Preliminary attempt to distinguish the domesticated pigs from wild boars by the methods of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis

Despite great achievements in the origins of domestic pigs made by the methods of zooarchaeology and molecular biology,how to scientifically distinguish the domesticated pigs from wild boars during the early stage of pig domestication is still poorly understood.Compared to wild boar's diets which come from the natural environment,the diets of domestic pigs are more easily influenced by human feeding activities.Therefore,in principle,exploration of the dietary differences among pigs and understanding the impact on pig diets fed by humans can have great potential to differentiate between wild boars and domesticated pigs.To reveal dietary differences among pigs and distinguish the domesticated pigs from wild boars based on comparison with the diets of humans and other animals,we analyzed the carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of human bones from Xiaojingshan Site and animal bones from Yuezhuang Site,both of which belong to Houli Culture in Shandong Province and date to about 8500―7500 years ago.The mean δ 13C value((-17.8 ± 0.3)‰) and δ 15N value((9.0±0.6)‰) in human collagen indicate that although millet agriculture began it was not the main subsistence strategy as millets are typical of C4 plants and that humans made a living mainly by gathering,hunting or raising some domesticated animals.The δ 13C value(-16.1‰) and δ 15N value(6.9‰) in the bovine suggest that C3 plants were dominant in its diet with some C4 plants complemented.The fish has lower δ 13C value(-24.9‰) and higher δ 15N value(8.8‰) than the bovine,which is the characteristic of the isotopic values from Eurasian freshwater fish.Based on the differences in carbon and nitrogen isotope values,the pigs can be divided into three groups.A group,composed of two pigs,has low δ 13C values(-18.1‰,-20.0‰) and low δ 15N values(4.7‰,6.0‰).B group,only one pig,has the highest δ 13C value(-10.6‰) and mediate δ 15N value(6.4‰).As for the C group,also only one pig,low δ 13C value(-19.0‰) and the highest δ 15N value(9.1‰) are observed.Previous studies on the stable isotopes from modern or ancient wild boars' bones have suggested that C3 plants are predominated in their diets and that their δ 15N values are close to those in herbivores and far from those in carnivores.Based on the comparison with the isotope values from humans,the wild boars and the domestic pigs from Xipo Site in Henan 6000―5500 years ago and Kangjia Site in Shaanxi 4500―4000 years ago,we conclude that A pig group belongs to wild boars while B and C groups can be attributed to domesticated pigs.

The influence of agriculture in the process of population integration and cultural interaction during the Eastern Zhou Period in central-south, Inner Mongolia: Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of human bones from the Dabaoshan cemetery, Helingee

Central-south Inner Mongolia, China, is highly sensitive to the cultural interactions between sedentary agriculturalists and nomadic pastoralists during the Eastern Zhou Period(770–256 BC). The previous pattern of multiple cultures and diverse ethnic groups has been transformed to the increasingly dominated cultural system of Central Plain since the middle and late Warring States Period, when the states of Zhao and Qin have conquered the most parts of central-south Inner Mongolia.However, the variation of subsistence strategies during this historical process has never been evaluated. Particularly, as the typical representative of Central Plain cultures, the effect of intensive millet agriculture is still unknown in the process of population integration and culture interaction. Thus, to explore the shift of subsistence pattern, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of bone collagen from Dabaoshan site(410–180 BC) have been performed. The isotopic result indicates a large amount of C_4-based animal protein consumed by Dabaoshan humans. According to the archaeological backgrounds, we propose the Dabaoshan persons intensively relied on the millet agriculture and developed the agro-pastoral economy, which hinted the comprehensive influences from Central plain civilizations in late Warring States Period. Further compared with other published isotopic data in the same region during different periods, we suggest the millet agriculture has played the positive role in the process of population integration and culture fusion in central-south Inner Mongolia during the Eastern Zhou Period.

Carbon and nitrogen isotopes analysis and sources of organic matter in surface sediments from the Sanggou Bay and its adjacent areas, China

Naturally existing stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes are important in the study of sedimentary organic matter sources. To identify the sources of sedimentary organic matter in Sanggou Bay and its adjacent areas, which is characterized by high-density shellfish and seaweed aquaculture, the grain size, organic carbon （OC）, total nitrogen （TN）, carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition （δ13C andδ15N） of organic matter in the surface sediment were determined. The results showed that, in August, sedimentary OC and TN ranged from 0.17% to 0.76% and 0.04% to 0.14%, respectively. In November, OC and TN ranged from 0.23% to 0.87% and 0.05% to 0.14%, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between OC and TN （R=0.98, P＆lt;0.0001）, indicating that OC and TN were homologous. In August, theδ13C andδ15N of organic matter varied from -23.06‰ to -21.59‰ and 5.10‰ to 6.31‰, respectively. In November,δ13C andδ15N ranged from -22.87‰ to -21.34‰ and 5.13‰ to 7.31‰, respectively. This study found that the major sources of sedimentary organic matter were marine shellfish biodeposition, seaweed farming, and soil organic matter. Using a three-end-member mixed model, we estimated that the dominant source of sedimentary organic matter was shellfish biodeposition, with an average contribution rate of 65.53% in August and 43.00% in November. Thus, shellfish farming had a significant influence on the coastal carbon cycle.

