Indian Solar Panel Initiatives in Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Environmental degradation and the emission of greenhouse gases particularly carbon dioxide have expanded problems to human wellness and to the atmosphere. The second-most populated country in the globe, India, is among the primary users of conventional resources, which leads to global warming. The growth rate is anticipated to raise more before 2050, which will cause the brisk industrial expansion and rising energy demand to both increases. In order to reduce carbon emissions and meet energy requirements, many countries use alternate usage of renewable energy particularly solar energy. In this review we aim to study solar panel schemes initiated by India, mainly focusing on National Solar Mission. This study also reviews the present solar installed capacity, solar panel scheme 2022, and initiatives and outcomes of solar panels in residences and offices. This study reviewed that by using solar panel resources, the (MNRE) Ministry of New and Renewable Energy hopes to help the Indian Government reach its purpose of 100 GW solar installed capacity by end of 2022. Despite having an amazing 40 GW of solar power installed capacity till December 2021, India is still far from reaching its own goal of 100 GW by March 2023 as per NSM. In essence, this means that India will need to change a few of its ongoing plans further.

Current situation of carbon emissions and countermeasures in China's ironmaking industry

The iron and steel industry(ISI) involves high energy consumption and high pollution. ISI in China, a leading country in the ISI,consumed 15% of the country’s total energy and produced more than 50% of the global ISI’s carbon emissions. Therefore, in the context of global low-carbon economy and emission reduction requirements, low-carbon smelting technology in the ISI has attracted increasingly more attention in China. This review summarizes the current status of carbon emissions and energy consumption in China’s ISI and discusses the development status and prospects of low-carbon ironmaking technology. The main route to effectively reducing carbon emissions is to develop a gas-based direct reduction process and replace sintering with pelletizing, both of which focus on developing pelletizing technology. However,the challenge of pelletizing process development is to obtain high-quality iron concentrates. Consequently, the present paper also summarizes the development status of China’s mineral processing technology, including fine-grained mineral processing technology, magnetization roasting technology, and flotation collector application. This paper aims to provide a theoretical basis for the low-carbon development of China’s ISI in terms of a dressing–smelting combination.

Effects of zinc on χ-Fe_(5)C_(2) for carbon dioxide hydrogenation to olefins:Insights from experimental and density function theory calculations

Production of light olefins from CO_(2), the primary greenhouse gases, is of great importance to mitigate the adverse effects of CO_(2) emission on environment and to supply the value-added products from nonpetroleum resource. However, development of robust catalyst with controllable selectivity and stability remains a challenge. Herein, we report that Zn-promoted Fe catalyst can boost the stable and selective production of light olefins from CO_(2). Specifically, the Zn-promoted Fe exhibits a highly stable activity and olefin selectivity over 200 h time-on-stream compared to the unpromoted Fe catalyst, primarily owing to the preservation of active χ-Fe_(5)C_(2) phase. Structural characterizations of the spent catalysts suggest that Zn substantially regulates the content of iron carbide on the surface and suppresses the reoxidation of bulk iron carbide during the reaction. DFT calculations confirm that adsorption of surface carbon atoms and graphene-like carbonaceous species are not thermochemically favored on Zn-promoted Fe catalyst. Carbon deposition by CAC coupling reactions of two surface carbon atoms and dehydrogenation of CH intermediate are also inhibited. Furthermore, the effects of Zn on antioxidation of iron carbide were also investigated. Zn favored the hydrogenation of surface adsorbed oxygen atoms to H_(2)O and the desorption of H_(2)O, which reduces the possibility of surface carbide being oxidized by the chemisorbed oxygen.

Defect engineering of high-loading single-atom catalysts for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction

Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)provides an attractive approach to carbon capture and utilization for the production high-value-added products.However,CO_(2)RR still suffers from poor selectivity and low current density due to its sluggish kinetics and multitudinous reaction pathways.Single-atom catalysts(SACs)demonstrate outstanding activity,excellent selectivity,and remarkable atom utilization efficiency,which give impetus to the search for electrocatalytic processes aiming at high selectivity.There appears significant activity in the development of efficient SACs for CO_(2)RR,while the density of the atomic sites remains a considerable barrier to be overcome.To construct high-metal-loading SACs,aggregation must be prevented,and thus novel strategies are required.The key to creating high-density atomically dispersed sites is designing enough anchoring sites,normally defects,to stabilize the highly mobile separated metal atoms.In this review,we summarized the advances in developing high-loading SACs through defect engineering,with a focus on the synthesis strategies to achieve high atomic site loading.Finally,the future opportunities and challenges for CO_(2)RR in the area of high-loading single-atom electrocatalysts are also discussed.

