The Joule–Thomson effect of (CO_(2)+H_(2)) binary system relevant to gas switching reforming with carbon capture and storage(CCS)

The Joule-Thomson effect is one of the important thermodynamic properties in the system relevant to gas switching reforming with carbon capture and storage(CCS). In this work, a set of apparatus was set up to determine the Joule-Thomson effect of binary mixtures(CO_(2)+ H_(2)). The accuracy of the apparatus was verified by comparing with the experimental data of carbon dioxide. The Joule-Thomson coefficients(μ_(JT)) for(CO_(2)+ H_(2)) binary mixtures with mole fractions of carbon dioxide(x_(CO_(2))= 0.1, 0.26, 0.5,0.86, 0.94) along six isotherms at various pressures were measured. Five equations of state EOSs(PR,SRK, PR, BWR and GERG-2008 equation) were used to calculate the μ_(JT)for both pure systems and binary systems, among which the GERG-2008 predicted best with a wide range of pressure and temperature.Moreover, the Joule-Thomson inversion curves(JTIC) were calculated with five equations of state. A comparison was made between experimental data and predicted data for the inversion curve of CO_(2). The investigated EOSs show a similar prediction of the low-temperature branch of the JTIC for both pure and binary systems, except for the BWRS equation of state. Among all the equations, SRK has the most similar result to GERG-2008 for predicting JTIC.

Progress and prospect of carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage in CNPC oilfields

The development history of carbon capture,utilization and storage for enhanced oil recovery(CCUS-EOR)in China is comprehensively reviewed,which consists of three stages:research and exploration,field test and industrial application.The breakthrough understanding of CO_(2) flooding mechanism and field practice in recent years and the corresponding supporting technical achievements of CCUS-EOR project are systematically described.The future development prospects are also pointed out.After nearly 60 years of exploration,the theory of CO_(2) flooding and storage suitable for continental sedimentary reservoirs in China has been innovatively developed.It is suggested that C7–C15 are also important components affecting miscibility of CO_(2) and crude oil.The mechanism of rapid recovery of formation energy by CO_(2) and significant improvement of block productivity and recovery factor has been verified in field tests.The CCUS-EOR reservoir engineering design technology for continental sedimentary reservoir is established.The technology of reservoir engineering parameter design and well spacing optimization has been developed,which focuses on maintaining miscibility to improve oil displacement efficiency and uniform displacement to improve sweep efficiency.The technology of CO_(2) capture,injection and production process,whole-system anticorrosion,storage monitoring and other whole-process supporting technologies have been initially formed.In order to realize the efficient utilization and permanent storage of CO_(2),it is necessary to take the oil reservoir in the oil-water transition zone into consideration,realize the large-scale CO_(2) flooding and storage in the area from single reservoir to the overall structural control system.The oil reservoir in the oil-water transition zone is developed by stable gravity flooding of injecting CO_(2) from structural highs.The research on the storage technology such as the conversion of residual oil and CO_(2) into methane needs to be carried out.

Conversion Carbon Capture and Storage Factors in Temperate Human Controlled Wetland

This paper provides guidance for the quantification and reporting of blue carbon removals in the temperate coastal ecosystems,“Italian valli da pesca”or H.C.W.(Human Controlled Wetland,Lat.45°Lon.12°),where some pools as seagrasses,and salt marshes,are highly efficient at capturing and storing carbon dioxide(CO_(2))from the atmosphere.Halophyte salt marsh plants were found to have a%C on Dry Weight(D.W.)of 32.26±3.91(mean±standard deviation),macrophytes 33.65±7.99,seagrasses 29.23±2.23,tamarisk 48.42±2.80,while the first 5 centimetres of wetland mud,on average,had a%C of 8.56±0.94.Like the ISO(International Organization for Standardization)14064 guideline to quantify the GHG(Greenhouse Gas)emission,we have studied the different conversion factors to be used as a practical tool for measurement the CO_(2)sink activity.These factors are essential to calculate the overall carbon reduction in a project located in temperate wetland using a method as the ISO 14064.2,UNI-BNeutral,VCS VERRA or other that will come.