Application of Stable Isotope Techniques in Studies of Carbon and Nitrogen Biogeochemical Cycles of Ecosystem

Stable isotope techniques have been proved useful as tools for studying the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) biogeochemical cycles of ecosystem. This paper firstly introduced the basic principles and the distribution characteristics of stable isotope, then reviewed the recent advances and applications of stable isotope in the C and N biogeochemical cycles of ecosystem. By applying the 13 C natural abundance technique, ecologists are able to understand the photosynthetic path and CO 2 fixation of plants, the CO 2 exchange and C balance status of ecosystem, the composition, distribution and turnover of soil organic C and the sources of organic matter in food webs, while by using the 13 C labeled technique, the effects of elevated CO 2 on the C processes of ecosystem and the sources and fate of organic matter in ecosystem can be revealed in detail. Differently, by applying the 15 N natural abundance technique, ecologists are able to analyze the biological N 2 -fixation, the N sources of ecosystem, the N transformation processes of ecosystem and the N trophic status in food webs, while by using the 15 N labeled technique, the sources, transformation and fate of N in ecosystem and the effects of N input on the ecosystem can be investigated in depth. The applications of both C and N isotope natural abundance and labeled techniques, combined with the elemental, other isotope ( 34 S) and molecular biomarker information, will be more propitious to the investigation of C and N cycle mechanisms. Finally, this paper concluded the problems existed in current researches, and put forward the perspective of stable isotope techniques in the studies on C and N biogeochemical cycles of ecosystem in the future.

Effects of pretreatment procedures on fatty acid composition and stable carbon isotopes in the marine microalga Isochrysis zhanjiangenisis

This study aims to quantify the effects of different pretreatment methods on the stable carbon isotope values of fatty acids in marine microalgae（Isochrysis zhanjiangenisis）.To identify the effects of sample preparation on theδ^（13）C value and the fatty acid composition,we examined eight types of pretreatment methods including：（a） drying the sample followed by direct methyl esterification using HCl-CH3OH;（b） drying the sample followed by direct methyl esterification using H2SO4-CH3OH;（c） drying the sample by ultrasonic extraction and methylesterification using HCl-CH3OH;（d） drying the sample by ultrasonic extraction and methyl-esterification using H2SO4-CH3OH;（e） fresh sample followed by direct methyl-esterification using HCl-CH3OH;（f） fresh sample followed by direct methyl-esterification using H2SO4-CH3OH;（g） fresh sample with ultrasonic extraction followed by methyl-esterification using HCl-CH3OH,and（h） fresh sample with ultrasonic extraction followed by methylesterification using H2SO4-CH3 OH.The results show that the δ^（13）C values from Groups a-e,g and h fluctuated within 0.3‰,and the δ^（13）C values of Group f were approximately 0.7‰ lower than the other seven groups.Therefore,the different sample pretreatment methods used towards the extraction of fatty acids from marine microalgae may result in different results regarding the stable carbon isotope ratios,and if necessary a correction should be applied.

Effect of dietary stable isotopic ratios of carbon and nitrogen on the extent of their incorporation into tissues of rats

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different dietary ratios of 13C to 12C or 15 N to 14N on their relative incorporation into tissues. Eighty male rats were used in two 21-day feeding trials in which they were fed diets with either high δ13C levels （δ13C=-13.89%o and δ15N =2.37%o in experiment 1 and δ13C=-19.34%o and δ15N = 4.73%o in experiment 2） or low 613C levels （δ13C =-17.90%o and δ15N = 3.08%o in experiment 1 and δ13C =-21.76%o and δ15N = 0.53‰ in experiment 2）, meanwhile, the dietary δ15N levels were designed to two ranks Blood, liver, adipose and muscle tissues were collected on day 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 for determination of 13C, 12C, 15N and 14 N isotopes. Rat growth rate, antioxidant capacity and metabolic parameters were also assessed. The results indicate that adipose tissue tend to deplete 13C before the stable isotopic ratios achieved final equilibrium. Therefore, feeds with different isotopic signatures had different incorporation rates into tissues. Low dietary 13C levels decreased tissue δ13C values whereas high dietary 13C levels did not alter tissue δ13C values during the 21-d experiment. Blood δ15N values were a reliable parameter in assessing the relative contribution of dietary nitrogen to tissues. This study revealed a relationship between dietary tissues. However, more studies are needed to illustrate the sotopic signatures and their incorporation rates into rat mechanism through which dietary isotopic ratios nfiuence the extent of isotopic incorporation into the tissues