Construction and Application of a Regional Kilometer-Scale Carbon Source and Sink Assimilation Inversion System(CCMVS-R)

CO_(2)is one of the most important greenhouse gases(GHGs)in the earth’s atmosphere.Since the industrial era,anthropogenic activities have emitted excessive quantities of GHGs into the atmosphere,resulting in climate warming since the 1950s and leading to an increased frequency of extreme weather and climate events.In 2020,China committed to striving for carbon neutrality by 2060.This commitment and China’s consequent actions will result in significant changes in global and regional anthropogenic carbon emissions and therefore require timely,comprehensive,and objective monitoring and verification support(MVS)systems.The MVS approach relies on the top-down assimilation and inversion of atmospheric CO_(2)concentrations,as recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)Inventory Guidelines in 2019.However,the regional high-resolution assimilation and inversion method is still in its initial stage of development.Here,we have constructed an inverse system for carbon sources and sinks at the kilometer level by coupling proper orthogonal decomposition(POD)with four-dimensional variational(4DVar)data assimilation based on the weather research and forecasting-greenhouse gas(WRF-GHG)model.Our China Carbon Monito ring and Verification Support at the Regional level(CCMVS-R)system can continuously assimilate information on atmospheric CO_(2)and other related information and realize the inversion of regional and local anthropogenic carbon emissions and natural terrestrial ecosystem carbon exchange.Atmospheric CO_(2)data were collected from six ground-based monito ring sites in Shanxi Province,China to verify the inversion effect of regio nal anthropogenic carbon emissions by setting ideal and real experiments using a two-layer nesting method(at 27 and 9 km).The uncertainty of the simulated atmospheric CO_(2)decreased significantly,with a root-mean-square error of CO_(2)concentration values between the ideal value and the simulated after assimilation was close to 0.The total anthropogenic carbon emissions in Shanxi Province in 2019 from the assimilated inversions were approximately 28.6%(17%-38%)higher than the mean of five emission inventories using the bottomup method,showing that the top-down CCMVS-R system can obtain more comprehensive information on anthropogenic carbon emissions.

Modeling of the effect of hydrogen injection on blast furnace operation and carbon dioxide emissions

The effect of hydrogen injection on blast furnace operation and carbon dioxide emissions was simulated using a 1D steady-state zonal model.The maximum hydrogen injection rate was evaluated on the basis of the simulation of the vertical temperature pattern in the blast furnace with a focus on the thermal reserve zone.The effects of blast temperature and oxygen enrichment were also examined to estimate coke replacement ratio,productivity,hydrogen utilization efficiency,and carbon dioxide emission reduction.For blast temperature of 1200℃,the maximum hydrogen injection rate was 19.0 and 28.3 kg of H_(2)/t of hot metal(HM)for oxygen enrichment of 2vol%and 12vol%,respectively.Results showed a coke replacement ratio of 3-4 kg of coke/kg of H_(2),direct CO_(2) emission reduction of 10.2%-17.8%,and increased productivity by up to 13.7%depending on oxygen enrichment level.Increasing blast temperature further reduced the direct CO_(2) emissions.Hydrogen utilization degree reached the maximum of 0.52-0.54 H_(2)O/(H_(2)O+H_(2)).The decarbonization potential of hydrogen injection was estimated in the range from 9.4 t of CO_(2)/t of H_(2) to 9.7 t of CO_(2)/t of H_(2).For economic feasibility,hydrogen injection requires revolutionary progress in terms of low-cost H_(2) generation unless the technological change is motivated by the carbon emission cost.Hydrogen injection may unfavorably affect the radial temperature pattern of the raceway,which could be addressed by adopting appropriate injection techniques.