The European Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Laboratory Infrastructure(ECCSEL)

The transition to a non-emitting energy mix for power generation will take decades. This transition will need to be sustainable, e.g.economically affordable. Fossil fuels which are abundant have an important role to play in this respect, provided that Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS) is progressively implemented. CCS is the only way to reduce emissions from energy intensive industries.Thus, the need for upgraded and new CCS research facilities is widely recognised among stakeholders across Europe, as emphasised by the Zero Emissions Platform(ZEP) [1] and the European Energy Research Alliance on CCS(EERA-CCS) [2].The European Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Laboratory Infrastructure, ECCSEL, provides funders, operators and researchers with significant benefits by offering access to world-class research facilities that, in many cases, are unlikely for a single nation to support in isolation.This implies creation of synergy and the avoidance of duplication as well as streamlining of funding for research facilities.ECCSEL offers open access to its advanced laboratories for talented scientists and visiting researchers to conduct cutting-edge research.In the planning of ECCSEL, gap analyses were performed and CCS technologies have been reviewed to underpin and envisage the future experimental setup; 1) Making use of readily available facilities, 2) Modifying existing facilities, and 3) Planning and building entirely new advanced facilities.The investments required for the first ten years(2015-2025) are expected to be in the range of €80-120 miilion. These investments show the current level of ambition, as proposed during the preparatory phase(2011-2014).Entering the implementation phase in 2015, 9 European countries signed Letter of Intent(LoI) to join a ECCSEL legal entity: France, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Poland, Greece, Norway and Switzerland(active observer). As the EU ERIC-regulation [3] would offer the most suitable legal framework for ECCSEL, the host country, Norway, will apply for establishing ERIC as the ECCSEL Research Infrastructure(RI)legal entity in 2017. Until the ECCSEL ERIC is approved by the European Commission(probably by summer 2017), an interim MoU agreement for the implementation phase of ECCSEL RI has been signed by 13 research institutions and universities representing the 9 countries. A consortium of these partners were granted 3 million EURO from Horizon 2020 to boost implementation of ECCSEL from September 2015 and two years onwards.?2016, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Technical Perspective of Carbon Capture,Utilization,and Storage

Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))is the primary greenhouse gas contributing to anthropogenic climate change which is associated with human activities.The majority of CO_(2) emissions are results of the burning of fossil fuels for energy,as well as industrial processes such as steel and cement production.Carbon capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS)is a sustainable technology promising in terms of reducing CO_(2) emissions that would otherwise contribute to climate change.From this perspective,the discussion on carbon capture focuses on chemical absorption technology,primarily due to its commercialization potential.The CO_(2) absorptive capacity and absorption rate of various chemical solvents have been summarized.The carbon utilization focuses on electrochemical conversion routes converting CO_(2) into potentially valuable chemicals which have received particular attention in recent years.The Faradaic conversion efficiencies for various CO_(2) reduction products are used to describe efficiency improvements.For carbon storage,successful deployment relies on a better understanding of fluid mechanics,geomechanics,and reactive transport,which are discussed in details.

Progress and prospects of carbon dioxide capture,EOR-utilization and storage industrialization

Carbon dioxide capture,EOR-utilization and storage(CCUS-EOR)are the most practical and feasible large-scale carbon reduction technologies,and also the key technologies to greatly improve the recovery of low-permeability oil fields.This paper sorts out the main course of CCUS-EOR technological development abroad and its industrialization progress.The progress of CCUS-EOR technological research and field tests in China are summarized,the development status,problems and challenges of the entire industry chain of CO_(2) capture,transportation,oil displacement,and storage are analyzed.The results show a huge potential of the large-scale application of CCUS-EOR in China in terms of carbon emission reduction and oil production increase.At present,CCUS-EOR in China is in a critical stage of development,from field pilot tests to industrialization.Aiming at the feature of continental sedimentary oil and gas reservoirs in China,and giving full play to the advantages of the abundant reserves for CO_(2) flooding,huge underground storage space,surface infrastructure,and wide distribution of wellbore injection channels,by cooperating with carbon emission enterprises,critical technological research and demonstration project construction should be accelerated,including the capture of low-concentration CO_(2) at low-cost and on large-scale,supercritical CO_(2) long-distance transportation,greatly enhancing oil recovery and storage rate,and CO_(2) large-scale and safe storage.CCUS-EOR theoretical and technical standard system should be constructed for the whole industrial chain to support and promote the industrial scale application,leading the rapid and profitable development of CCUS-EOR emerging industrial chain with innovation.