Spatial distributions of organic carbon and nitrogen and their isotopic compositions in sediments of the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent sea area

The spatial distribution patterns of total organic carbon and total nitrogen show significant correlations with currents of the East China Sea Shelf. Corresponding to distributions of these currents, the study area could be divided into four different parts. Total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and organic carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in sediments show linear correlations with mean grain size, respectively, thus ＂grain size effect＂ is an important factor that influences their distributions. C/N ratios can reflect source information of organic matter to a certain degree. In contrast, nitrogen stable isotope shows different spatial distribution patterns with C/N and organic carbon stable isotope, according to their relationships and regional distributions. The highest contribution （up to 50%） of terrestrial organic carbon appears near the Changjiang Estuary with isolines projecting towards northeast, indicating the influence of the Changjiang dilution water. Terrestrial particulate organic matter suffers from effects of diagenesis, benthos and incessant inputting of dead organic matter of plankton, after depositing in seabed. Therefore, the contribution of terrestrial organic carbon to particulate organic matter is obviously greater than that to organic matter in sediments in the same place.

Distribution of organic carbon in sediments and its influences on adjacent sea area in the turbidity maximum of Changjiang Estuary in China

Distributions and sources of total organic carbon （TOC）in seabed sediments and their implications for hydrodynamics are analyzed, in the turbidity maximum of the Changjiang Estuary. Ecology ecoenvironmental effects of estuary water on the continuously increasing terrigenous organic carbon from the Changjiang River are also explored through variations of organic carbon content and water quality indicators. Results show that, hydrodynamics exert important influences on distributions of organic carbon in the tur- bidity maximum of Changjiang Estuary. For their redistribution effect of terrigenous organic carbon within the moving layer in the whole region, variations from land to sea are not indicated by surficial and vertical average values of TOC and total nitrogen （TN） contents in core sediment, as well as organic stable carbon isotopes in surface sediments. However, on the long-time scale, the trend of terrigenous organic carbon decreasing from land to sea is still displayed by variations of stable carbon isotopic average values becoming heavier from land to sea. Previous studies have shown that high content of Chl a cannot appear in the Changjiang Estuary in despite of adequate nourishment supply, because photosynthesis of phytoplankton is constrained by high suspended sediment concentration（SSC）. However, an area with a high content of Chl a occurs, which may be caused by resuspended benthic algae with bottom fine grain-size sediments. Tremendous pressures are imposed on the environment of Changjiang Estuary, because of uhrophication trends and special hydrodynamics. Phytoplankton bloom area tends to extend from the outer sea to the mouth of Changjiang River.

Carbon Sources of Sediment and Epifaunal Food Sources in a Tropical Mangrove Forest in North Sulawesi, Indonesia

The stable isotope ratios of nitrogen(δ^(15)N) and carbon(δ^(13)C) were applied in this study to analyze sediment carbon sources and primary food sources of epifauna in an oceanic mangrove forest in tropical North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Proportional contribution of mangrove-derived carbon to the food sources was compared among epifauna belonging to different feeding guilds. The sediment in the mangrove site with a depleted δ^(13)C signature(-28.02‰± 0.24‰) mainly consists of mangrove-derived carbon. Analysis using Bayesian stable isotope mixing model in the R program shows that mangrove-derived carbon can dominate the food sources of a majority of the epifauna(11 out of the total 18 species), especially 2 sesarmid crabs Parasesarma semperi and Sesarma sp., crab Epixanthus dentatus, and snails Terebralia sulcata and Optediceros breviculum, which belong to various feeding guilds. Mangrove-derived carbon has a proportional contribution to the food sources of fiddle crab Tubuca coarctata and 3 littorinid snails(Littoraria spp.) close to that of suspended particulate organic matter. Three planktophagous bivalve species(Anadara antiquata, Anadara sp. and Callista erycina) were found to mainly feed on seagrass-derived materials. Mean proportional contributions of mangrove-derived carbon to the food sources were 50.15%, 59.60%, 46.20% and 27.58% for the carnivorous, omnivorous, phytophagous and planktophagous groups, respectively. The results suggest that mangrove-derived carbon can directly(via grazing plant tissues) or indirectly(via deposit feedings) make an important contribution to the food sources of epifauna in the oceanic mangrove forest where the allochthonous input of organic carbon is low.