Estimation of actual carbon dioxide removal in burned forests using satellite data:A case study in South Korea

With the increasing impact of climate change,carbon emissions and removals have become major issues.Forests are major carbon pools,and forest fires are an essential part of the carbon cycle.This study introduces a model for estimating the detailed actual CO_(2)removal in burned forests using burn severity and tree survivability.Actual CO_(2)removal was estimated from empirical yield tables without using the standard carbon removal provided by the national inventory.The primary CO_(2)calculation method followed the guidelines of the International Panel on Climate Change.The burn severity was mapped using Sentinel-2 multispectral instrument data,and the survivability of each forest type was estimated according to burn severity.The survivability was applied to the pre-fire CO_(2)removal of each forest to estimate post-fire CO_(2)removal.In our case study,the burned forest area was 1,034 ha,and the CO_(2)removal before the fire was 8,615.3t/year.After the fire,removal decreased by 81.2%to 1,618.4 t/yr.In particular,the decrease in coniferous forests was high,more than 86%.The lack of survivability data on burned trees was a major limitation of our study.Systematically accumulating field monitoring data of post-fire forests will be necessary for future research and could serve as a reference for devising immediate countermeasures against forest fires.

Effect of carbon dioxide on oxy-fuel combustion of hydrogen sulfide:An experimental and kinetic modeling

CO_(2) is an important component in the acid gas and it is necessary to study the effect of CO_(2) presence on the oxy-fuel combustion of H_(2)S with particular focus on the formation of carbonyl sulfide(COS).The oxyfuel combustion of acid gas was conducted in a coaxial jet double channel burner.The distribution of flame temperature and products under stoichiometric condition along axial(R=0.0)and radial at about 3.0 mm(R=0.75)were analyzed,respectively.The Chemkin-Pro software was used to analyze the rate of production(ROP)for gas products and the reaction pathway of acid gas combustion.Both experimental and simulation results showed that acid gas combustion experienced the H2S chemical decomposition,H_(2)S oxidation and accompanied by H_(2) oxidation.The CO_(2) presence reduced the peak flame temperature and triggered the formation of COS in the flame area.COS formation at R=0.0 was mainly through the reaction of CO_(2) and CO with sulfur species,whereas at R=0.75 it was through the reaction of CO with sulfur species.The ROP results indicated that H_(2) was mainly from H_(2)O decomposition in the H_(2)S oxidation stage,and COS was formed by the reaction of CO_(2) with H_(2)S.ROP and other detailed analysis further revealed the role of H,OH and SH radicals in each stage of H_(2)S conversion.This study revealed the COS formation mechanisms with CO_(2) presence in the oxy-fuel combustion of H_(2)S and could offer important insights for pollutant control.

Primary energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in China

Climate change is one of the focuses to mitigate greenhouse effect and reduce carbon dioxide emissions.First,the paper summarizes on the carbon dioxide emission factors and methods suitable to the situation in China.Second,it analyzes the primary energy-related carbon dioxide emissions during the period between 1995 and 2005 from different fossil fuels and different zones.The trend of primary energy-related carbon dioxide emissions from 1995 to 2005 is"first decreasing and later increasing."Seven regions-Liaoning,Shanxi,Hebei,Shandong,Henan,and Jiangsu-and most of the provinces(cities or regions)were found to have similar trends regarding total carbon dioxide emissions in China.The annual carbon dioxide emissions and the growth ratio of these seven regions are much higher compared to those of the other 24 provinces(cities or regions).Finally,this paper puts forward some suggestions to reduce carbon dioxide.

Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Energy Self-Sufficiency of Woody Biomass Utilization for Residential Heating: A Case Study of Nishiwaga, Japan

Renewable energy sources, including bioenergy, are presently attracting considerable attention as possible substitutes for fossil fuels. Among the various sources of bioenergy, biomass can arguably play a significant role in the reduction of greenhouse gases and the provision of a stable energy supply. However, the use of fossil fuels continues in the production of bioenergy. Consequently, the overall extent to which biomass utilization for energy can reduce carbon dioxide emissions as a substitute for fossil fuels and whether this can improve the energy self-sufficiency rate remains largely unknown. This study responds to these questions using a case of a Japanese rural community using firewood for residential heating. The results showed that woody biomass utilization for energy is able to both reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change. These findings offer new insights into the development of sustainability in rural communities.