Carbon capture and storage,geomechanics and induced seismic activity

Injection of large volumes of carbon dioxide(CO_2) for the purposes of greenhouse-gas emissions reduction has the potential to induce earthquakes.Operators of proposed projects must therefore take steps to reduce the risks posed by this induced seismicity.In this paper,we examine the causes of injection-induced seismicity(IIS),and how it should be monitored and modelled,and thereby mitigated.Many US case studies are found where fluids are injected into layers that are in close proximity to crystalline basement rocks.We investigate this issue further by comparing injection and seismicity in two areas where oilfield wastewater is injected in significant volumes:Oklahoma,where fluids are injected into a basal layer,and Saskatchewan,where fluids are injected into a much shallower layer.We suggest that the different induced seismicity responses in these two areas are at least in part due to these different injection depths.We go on to outline two different approaches for modelling IIS:a statistics based approach and a physical,numerical modelling based approach.Both modelling types have advantages and disadvantages,but share a need to be calibrated with good quality seismic monitoring data if they are to be used with any degree of reliability.We therefore encourage the use of seismic monitoring networks at all future carbon capture and storage(CCS) sites.

Mapping Highly Cost-Effective Carbon Capture and Storage Opportunities in India

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG). India’s CO2 emissions are expected to increase 70% by 2025. Geologic carbon storage (GCS) offers a way to reduce CO2 emissions. Here we present the results of a search for the most cost-effective GCS opportunities in India. Source-Sink matching for large and concentrated CO2 sources near geological storage in India indicates one very high priority target, a fertilizer plant in the city of Narmadanagar in Bharuch District of Gujarat Province, India that is <20 km from old oil and gas fields in the Cambay Basin. Two pure CO2 sources are <20 km from deep saline aquifers and one

Secondary Silicates as a Barrier to Carbon Capture and Storage in Deccan Basalt

Investigating the immobilization of CO2,previous basalt-water-CO2 interaction studies revealed the formation of carbonates over a short period,but with the extensive formation of secondary silicates(SS).The mechanisms involved in these processes remain unresolved,so the present study was undertaken to understand secondary mineral formation mechanisms.XRPD and Rietveld refinement data for neo-formed minerals show a drastic decrease in the Ca-O bond length,with the calcite structure degenerating after 80 h(hours).However,SEM images and EDS data revealed that a longer interaction time resulted in the formation of chlorite and smectite,adjacent to basalt grains which prevent basaltwater-CO2 interaction to form carbonates,thus restricting carbonate formation.As a result of this,the CO2 mineralization rate is initially high(till 80 h),but it later reduces drastically.It is evident that,for such temperature-controlled transformations,low temperature is conducive to minimizing SS surface coating at the time of mineral carbonation.

西南油气田CCUS/CCS发展现状、优势与挑战

中国石油西南油气田公司(以下简称西南油气田)是中国西南地区首个天然气年产量超400×10^(8) m^(3)的油气生产企业,其天然气新建产能、产量的增量分别占到全国增量的1/4和1/3,预计2030年天然气开发的碳排放量将突破500×10^(4) t。为解决天然气高质量上产过程中碳排放量刚性增长的问题,西南油气田主动围绕“天然气+CCUS”的战略规划,积极部署CCUS/CCS工作,以期打造“绿色能源西南模式”,助力实现“双碳”目标。为此,系统阐述了西南油气田在CCUS/CCS业务规划、标准体系、技术系列等方面的发展现状,梳理了其CCUS/CCS业务在资源、技术方面的优势,并分析了面临的技术成熟度不高、经济效益缺乏、社会接受度不高等挑战,最后作出了展望并有针对性地提出了下一步建议:①攻关形成具有气田特色的CCUS/CCS技术体系,打造气田CCUS/CCS原创技术策源地;②建立气田CCUS/CCS标准体系,推广应用气田CO_(2)驱气提高采收率(CCUS-EGR)和CO_(2)埋存技术;③依托西南油气田自有碳捕集、输送、驱气、封存等技术,进一步延伸拓展传统油气主营业务产业链,建立西南片区CCUS/CCS产业集群和碳库,助力中国石油成为CCUS/CCS产业链链长;④探索页岩气注CO_(2)及混合气体提高采收率技术,支撑在页岩气领域开辟新的CCUS方向。

International experience of carbon neutrality and prospects of key technologies:Lessons for China

