Hepatoprotective effect of Averrhoea carambola fruit extract on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in mice

Objective:To investigate the hepatoprotective activity of Averroha carambola fruit extract against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic injury.Methods:Hepatotoxicity was induced on albino mice by intraperitoneal administration of CCl4.half an hour after the administration of the last dose of the extract of Averroha carambola fruit.Aqueous extract of the fruit of Averroha carambola was administered at a dose of 0.9 g/kg body weight once daily for seven days.The hepatic injury and its prevention was assessed by the estimation of serum activities of alanine aminotransferase（ALT）,aspartate aminotransferase（AST）,alkaline phosphates（ALP）,glutathione level and histopathological studies of liver.Results:Pre-treatment of mice with the fruit extract of Averrhoea carambola significantly reduced serum levels of ALT,AST and ALP enzyme and significantly increased the liver reduced glutathione levels 24 h after the administration of carbon tetrachloride.A marked improvement in the enzyme activities and the liver reduced glulathione level was observed in the pre-treated mice 4 days after the administration of carbon tetrachloride. Histopathological studies provided supportive evidence for the biochemical analvsis. Conclusions:The aqueous extract of the fruit of Averrhoea carambola has hepatoprotective effect against carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in mice.

Consumer Acceptance and Physicochemical Properties of Developed Carambola (Averrhoa carambola) Candy

The acceptability and physicochemical qualities of carambola candy were evaluated in order to increase fruit consumption. The goal of this investigation was to see whether there were any techniques to preserve carambola in the form of candy. Sugar in various forms (white sugar, corn syrup, icing sugar, and molasses) was employed in candy making process in this study. Moisture, protein, fat, ash, vitamin C, total sugar content, organoleptic quality and microbial status of the prepared candy were analyzed. Protein, fat, vit-C, and total sugar content of carrambola candy were found to be higher with white sugar solution but moisture and ash content was found to be higher with molasses. On the microbiological analysis, total fungal growth was tested visually at 0 to 90 days and compared with refrigeration and room temperature. Fungal growth was found at 90 days at room temperature for all types of carambola candy. Sensory attributes revealed that sample 2 (corn syrup-based candy) was most delicious and appreciated among other samples. The best characteristic of carambola candy was found with white sugar solution, with sufficient nutrient and lowest fungal growth than candy prepared with corn syrup, icing sugar solution and molasses.

Alkyl phenols from the wood of Averrhoa carambola

二烷基酚，也就是 2,5-dimethoxy-3-undecylphenol (1 ) 和 5-methoxy-3-undecylphenol (2 ) ，从 Averrhoa 杨桃的木头和二已知的 benzoquinones， 5-O-methylembelin (3 ) 和 2-dehydroxy-5-O-methylembelin (4 ) 被孤立。他们的结构根据分光镜的方法(1D 和 2D NMR ) 被阐明。

阳桃(Averrhoa carambola)实时荧光定量PCR内参基因的筛选与验证

阳桃(Averrhoa carambola)具有很高的营养、药用及观赏价值,但功能基因组方面的研究基础较为薄弱。为使阳桃相关功能基因表达分析的定量实验结果更加准确,需要选择稳定性好的内参基因。然而目前还没有关于阳桃内参基因筛选的报道。本研究基于阳桃基因组及转录组数据,选取了α-TUB、β-TUB、Actin、UBQ、UBC4、EF1α和H2B共7个管家基因作为候选内参基因;利用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)技术检测各候选内参基因在茎、叶、果、花序芽、叶芽及不同时期花序中的表达情况。使用软件geNorm、Normfinder和BestKeeper综合评估了候选内参基因的稳定性。结果表明,α-TUB和β-TUB在阳桃不同器官中稳定性最好,β-TUB和UBC4在阳桃不同时期花序中稳定性最好。此外,通过分析成花基因AP1(APETALA1)和开花抑制因子TFL1(TERMINAL FLOWER 1)的表达模式,进一步验证了内参基因筛选结果的可靠性。本研究筛选得到的稳定内参基因为后期开展阳桃相关功能基因表达分析的研究提供了基础。