Modeling Methane Emissions from Paddy Rice Fields under Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Conditions

Abstract Methane （CH4） emissions from paddy rice fields substantially contribute to the dramatic increase of this greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Due to great concern about climate change, it is necessary to predict the effects of the dramatic increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide （CO2） on CH4 emissions from paddy rice fields. CH4MOD 1.0 is the most widely validated model for simulating CH4 emissions from paddy rice fields exposed to ambient CO2 （hereinafter referred to as aCO2）. We upgraded the model to CH4MOD 2.0 by： （a） modifying the description of the influences of soil Eh and the water regime on CH4 production; （b） adding new features to reflect the regulatory effects of atmospheric CO2 upon methanogenic substrates, soil Eh during drainages, and vascular CH4 transport; and （c） adding a new feature to simulate the influences of nitrogen （N） addition rates on methanogenic substrates under elevated CO2 （hereinafter referred to as eCO2） condition. Validation with 109 observation cases under aC02 condition showed that CHaMOD 2.0 possessed a minor systematic bias in the prediction of seasonally accumulated methane emissions （SAM）. Validation with observations in free-air CO2 enrichment （FACE） experiments in temperate and subtropical climates showed that CH4MOD 2.0 successfully simulated the effects of eCO2 upon SAM from paddy rice fields incorporated with various levels of previous crop residues and/or N fertilizer. Our results imply that CH4MOD 2.0 provides a potential approach for estimating of the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 upon CHa emissions from regional or global paddy rice fields with various management practices in a changing climate.

Toward Establishing a Low-cost UAV Coordinated Carbon Observation Network(LUCCN):First Integrated Campaign in China

In this study,we introduce our newly developed measurement-fed-perception self-adaption Low-cost UAV Coordinated Carbon Observation Network(LUCCN)prototype.The LUCCN primarily consists of two categories of instruments,including ground-based and UAV-based in-situ measurement.We use the GMP343,a low-cost non-dispersive infrared sensor,in both ground-based and UAV-based instruments.The first integrated measurement campaign took place in Shenzhen,China,4 May 2023.During the campaign,we found that LUCCN’s UAV component presented significant data-collecting advantages over its ground-based counterpart owing to the relatively high altitudes of the point emission sources,which was especially obvious at a gas power plant in Shenzhen.The emission flux was calculated by a crosssectional flux(CSF)method,the results of which differed from the Open-Data Inventory for Anthropogenic Carbon dioxide(ODIAC).The CSF result was slightly larger than others because of the low sampling rate of the whole emission cross section.The LUCCN system will be applied in future carbon monitoring campaigns to increase the spatiotemporal coverage of carbon emission information,especially in scenarios involving the detection of smaller-scale,rapidly varying sources and sinks.

Tracking Transfer of Carbon Dioxide Emissions to Countries along the Silk Roads Through Global Value Chains

The Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)has aroused rich discussions about the possible increase in carbon dioxide emission under the arduous global carbon dioxide emission reduction task.Adopting the methods of input-output technique and complex network ana-lysis,we first construct a fairer method to trace carbon dioxide emission transfer based on global value chains,then trace the source of carbon dioxide emission transfer to the Silk Roads countries with a long-term multiple regional input-output database.We find that,first,after the proposal of the BRI,the total direct carbon dioxide emissions of the Silk Roads countries and China’s proportion of carbon dioxide emission transfer to the other Silk Roads countries have both declined.Second,the Silk Roads countries are generally the net receivers of carbon dioxide emission transfer,and the inflow is mainly distributed in Southeast Asian countries and core countries in other sub-regions.Then,the transfer of carbon dioxide emission accepted by the Silk Roads countries comes mostly from large developing countries,such as China,Russia,and India,and developed countries,such as the United States,Japan,and Germany.The products are mainly concentrated in energy and chemical industries,as well as heavy industries,such as mining and quarrying,and metal products.We suggest that,due to the high degree of spatial and industrial concentrations of carbon dioxide emission transfer,it is necessary to make targeted policies for these countries and industries to reduce these transfers.

Statistical Model for Estimating Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicle

The objective of this research was development of a statistical model for estimating vehicle tailpipe emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). Forty hours of second-by-second emissions data (144,000 data points) were collected using an On-Board emissions measurement System (Horiba OBS-1300) installed in a 2007 Dodge Charger car. Data were collected for two roadway types, arterial and highway, around Arlington, Texas, and two different time periods, off peak and peak (both a.m. and p.m.). Multiple linear regression and SAS software were used to build emission models from the data, using predictor variables of velocity, acceleration and an interaction term. The arterial model explained 61% of the variability in the emissions;the highway model explained 27%. The arterial model in particular represents a reasonably good compromise between accuracy and ease of use. The arterial model could be coupled with velocity and acceleration profiles obtained from a micro-scale traffic simulation model, such as CORSIM, or from field data from an instrumented vehicle, to estimate percent emission reductions associated with local changes in traffic system operation or management.