Carbon neutrality(or climate neutrality)has been a global consensus,and international experience exchange is essential.Given the differences in the degree of social development,resource endowment and technological level,each country should build a carbon-neutral plan based on its national conditions.Compared with other major developed countries(e.g.,Germany,the United States and Japan),China's carbon neutrality has much bigger challenges,including a heavy and time-pressured carbon reduction task and the current energy structure that is over-dependent on fossil fuels.Here we provide a comprehensive review of the status and prospects of the key technologies for low-carbon,near-zero carbon,and negative carbon emissions.Technological innovations associated with coal,oil-gas and hydrogen industries and their future potential in reducing carbon emissions are particularly explained and assessed.Based on integrated analysis of international experience from the world's major developed countries,in-depth knowledge of the current and future technologies,and China's energy and ecological resources potential,five lessons for the implementation of China's carbon neutrality are proposed:(1)transformation of energy production pattern from a coal-dominated pattern to a diversified renewable energy pattern;(2)renewable power-to-X and large-scale underground energy storage;(3)integration of green hydrogen production,storage,transport and utilization;(4)construction of clean energy systems based on smart sector coupling(ENSYSCO);(5)improvement of ecosystem carbon sinks both in nationwide forest land and potential desert in Northwest China.This paper provides an international perspective for a better understanding of the challenges and opportunities of carbon neutrality in China,and can serve as a theoretical foundation for medium-long term carbon neutral policy formulation.

A review of in situ carbon mineralization in basalt

Global warming has greatly threatened the human living environment and carbon capture and storage(CCS)technology is recognized as a promising way to reduce carbon emissions.Mineral storage is considered a reliable option for long-term carbon storage.Basalt rich in alkaline earth elements facilitates rapid and permanent CO_(2) fixation as carbonates.However,the complex CO_(2)-fluid-basalt interaction poses challenges for assessing carbon storage potential.Under different reaction conditions,the carbonation products and carbonation rates vary.Carbon mineralization reactions also induce petrophysical and mechanical responses,which have potential risks for the long-term injectivity and the carbon storage safety in basalt reservoirs.In this paper,recent advances in carbon mineralization storage in basalt based on laboratory research are comprehensively reviewed.The assessment methods for carbon storage potential are introduced and the carbon trapping mechanisms are investigated with the identification of the controlling factors.Changes in pore structure,permeability and mechanical properties in both static reactions and reactive percolation experiments are also discussed.This study could provide insight into challenges as well as perspectives for future research.

Monitoring and Quantification of Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Impact of Sea Surface Temperature on Marine Ecosystems as Climate Change Indicators in the Niger Delta Using Geospatial Technology

The Niger Delta marine environment has experienced a series of environmental disasters since the inception of oil and gas exploration,which can be attributed to climate change.Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions and sea surface temperature(T)ties associated with burning fossil fuels,such as gas flaring,vehicular traffic,and marine vessel movement along the sea,are increasing.Using data extracted from the NASA Giovanni satellite’s Atmospheric Infrared Sounder(AIRS)and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS),this study mapped the carbon footprint and T along the coastline into the deep sea from 2003 to 2011,using ArcGIS software.The spatial distribution of CO_(2) and T concentrations determined by the inverse distance weighting(IDW)method reveals variations in the study area.The results show an increase in the quantity of the mean tropospheric CO_(2) from July 2003 to December 2011,from 374.5129 ppm to 390.7831 ppm annual CO_(2) emissions,which also reflects a continuous increase.The average Monthly sea surface temperature had a general increasing trend from 25.79℃ in July 2003 to 27.8°C in December,with the Pearson correlation coefficient between CO_(2) and T indicating 50%strongly positive,20%strongly negative,20%weakly positive,and 10%weakly negative.CO_(2) levels,like temperature,follow a seasonal cycle,with a decrease during the wet season due to precipitation dissolving and plant uptake during the growing season,and then a rise during the dry season.Carbon capture and storage technologies must be implemented to benefit the marine ecosystem and human well-being.

A review of interaction mechanisms and microscopic simulation methods for CO_(2)-water-rock system

