性状的变化以及不同品种(系)的抗氧化性差异。结果表明:10个辣椒品种(系)抗坏血酸(AsA)、花青素含量下降,而谷胱甘肽(GSH)、花色苷含量增加;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)4个酶活性一致增强。根据8个生理生化指标的相对值,通过坐标综合评定法对活性氧的抑制和清除进行分析,抗氧化剂类的贡献大于抗氧化酶类;系统聚类法将10个辣椒品种(系)的抗氧化性强弱分为3类:06591、115-5-5-12-9-1-2、B04-99-5-1-1-2、06597、06590为强抗氧化性品种(系);B04-51-4-2-1-2-1和43-5-1-1-1为中等抗氧化性品种(系);06592、B04-114-1-1-1-1-1、B04-512-4-1(系)为弱抗氧化性品种。

膜透气性参数对朝天椒(Capsicum annuum var.conoides)自发气调包装冷藏效果的影响

以红熟期朝天椒为材料,结合自发气调包装(modified atmosphere packaging,MAP)和(9±0. 5)℃低温贮藏技术,研究了不同透气性参数的聚乙烯包装膜对朝天椒低温贮藏保鲜效果的影响。结果表明,MAP处理可有效降低朝天椒贮藏过程中的失重率,包装膜透气性参数对包装后朝天椒的贮藏品质影响具有明显差异。MAP处理中除E处理[包装膜O2和CO2透过率分别为1 865 cm3/(m2·24 h·0.1 MPa)和7 214 cm3/(m2·24 h·0.1 MPa)]加速了朝天椒的腐烂外,其他4个处理均能不同程度抑制朝天椒贮藏过程中组织相对电导率的升高,减少腐烂的发生,延缓外观品质的劣变。其中,C处理[包装膜O2和CO2透过率分别为8 087 cm3/(m2·24 h·0. 1 MPa)和31 520 cm3/(m2·24 h·0. 1 MPa)]在贮藏30 d时朝天椒商品性最好。

Study on Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Pepper with Barnase and Cre Gene

This study was designed to control plant fertility by cell lethal gene Barnase expressing at specific developmental stage and in specific tissue of male organ under the control of Cre/lox system, for heterosis breeding of chili pepper （Capsicum annuum L.）. Chili pepper inbred lines （A, D, E, and I） were transformed with Cre gene and Barnase gene situated between loxp, separately, by means of Agrobacterium co-culture. In this study, we had established a high transformation system by extensive study of affecting factors including genotype, selection of marker, and lethal dose. Cotyledon with petiole from 9-11-day-old seeding was pre-cultured on media MR[MB（MS mineral＋vitamine B5）＋BA（6-Benzyladenine） 5.0 mg·L^-1 ＋IAA（indoleacetic acid） 1.0 mg·L^-1＋GA3（gibberellic acid） 1.0mg·L^-1＋sucrose 3%＋agar 6.5g·L^-1] for 2d. The explants were infected by Agrobacterium tumefaciens when their OD600（optical density at 600 nm）reached 0.6-0.9. After co-cultured for 4-5 d on media MC [MB＋BA5.0 mg·L^-1＋IAA 1.0 mg·L^-1 ＋GA3 1.0 mg·L^-1＋sucrose 3% ＋agar 6.5 g·L^-1＋AS （acetosyringone） 200μmol·L^-1, these cotyledons with petiole were cultured on selective differentiation medium in the media MT[MB medium supplemented with BA [5.0 mg·L^-1＋ IAA 1.0 mg·L^-1＋ GA3 1.0 mg·L^-1＋ AgNO3 5.0 mg·L^-1＋ CW （coconut water） 5% ＋ Km （kanamycin） 65 mg·L^-1＋ Cb （carbenicillin） 500 mg·L^-1＋ 3% sucrose ＋ agar 6.5 g·L^-1].The Kmr （kanamycin resistant） bud rosettes were elongated on selective elongation medium and rooted on rooting medium. PCR and Southern blotting analysis of Kmr plantlet indicated that the foreign genes had been integrated into the genome of pepper. The transgenic plants with Cre gene developed well, blossomed out, and set fruit normally. The transgenic plants with Barnase gene grew well with normal appearance of flower, but they showed different fertility from complete sterility, partial sterility to complete fertility, and similar results were obtained from in vitro pollen germination experiments.

Reference quality assembly of the 3.5-Gb genome of Capsicum annuum from a single linked-read library

Linked-Read sequencing technology has recently been employed successfully for de novo assembly of human genomes,however,the utility of this technology for complex plant genomes is unproven.We evaluated the technology for this purpose by sequencing the 3.5-gigabase(Gb)diploid pepper(Capsicum annuum)genome with a single Linked-Read library.Plant genomes,including pepper,are characterized by long,highly similar repetitive sequences.Accordingly,significant effort is used to ensure that the sequenced plant is highly homozygous and the resulting assembly is a haploid consensus.With a phased assembly approach,we targeted a heterozygous F1 derived from a wide cross to assess the ability to derive both haplotypes and characterize a pungency gene with a large insertion/deletion.The Supernova software generated a highly ordered,more contiguous sequence assembly than all currently available C.annuum reference genomes.Over 83%of the final assembly was anchored and oriented using four publicly available de novo linkage maps.A comparison of the annotation of conserved eukaryotic genes indicated the completeness of assembly.The validity of the phased assembly is further demonstrated with the complete recovery of both 2.5-Kb insertion/deletion haplotypes of the PUN1 locus in the F1 sample that represents pungent and nonpungent peppers,as well as nearly full recovery of the BUSCO2 gene set within each of the two haplotypes.The most contiguous pepper genome assembly to date has been generated which demonstrates that Linked-Read library technology provides a tool to de novo assemble complex highly repetitive heterozygous plant genomes.This technology can provide an opportunity to cost-effectively develop high-quality genome assemblies for other complex plants and compare structural and gene differences through accurate haplotype reconstruction.

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis between Cytoplasmic Male-sterile Line and Its Maintainer During the Floral Bud Development of Pepper

The male-sterile line has been largely used in the hybrid seed production of pepper, which can effectively improve the efficiency of hybrid seed production. However, the formation mechanism of male sterility in pepper remains unclear. In the present study, we compared the gene expression patterns between pepper cytoplasmic male sterile line 9704 A and its maintainer 9704 B during floral bud development using RNA sequencing technology. A total of 547 976 and 2 416 Differentially Expressed Genes(DEGs) were identified in the stage S1, S2 and S3, respectively,and more than 70% of the DEGs were down-regulated in the sterile line. Gene Ontology(GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed to further understand the functions of these identified DEGs. The results showed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in pathways of starch and sucrose metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions. A number of genes, such as MS1, PME5, ATPB, and lots of transcription factors were found down-regulated in the sterile line, and we also identified a series of genes with large differences in expression patterns between sterile line and maintainer line. Collectively, our findings laid a foundation for further molecular breeding in pepper and provided new insights into its mechanism underlying the male sterility.