Prediction of Potential Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Selected Emerging Economies Using Artificial Neural Network

Tackling future global emissions of carbon dioxide is a daunting task. Different black box models have been used to determine the trajectories of CO2 emissions and other carbon stocks. Trajectories are important because climate modelers use them to project future climate under higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations. In this paper, fully connected two-layer feed-forward neural network with tangent activation function that comes with hidden neurons as well as linear output neurons was used. The study applied classical nonlinear least squares algorithm such as LM (Levenberg-Marquardt), to predict potential emissions of selected emerging economies. Building the model on the basis of input variables such as crop production, livestock production, trade imports, trade exports, economic growth, renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption. These variables are considered to affect the ecosystems of high rising economic power states. The main idea is to ensure that emerging economies have a clear understanding of expected future emissions so that appropriate measures can be implemented to mitigate its impact. Data for the analysis were obtained from 1971 to 2013 from World Development Indicators and FAOSTAT database. Results indicate an achievement of training performance at epoch 11 when the value of the MSE (Mean Square Error) is 0.0003345 which indicates that the model errors are less than 0.05. Hence, the study concluded that the applied model is capable of predicting potential carbon dioxide emissions in emerging economies with the greatest precision.

Criteria for Selecting Carbon Subsurface and Ocean Storage Site in Developing Countries: A Review

Important first phases in the process of implementing CO2 subsurface and ocean storage projects include selecting of best possible location(s) for CO2 storage, and site selection evaluation. Sites must fulfill a number of criteria that boil down to the following basics: they must be able to accept the desired volume of CO2 at the rate at which it is supplied from the CO2 source(s);they must as well be safe and reliable;and must comply with regulatory and other societal requirements. They also must have at least public acceptance and be based on sound financial analysis. Site geology;hydrogeological, pressure, and geothermal regimes;land features;location, climate, access, etc. can all be refined from these basic criteria. In addition to aiding in site selection, site characterization is essential for other purposes, such as foreseeing the fate and impacts of the injected CO2, and informing subsequent phases of site development, including design, permitting, operation, monitoring, and eventual abandonment. According to data from the IEA, in 2022, emissions from Africa and Asias emerging markets and developing economies, excluding Chinas, increased by 4.2%, which is equivalent to 206 million tonnes of CO2 and were higher than those from developed economies. Coal-fired power generation was responsible for more than half of the rise in emissions that were recorded in the region. The difficulty of achieving sustainable socio-economic progress in the developing countries is entwined with the work of reducing CO2 emissions, which is a demanding project for the economy. Organisations from developing countries, such as Bangladesh, Cameroon, India, and Nigeria, have formed partnerships with organisations in other countries for lessons learned and investment within the climate change arena. The basaltic rocks, coal seams, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, soils, deep saline aquifers, and sedimentary basins that developing countries (Bangladesh, Cameroon, India, and Nigeria etc.) possess all contribute to the individual countrys significant geological sequestration potential. There are limited or no carbon capture and storage or clean development mechanism projects running in these countries at this time. The site selection and characterization procedure are not complete without an estimate of the storage capacity of a storage location. Estimating storage capacity relies on volumetric estimates because a site must accept the planned volume of CO2 during the active injection period. As more and more applications make use of site characterization, so too does the body of written material on the topic. As the science of CO2 storage develops, regulatory requirements are implemented, field experience grows, and the economics of CO2 capture and storage improve, so too will site selection and characterisation change.

Economic Growth,Industrialization,Trade,Electricity Production and Carbon Dioxide Emissions:Evidence from Ghana

The study scrutinized correlation between electricity production,trade,economic growth,industrialization and carbon dioxide emissions in Ghana.Our study disaggregated trade into export and import to spell out distinctive and individual variable contribution to emissions in Ghana.In an attempt to investigate,the study used time-series data set of World Development Indicators from 1971 to 2014.By means of Autoregressive Distributed Lag(ARDL)cointegrating technique,study established that variables are co-integrated and have long-run equilibrium relationship.Results of long-term effect of explanatory variables on carbon dioxide emissions indicated that 1%each increase of economic growth and industrialization,will cause an increase of emissions by 16.9%and 79%individually whiles each increase of 1%of electricity production,trade exports,trade imports,will cause a decrease in carbon dioxide emissions by 80.3%,27.7%and 4.1%correspondingly.In the pursuit of carbon emissions’mitigation and achievement of Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)13,Ghana need to increase electricity production and trade exports.

A hefty target of reducing the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions

At the end of January, China formally handed over the report on pollution reduction targets to the United Nations.