Drought Stress Induces Flowering and Enhances Carbohydrate Accumulation in Averrhoa Carambola

Star fruit(Averrhoa carambola)is an important fruit tree in tropical and subtropical Asia.The tree blooms several times and fruits accordingly within one year.Controlling the flowering time and understanding the physiological mechanism of the induction of floral buds in A.carambola are indispensable to the industry.In this study,A.carambola potted trees were subjected to drought stress in a growth chamber.To avoid excessive drought stress and leaf abscission,trees were watered every 7 d and were sprayed with water every 2 d.The flowering rate was recorded,and the carbohydrate contents of the leaves,phloem,and xylem tissues were determined during the treatment and after re-watering.The results showed that drought stress increased the flowering rate in both drooping and water shoots,increased the relative conductivity,decreased the relative water content(RWC)of leaves.The total soluble sugar,sucrose,fructose,and glucose in leaves of the drooping shoots were increased.The starch contents in the xylem of both drooping and water shoots were also increased by the treatment.The results indicated that drought stress enhances carbohydrate accumulation in A.carambola.This study provides a potential way by water control to induce flowering without chemical in A.carambola.

Optimizing methyl-eugenol aromatherapy to maximize posttreatment effects to enhance mating competitiveness of male Bactrocera carambolae （Diptera： Tephritidae）

Methyl-eugenol （ME） （1,2-dimethoxy-4-（2-propenyl）benzene）, a natural phy- tochemical, did enhance male Bactrocera carambolae Drew ＆ Hancock （Diptera： Tephri- tidae） mating competitiveness 3 d after ingestion. Enhanced male mating competitiveness can significantly increase the effectiveness of the sterile insect technique （SIT）. ME appli- cation to mass reared sterile flies by feeding is infeasible. ME application by aromatherapy however, would be a very practical way of ME application in fly emergence and release facilities. This approach was shown to enhance mating competitiveness ofB. carambolae 3 d posttreatment （DPT）. Despite this added benefit, every additional day of delaying re- lease will reduce sterile fly quality and will add cost to SIT application. The present study was planned to assess the effects of ME-aromatherapy on male B. carambolae mating competitiveness 1DPT and 2DPT. ME aromatherapy 1DPT or 2DPT did enhance mating competitiveness of B. carambolae males whereas ME feeding 1DPT and 2DPT did not. Male mating competitiveness was enhanced by the ME aromatherapy irrespective if they received 1DPT, 2DPT or 3DPT. ME aromatherapy, being a viable approach for its applica- tion, did enhance mating competitiveness of male B. carambolae 1 d posttreatrnent as ME feeding did 3 d after ingestion.

Preparation and characterization of hollow carambola-shaped silver sulfide microspheres using a microwave-assisted template-free method

A simple and convenient method, free of template, has been proposed to synthesize hollow carambolashaped Ag2 S microspheres with Ag NO3, thiourea（TU）, Na Cl and diethanolamine as reagents using a microwave-assisted method, at low temperatures of below 100 ℃. Powder X-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscopy（FESEM） and high resolution transmission electron microscopy（HRTEM）were employed to characterize the morphology and composition of those microspheres. The results indicated that the hollow carambola-shaped silver sulfide microspheres（with high purity and homogeneous morphology） were prepared by an Ostwald ripening process. A possible formation mechanism of hollow carambola-shaped Ag2 S microspheres was proposed.