水中硝酸盐氮稳定同位素比值测定前处理方法的优化

水体中过量的硝酸盐会导致严重的水生生态恶化和环境污染问题。氮稳定同位素技术为水体污染来源的判断及水生系统氮素转化机理研究提供了强有力的工具。在前人基础上,通过开发Cu^(2+)-Cd复合催化结合超声波辅助加速反应,优化硝酸盐氮同位素比值测定前处理方法。考察了Cu^(2+)添加量、超声功率以及反应时间变化对NO_(3)^(-)-N转化生成N_(2)O气体及其氮同位素比值的影响,在单因素实验基础上采用正交实验优化得到了最佳反应条件,并采用不同^(15)N同位素比值的KNO_(3)标准溶液结合气体预浓缩装置与稳定同位素质谱仪联用系统对新方法进行了验证。新方法单次反应体系中氮最低量为1.0μg,其中自然丰度和高丰度样品δ^(15)N分析精度小于1‰,富集样品的^(15)N分析精度可达0.1 atom%以内(CV<1%);且所有标准样品的^(15)N测定值与参考值基本一致。将优化后的方法应用于不同来源水样中硝酸盐氮稳定同位素比值测定,均可获得较好的精度,较原方法提高了前处理效率,且精度更优。建立的方法准确可靠,操作简单,耗时短,适用于水中硝酸盐氮稳定同位素比值测定的批量、快速前处理。

苏铁蕨在广东的分布概况及其中药饮片溯源分析

为给苏铁蕨(Brainea insignis)资源的保护和可持续利用提供依据,采用样线法对广东省内的苏铁蕨种群进行较全面的野外调查,测定稳定碳和氮同位素比值及碳和氮含量,对其中药饮片进行初步溯源。结果表明,苏铁蕨在广东主要分布在北江以东的惠州市、河源市、梅州市和深圳市;在北江以西分布较少;苏铁蕨分布点纬度为22°36'~24°39'N,经度为112°35'~116°48'E,海拔高度为26~706 m。2批次中药饮片的初步溯源结果显示,这些中药饮片可能源自广东罗浮山省级自然保护区、广东惠东莲花山白盆珠省级自然保护区和广东和平黄石坳省级自然保护区。

广东毛茶资源及其生理生态特征研究

为了解毛茶资源及其生理生态特征,采用样线法对广东67个自然保护地的毛茶资源进行了野外调查,测定了毛茶的净光合速率、蒸腾速率及环境因子的日变化、叶绿度、植物及生境的碳氮含量、稳定碳氮同位素组成。结果表明:在10个保护地的123个生境记录到280株毛茶,其中珠海担杆岛和二洲岛、斗门黄杨山和锅盖栋、台山上川岛为毛茶新增分布点,以深圳三洲田的62处148株为最多。毛茶植物体的碳、氮含量显著高于生境土壤和岩石;叶片δ^(13)C、δ^(15)N比率分别为-34.51‰和-0.94‰,显著低于或高于根、茎的相应值。正常绿色叶片叶绿度(SPAD值)为41.0,显著高于黄叶的17.6;测定日的净光合速率平均为5.55μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1);蒸腾速率平均为0.59 mmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1);水分利用效率平均为9.13,显示毛茶在冬季气温和大气相对湿度相对较低的情况下,以较低的净光合速率、蒸腾速率但较高的水分利用效率维持正常的生理活动。

Determination of the geographical origin of Chinese teas based on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios

The objective of this study was to investigate the geographical origin of Chinese teas using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratio technology.The results showed that inter-provincial dispersion of teas in Guangdong(GD),Guangxi(GX),Hainan(HA),Fujian(FJ),Shandong(SD),Sichuan(SC),Chongqing(CQ),and Henan(HN) provinces was high,while in Zhejiang(ZJ),Hubei(HB),Yunnan(YN),and Anhui(AH) provinces,it was low.Tea samples from GD,GX,HA,and FJ provinces were clustered in one group and separated from those from AH and HB provinces.Thus,carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratio technology could discriminate teas from among some provinces of China,but not from among others.Better separation might be obtained with a combination of isotopic ratios and other indexes,such as elemental data and organic components.