This work systematically reviews the complex mechanisms of CO_(2)-water-rock interactions,microscopic simulations of reactive transport(dissolution,precipitation and precipitate migration)in porous media,and microscopic simulations of CO_(2)-water-rock system.The work points out the key issues in current research and provides suggestions for future research.After injection of CO_(2) into underground reservoirs,not only conventional pressure-driven flow and mass transfer processes occur,but also special physicochemical phenomena like dissolution,precipitation,and precipitate migration.The coupling of these processes causes complex changes in permeability and porosity parameters of the porous media.Pore-scale microscopic flow simulations can provide detailed information within the three-dimensional pore and throat space and explicitly observe changes in the fluid-solid interfaces of porous media during reactions.At present,the research has limitations in the decoupling of complex mechanisms,characterization of differential multi-mineral reactions,precipitation generation mechanisms and characterization(crystal nucleation and mineral detachment),simulation methods for precipitation-fluid interaction,and coupling mechanisms of multiple physicochemical processes.In future studies,it is essential to innovate experimental methods to decouple“dissolution-precipitation-precipitate migration”processes,improve the accuracy of experimental testing of minerals geochemical reaction-related parameters,build reliable characterization of various precipitation types,establish precipitation-fluid interaction simulation methods,coordinate the boundary conditions of different physicochemical processes,and,finally,achieve coupled flow simulation of“dissolution-precipitation-precipitate migration”within CO_(2)-water-rock systems.

Carbon Dioxide Capture and Application Technology

This paper focuses on the supplementary explanation and modification of the six published articles for 8 aspects. Including the energy storage reaction and storage index, push rod type electric furnace, the production of sponge iron and lime is accompanied by the production of nitrogen-free gas, to promote the use of gas in the countryside, lime is cycliceally used to capture carbon dioxide in the flue, to make full use of natural resources and some problems to be studied in industrial production.

Carbon peak and carbon neutrality in China:Goals,implementation path and prospects

Climate change is a common problem in human society.The Chinese government promises to peak carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and strives to achieve carbon neutralization by 2060.The proposal of the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutralization has led China into the era of climate economy and set off a green change with both opportunities and challenges.On the basis of expounding the objectives and specific connotation of China’s carbon peak and carbon neutralization,this paper systematically discusses the main implementation path and the prospect of China’s carbon peak and carbon neutralization.China’s path to realizing carbon neutralization includes four directions:(1)in terms of carbon dioxide emission control:energy transformation path,energy conservation,and emission reduction path;(2)for increasing carbon sink:carbon capture,utilization,and storage path,ecological governance,and land greening path;(3)in key technology development:zero-carbon utilization,coal new energy coupling,carbon capture utilization and storage(CCUS),energy storage technology and other key technology paths required to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutralization;(4)from the angle of policy development:Formulate legal guarantees for the government to promote the carbon trading market;Formulate carbon emission standards for enterprises and increase publicity and education for individuals and society.Based on practicing the goal and path of carbon peak and carbon neutralization,China will vigorously develop low carbon and circular economy and promote green and high-quality economic development;speed up to enter the era of fossil resources and promoting energy transformation;accelerate the integrated innovation of green and low-carbon technologies and promote carbon neutrality.

CO_(2)storage with enhanced gas recovery(CSEGR):A review of experimental and numerical studies

CO_(2)emission mitigation is one of the most critical research frontiers.As a promising option of carbon capture,utilization and storage(CCUS),CO_(2)storage with enhanced gas recovery(CSEGR)can reduce CO_(2)emission by sequestrating it into gas reservoirs and simultaneously enhance natural gas production.Over the past decades,the displacement behaviour of CO_(2)—natural gas has been extensively studied and demonstrated to play a key role on both CO_(2)geologic storage and gas recovery performance.This work thoroughly and critically reviews the experimental and numerical simulation studies of CO_(2)displacing natural gas,along with both CSEGR research and demonstration projects at various scales.The physical property difference between CO_(2)and natural gas,especially density and viscosity,lays the foundation of CSEGR.Previous experiments on displacement behaviour and dispersion characteristics of CO_(2)/natural gas revealed the fundamental mixing characteristics in porous media,which is one key factor of gas recovery efficiency and warrants further study.Preliminary numerical simulations demonstrated that it is technically and economically feasible to apply CSEGR in depleted gas reservoirs.However,CO_(2)preferential flow pathways are easy to form(due to reservoir heterogeneity)and thus adversely compromise CSEGR performance.This preferential flow can be slowed down by connate or injected water.Additionally,the optimization of CO_(2)injection strategies is essential for improving gas recovery and CO_(2)storage,which needs further study.The successful K12—B pilot project provides insightful field-scale knowledge and experience,which paves a good foundation for commercial application.More experiments,simulations,research and demonstration projects are needed to facilitate the maturation of the CSEGR technology.