Plasma pyrolysis and gasification of carambola leaves using non-thermal arc plasma

Soil pollution(heavy metals and organic matter)is becoming more and more serious,phytoremediation has rapidly become a highly important method to deal with this problem.Therefore,the treatment and disposal of hyperaccumulators have been a topic of concern.In this paper,carambola leaves are selected as feedstock considering that carambola is a potential hyperaccumulator.A series of tests were performed to discuss 6 main influencing factors on total gas yield and metal fixing using a non-thermal arc plasma setup,to investigate the feasibility of plasma treatment of hyperaccumulator and provide a new method to utilize the harvested hyperaccumulator.The maximum total gas yield reached approximately 85%at an airflow rate of 3 L/min,the processing time of 7 min,discharge power of 29.95 W with the addition of water(water:sample=1:1).A reducing or inert carrier gas or the addition of some specific inorganic additives at optimal conditions were in favor of increasing metal fixing efficiency.However,the effects of these factors usually have two sides,and some factors may have conflicting effects between gas yield and metal fixing,and.It is necessary to optimize these factors for achieving the desired goal.The obtained solid products exhibit the potential to fix metals and act as activated carbon.

杨桃病原真菌分离鉴定及代谢产物研究

为了解杨桃病原真菌的种类、生物学特性和代谢产物类型,本研究通过组织分离法对杨桃果实发病部位进行病原真菌分离,通过形态学结合基于ITS序列分析的分子鉴定方法对真菌进行鉴定,并对其生物学特性进行探究,使用液相色谱分离纯化菌株代谢产物,利用核磁共振谱确定代谢产物结构。结果表明:4株病原真菌分别是木贼镰刀菌(Fusarium equiseti)、新拟盘多毛孢属(Neopestalotiopsis sp.)、裂褶菌(Schizophyllum commune)和枝状枝孢菌(Cladosporium cladosporioides)。这4株菌均可导致杨桃果实发病。进一步从木贼镰刀菌Fusarium equiseti发酵产物中分离得到4种化合物,分别为交链孢酚、1,4,7-三羟基-3,9-二甲氧基-6H-苯并[c]色烯-6-酮、红粉苔酸和7-羟基-4-甲基-1(3H)-异苯并呋喃酮。生物学特性的研究结果表明,4株病原真菌的最适生长温度在25~28℃,在pH4~10的范围内均能生长。

Specialized Optical Fiber Sensor for Nondestructive Intrinsic Quality Measurement of Averrhoa Carambola

这份报纸为非破坏性的水果质量分析论述一条创新、便宜的途径。在这发展并且介绍纸的专业化光纤维传感器使用了单色的波长，而非一个宽广系列，到措施未经触动的杨桃(星水果) 内在的质量，也就是 pH 和坚定。这研究的主要目的是调查也就是，在这个工作使用的二个光纤维传感器在在 880 nm 与山峰敏感操作了的红外线的光谱学系统( OF-NIRS )附近在 635 nm 和光纤维与山峰敏感操作了的光纤维红系统( OF-RS )。两个系统超过 0.75 与关联系数 R 在 pH 和未经触动的杨桃的坚定测量显示出好精确性，并且测量结果与商业分光计的那些是可比较的。最好的测量结果用 OF-RS 被获得(pH：R = 0.876；根均方差(RMSE )= 0.211 pH；坚定：R = 0.872；RMSE = 0.909 kgf ) 。

Synthesis, Characterization, and Effects of Morphology on the Magnetic Application Base Properties of Pure Nickel Oxide (NiO) and Cobalt-Doped Nickel Oxide/Nickel Hydroxide (CoxNi1-xO/Ni(OH)2) Nanocomposites

Nano particle (NP) morphology is one of the material properties at the origin of potential application base properties exploited in several engineering and technology domains, such as fuel cell, electrodes, catalysis, sensing, electric, thermal, magnetic, and photovoltaic applications. The general properties and particle morphology of nickel oxide/Nickel hydroxide NPs can be modified by the introduction of impurity atoms or ions. Nano sized nickel oxide/nickel hydroxide nanocomposites were obtained from the thermal decomposition of single molecular precursors synthesized by a modified oxalate route using Carambola fruit juice as a precipitating agent. The compositional and morphological variations were studied by introducing cobalt as an impurity ion at different w/w% fractions (0%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 1%, 3%, 5.0%, 40.0% and 50.0%) into the microstructure of the nickel oxide/hydroxide. The precursors were characterized by FT-IR, while TGA/DTG analysis was carried out to decompose the precursors. The precursors decomposed at 400°C and were characterized by PXRD and SEM/TEM. The results revealed that Pure Nickel Oxide (NiO) and, Cobalt-doped Nickel Oxide/nickel hydroxide (CoxNi1-xO/Ni(OH)2) Nano composites have been synthesized and the synthesized samples have exhibited three distinct morphologies (porous face-centered cubic nano rods, rough and discontinuous CoxNi1-xO/Ni(OH)2) composite and, smooth and continuous mix spherical/cuboidal mixed morphological phase of (NiO/CoO). The morphology of the NPs varied with the introduction of the dopant atoms and with increase in the concentration of dopant atoms in the composite. Magnetic studies using vibrating sample magnetometry revealed superparamagnetic properties which correlated strongly with particle size, shape and morphology. Observed values of retention (4.50 × 10-3 emu/g) and coercivity (65.321 Oe) were found for 0.5 w/w% corresponding to impregnated porous nanorods of Co-doped NiO, and retention (9.03 × 10-3 emu/g) and coercivity (64.341 Oe), for X = 50.0%, corresponding to an aggregate network of a Nano spherical/cubic CoO/NiO mixed phase. Magnetic properties within this range are known to improve the magnetic memory and hardness of the magnetic materials. Therefore, the synthesized Cobalt-doped Nickel Oxide/nickel hydroxide (CoxNi1-xO/Ni(OH)2) Nano composites have potential applications in Magnetic memories and hardness of magnetic materials.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Effects of Morphology on the Magnetic Application Base Properties of Pure Nickel Oxide (NiO) and Cobalt-Doped Nickel Oxide/Nickel Hydroxide (CoxNi1-xO/Ni(OH)2) Nanocomposites

Nano particle (NP) morphology is one of the material properties at the origin of potential application base properties exploited in several engineering and technology domains, such as fuel cell, electrodes, catalysis, sensing, electric, thermal, magnetic, and photovoltaic applications. The general properties and particle morphology of nickel oxide/Nickel hydroxide NPs can be modified by the introduction of impurity atoms or ions. Nano sized nickel oxide/nickel hydroxide nanocomposites were obtained from the thermal decomposition of single molecular precursors synthesized by a modified oxalate route using Carambola fruit juice as a precipitating agent. The compositional and morphological variations were studied by introducing cobalt as an impurity ion at different w/w% fractions (0%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 1%, 3%, 5.0%, 40.0% and 50.0%) into the microstructure of the nickel oxide/hydroxide. The precursors were characterized by FT-IR, while TGA/DTG analysis was carried out to decompose the precursors. The precursors decomposed at 400°C and were characterized by PXRD and SEM/TEM. The results revealed that Pure Nickel Oxide (NiO) and, Cobalt-doped Nickel Oxide/nickel hydroxide (CoxNi1-xO/Ni(OH)2) Nano composites have been synthesized and the synthesized samples have exhibited three distinct morphologies (porous face-centered cubic nano rods, rough and discontinuous CoxNi1-xO/Ni(OH)2) composite and, smooth and continuous mix spherical/cuboidal mixed morphological phase of (NiO/CoO). The morphology of the NPs varied with the introduction of the dopant atoms and with increase in the concentration of dopant atoms in the composite. Magnetic studies using vibrating sample magnetometry revealed superparamagnetic properties which correlated strongly with particle size, shape and morphology. Observed values of retention (4.50 × 10-3 emu/g) and coercivity (65.321 Oe) were found for 0.5 w/w% corresponding to impregnated porous nanorods of Co-doped NiO, and retention (9.03 × 10-3 emu/g) and coercivity (64.341 Oe), for X = 50.0%, corresponding to an aggregate network of a Nano spherical/cubic CoO/NiO mixed phase. Magnetic properties within this range are known to improve the magnetic memory and hardness of the magnetic materials. Therefore, the synthesized Cobalt-doped Nickel Oxide/nickel hydroxide (CoxNi1-xO/Ni(OH)2) Nano composites have potential applications in Magnetic memories and hardness of magnetic materials.