Improving Prediction Accuracy of a Rate-Based Model of an MEA-BasedCarbon Capture Process for Large-Scale Commercial Deployment

Carbon capture and storage （CCS） technology will play a critical role in reducing anthropogenic carbondioxide （CO2） emission from fossil-fired power plants and other energy-intensive processes. However, theincrement of energy cost caused by equipping a carbon capture process is the main barrier to its commer-cial deployment. To reduce the capital and operating costs of carbon capture, great efforts have been madeto achieve optimal design and operation through process modeling, simulation, and optimization. Accuratemodels form an essential foundation for this purpose. This paper presents a study on developing a moreaccurate rate-based model in Aspen Plus for the monoethanolamine （MEA）-based carbon capture processby multistage model validations. The modeling framework for this process was established first. The steady-state process model was then developed and validated at three stages, which included a thermodynamicmodel, physical properties calculations, and a process model at the pilot plant scale, covering a wide rangeof pressures, temperatures, and CO2 loadings. The calculation correlations of liquid density and interfacialarea were updated by coding Fortran subroutines in Aspen Plus. The validation results show that the cor-relation combination for the thermodynamic model used in this study has higher accuracy than those ofthree other key publications and the model prediction of the process model has a good agreement with thepilot plant experimental data. A case study was carried out for carbon capture from a 250 MWe combinedcycle gas turbine （CCGT） power plant. Shorter packing height and lower specific duty were achieved usingthis accurate model.

CCS Research Development and Deployment in a Clean Energy Future： Lessons from Australia over the Past Two Decades

碳捕集和封存(CCS)技术作为一种碳减排手段,虽未得到全方位认可,但其重要性已得到人们的广泛认可。但是,若要将全球温度上升幅度控制在低于2℃,则此技术的推广应用速度并不能满足相关的需求。虽然大规模推广CCS技术所面临的困难尚无法全部克服,但通过不断的研究、交流和规划,目前CCS技术已得到了极大丰富。我们知道如何进行相关操作,并自信能安全有效地完成相关操作;我们知道相关的成本情况,也知道目前成本正在不断降低,而且未来会继续降低。同时,我们也知道,只要各个国家、公司、团体继续将化石燃料用作能源及用于各种工业过程,则世界就会一直需要碳捕集和封存技术。我们缺少的是必要的政策驱动和技术上呈中性(不会增加二氧化碳排放)的方法,以达到及时、低成本地降低CO_2排放,并维持稳定的、安全的电力供应以保证能源密集型工业产品的生产和使用。我们以澳大利亚为例来说明过去20年内人们对碳捕集和封存技术所做的各种努力,尤其是在碳捕集和封存技术研究和示范工程以及国际合作方面所做的各种努力。在澳大利亚国内,碳捕集和封存技术的大规模推广进展非常慢。但全球最大的碳捕集和封存项目将作为Gorgon液化天然气项目的一部分,很快在澳大利亚国内投入运营,另外还有数个大规模的碳捕集和封存的旗舰级项目正在考察中。CO2CRC Otway项目是澳大利亚国内目前唯一一个运行中的二氧化碳封存项目。该项目目前正在进行一些细节方面的组织和推进工作。需要指出的是,如果要推广Otway项目,还需对地下岩石对封存CO_2的影响开展大量研究。如果要在全球范围广泛使用碳捕集和封存技术,国际能源机构和国际气候变化委员会等机构都认为我们面临很大的挑战,还有很多重大问题需要解决。要解决这些问题,全球各方必须紧密协作。

Life-cycle Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Capture for Enhanced Oil Recovery

技术是的二氧化碳俘获和存储( CCS )的发展和推广挪威的政府工程的气候 strategy.A 数字的一块奠基石当前沿着挪威的韦斯特海岸被评估/计划，在从这个工程的 Tjeldbergodden.CO2 的将在 Halten 油田为提高的油的回收部分地被利用，在挪威的海。我们学习如此的 system.A 的一个潜在的图案有 832 MW 的粗野权力产量的联合周期动力厂作为溶剂用胺基于燃烧以后的俘获与 CO2 俘获植物被相结合。捕获的 CO2 被用于提高的油的回收(EOR ) 。我们采用一个混合生命周期评价(LCA ) 估计系统的环境影响的方法。站台的修正和操作的学习焦点在 EOR.We 期间分配连接到 CO2 的俘获到连接到 CO2 的运输和存储到生产的油的电生产，和影响的影响。我们的学习由 80% ～ 75 g ·(kW · h 从权力生产显示出温室气体排出物的实质的减小)^(-1) 。它也显示与采油每单位量油生产了联系的排出物的减小，主要由于增加的采油。如果另外的力量需求从陆地由于 EOR 导致电源，减小是特别重要的。