杨桃根化学成分及其体外生物活性

目的研究杨桃Averrhoa carambola L.根的化学成分及其体外生物活性。方法杨桃根95%乙醇提取物采用硅胶、Rp-18、Diol、MCI、TLC进行分离纯化,根据理化性质及波谱数据鉴定所得化合物的结构。采用酶标板法评价体外生物活性。结果从中分离得到15个化合物,分别鉴定为2,2′-氧代双(1,4-二叔丁苯)(1)、5-methoxy-3-undecylphenol(2)、2-dodecyl-6-methoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione(3)、5-O-methylembelin(4)、鲨烯(5)、豆甾-4-烯-3-酮(6)、邻苯二甲酸二正戊酯(7)、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(8)、油酸(9)、β-谷甾醇-3-O-棕榈酸酯(10)、2-tridecyl-6-methoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione(11)、(±)-lyoniresinol(12)、5α,6β-dihydroxysitosterol(13)、6′-O-棕榈酰-β-胡萝卜苷(14)、10-eicosenoic acid(15)。化合物2~3对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性强于阿卡波糖,在浓度为180μmol/L时对DPP-Ⅳ酶的抑制活性大于50%。结论化合物1、5~7、10、12~14为首次从阳桃属植物中分离,化合物2、9为首次从杨桃根中分离得到。化合物2~3具有较强的体外α-葡萄糖苷酶和DPP-Ⅳ酶抑制活性。

福建省主要杨桃品种遗传多样性分析

采用RAPD技术对17份杨桃品种资源进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,13条随机引物共扩增出80条RAPD带,其中77条为多态性带,平均多态位点5.92条,多态率达97.19%,表明杨桃遗传多样性的复杂性。利用UPGMA构建了杨桃的亲缘关系树状图,遗传距离为0~2.160 93,当λ=2.08时,17份杨桃品种可以划分为3个类群,第Ⅰ类群中的杨桃品种基本都属于甜杨桃品种,第Ⅱ类群中的杨桃品种既包含了甜杨桃也包含了酸杨桃品种,第Ⅲ类群中则只包含了云霄3号一个品种。

采前喷钙对杨桃果实贮藏品质及相关酶活的影响

通过采前喷施钙肥稀土氨基酸钙,探讨采前喷钙对杨桃(Averrhoa carambola Linn.)果实贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,采后10 d内,采前喷钙的杨桃果实的可溶性固形物含量、多酚氧化酶(PPO)酶活的变化相对较小,但硬度、总酚含量、过氧化物酶(POD)酶活和可溶性蛋白质含量均提高,因此采前喷钙有利于提高杨桃果实的贮藏品质。

树冠喷钙对杨桃果实品质的影响

选用5种常用钙肥对杨桃(Averrhoa carambola)进行树冠喷施,研究喷钙后杨桃果实品质的变化情况。结果表明,5种钙肥均能提高杨桃的可溶性固形物含量和硬度,其中效果较好的是稀土氨基酸钙,该处理果实的可溶性固形物含量比对照提高13.0%,硬度提高19.6%,均达显著差异,但对果实VC、可滴定酸含量的影响不显著。喷钙后杨桃的总酚含量也显著提高,尤其是幼果期喷施能极显著提高杨桃的总酚含量。稀土氨基酸钙喷施时期以在果实生长发育期间每隔15 d喷施一次为佳。

杨桃多酚对猪肉的抗氧化保鲜作用

通过对猪肉感官品质评定,对其2-硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)值和菌落总数进行测定,研究杨桃(Averrhoa carambola L.)多酚对猪肉的抗氧化保鲜作用。结果表明,杨桃多酚处理对猪肉有一定的抗氧化保鲜作用,杨桃多酚质量分数为0.35%时,保鲜效果较好;将杨桃多酚与VC、VE联用具有协同增效抗氧化作用。各组肉样的保鲜效果依次为0.1%杨桃多酚+0.05%VC+0.05%VE>0.2%杨桃多酚+0.05%VE>0.2%杨桃多酚+0.05%VC>0.3%杨桃多酚>对照。

响应面法分析不同测试条件对阳桃TPA质构特性参数的影响

目的:以响应面法(Response Surface Method,RSM)研究全质构测试(Texture Profile Analysis,TPA)法测试阳桃质构特性参数的最佳条件。方法:选择测试范围压缩程度10%~50%,压缩速率1~3 mm·s^(-1)进行响应面试验,最终建立了压缩程度与压缩速率对4项质构特性参数硬度、弹性、咀嚼性以及回复性的影响模型。结果:压缩程度对硬度、弹性、咀嚼性以及回复性4项质构特性参数皆有极显著影响(P<0.01),而压缩速率仅对弹性与回复性影响极显著(P<0.01),压缩程度的二次方对弹性与回复性影响极显著(P<0.01),对咀嚼性影响显著(P<0.05),压缩速率的二次方仅对弹性影响显著(P<0.05),压缩程度与压缩速率之间基本无交互作用。压缩程度与硬度和咀嚼性呈正相关,与回复性呈负相关,对弹性的影响则是随压缩程度的增大先呈正相关,后呈负相关。压缩速率对硬度和咀嚼性无影响,与弹性和回复性呈负相关。结论:通过联立多元回归方程得出最佳TPA测试条件为压缩程度30.00%~31.00%,压缩速率1 mm·s^(-1)。

3个杨桃品种茎次生木质部导管分子结构研究(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study was to provide the theoretical basis for variety identification of carambola and pomiculture.[Method] The molecular structure of vessels in stem secondary xylem from three carambola varieties of Malaysia 8,Misi and Malaysia B17 were studied by cell image analysis system and microphotography.[Result] The molecular structure of vessels in stem secondary xylem from carambola was as follows:the first type had tails in two ends,the second type had tail in one end,and the third type had no tails in two ends.The average length of vessel elements was from 328.88 to 366.09 μm,while its average width was from 44.61 to 52.43 μm.Most of the end wall was simple perforation plates,while the alternate-opposite pitting was the major forms of pitting.[Conclusion] Most characteristics of vessel elements from carambola were evolutionary characters of vessel elements in the process of phylogeny,but there were more primitive characters,for example,both two ends of vessel had tails or just one end had tail,and end wall was inclined.The molecular structure of vessel from carambola was in accordance with its ecological adaptability,and the growth characteristics of different varieties were also in accordance with the difference of molecular structure of vessel.

修剪措施对杨桃新梢生长及开花结果的影响

为了解杨桃对各种整形修剪措施的响应,以大棚栽培的马来西亚1号甜杨桃为试验材料,于5～9月研究回缩、短截、疏枝、拉枝对杨桃芽体萌发、新梢生长及开花的影响.结果表明：5～7月回缩、短截后侧芽萌发率达到40％～50％,5月中旬回缩和7月中旬短截后发出的新梢80％可当年开花,而7月中旬回缩、疏大枝后萌发的强枝仅有35％左右可当年开花.回缩、疏枝处理能显著提高单果重和果实硬度,而短截处理能显著提高果实硬度.9月上旬采取拉枝措施可以极显著地促使直立枝开花,开花枝条比率较对照提高60％.因此,杨桃不宜修剪过于频繁,对于确需修剪的大棚杨桃,应选择5月进行回缩,适当抹除侧芽和不定芽,疏除弱枝、阴枝;7月后应以适度短截、抹芽、疏除弱枝为主;9月上旬采用拉枝方法促进直立枝开花.合理修剪后杨桃树体光照条件及营养状况得到改善,果实品质明显提高.