The subsistence patterns of the Shengedaliang site(-4,000 yr BP)revealed by stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in northern Shaanxi,China

In order to explore subsistence patterns in northern Shaanxi Province around 4,000 yr BP,28 human and 24 animal bones from the Shengedaliang site were sampled for stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratio analysis.The results show that most people primarily subsisted on C_4 resources,e.g.millet and millet-related animal products,despite the fact that there was some intake of C_3 plants by some individuals.Stable nitrogen isotope values indicate that there were differences in meat consumption between individuals at the site.Pigs were mainly foddered with millet and millet byproducts,as well as some cattle,according to their highδ^(13)C values.However,most cattle and the sheep/goats consumed wild C_3 plants at Shengedaliang.Our above findings indicates that subsistence patterns in northern Shaanxi around 4,000 yr BP were characterized by millet farming,while the grassland animal husbandry,e.g.cattle and sheep/goats raising,displayed very little contribution to local economy.The intensive millet farming in northern Shaanxi provided enough food for population growth,ensured the accumulation of wealth,and consequently accelerated social differentiation and complexity.

东北地区典型湖沼沉积物溶解态有机质组成特征及来源解析:以库里泡为例

溶解态有机质(DOM)是湖泊沉积物的重要组分,解析DOM的组成和来源对于深入理解湖泊有机质生物地球化学循环及控制水体富营养化具有重要意义。本研究于2021年5月和8月采集了大庆市库里泡表层及柱状沉积物、泡内水生物(浮游藻类、挺水植物和沉水植物)、岸边土壤、陆生C3和C4植物、禽畜粪便以及城镇污水等样品,分析了样品DOM的稳定同位素(δ^(13)C和δ^(15)N)组成及三维荧光光谱特征,并利用IsoSource软件计算了不同来源样品对沉积物DOM的贡献率。结果显示:(1)库里泡内表层沉积物DOM的δ13C和δ15N组成存在季节性差异,5月δ^(13)C和δ^(15)N均值分别为-25.54‰和9.02‰,8月分别为-26.81‰和8.40‰。(2)库里泡内柱状沉积物DOM的δ^(13)C和δ^(15)N组成在垂直方向存在差异,表层(0~3 cm)δ^(13)C和δ^(15)N均值分别为-26.58‰和9.04‰,深层(3~30 cm)均值分别为-25.40‰和10.61‰。(3)表层沉积物DOM的三维荧光组分存在季节性差异。5月以类腐殖质荧光组分为主,占比为87.89%,HIX和BIX分别为6.27和0.67;8月蛋白类荧光组分占比为49.58%,HIX和BIX指数均值分别为1.72和0.87。(4)5月表层沉积物DOM外源输入占比为61%,以土壤(21.40%)和城镇污水(18.08%)为主;而8月内源贡献占比稍高(55.10%),且以挺水植物为主(48.68%)。(5)柱状沉积物(0~30 cm)不同深度DOM来源组成相近,主要为城镇污水、沉水植物/藻和挺水植物,贡献率均值分别为42.13%、25.07%和18.53%。整体上,库里泡沉积物DOM来源主要受到流域内人类活动及气候特征的影响,本文研究结果有利于加深对我国东北地区湖泊沉积物有机质迁移转化及累积规律的认识。

冷泉碳酸盐岩有机碳、氮同位素的耦合及其对甲烷厌氧氧化过程的指示

驱动甲烷厌氧氧化(AOM)过程的微生物不仅能同化吸收甲烷等碳氢化合物作为碳源,同时也能进行氮素的同化吸收,从而导致这些微生物的生物体出现显著的^(13)C、^(15)N亏损。目前还缺乏来自冷泉环境有机氮δ^(15)N数据来直接证实AOM参与氮的循环过程。本研究分析了来自墨西哥湾海底5个冷泉站位的自生碳酸盐岩的总氮(TN)、总无机氮(TIN)和总有机氮(TON)的含量及其δ^(15)N值,并结合前人获得的总无机碳和总有机碳含量和δ^(13)C数据进行研究,结果发现总氮的δ^(15)N与总有机碳的δ^(13)C只在部分站位表现出正相关性。然而,在排除无机氮的干扰后,总有机氮的δ^(15)N与总有机碳的δ^(13)C在所有站位均表现出正相关性。表明这种有机碳、氮同位素上的耦合与甲烷的活动密切相关,有望作为有效示踪过去海底甲烷渗漏及AOM作用的指标。

水体富营养化及物种入侵对星云湖食物网的影响

以云南浅水富营养化湖泊星云湖为研究区域,于2019~2020年对星云湖水质样品、初级生产者浮游植物(浮游碳源)、沉水植物(底栖碳源)、流域有机质(陆源)以及消费者浮游动物、底栖动物、鱼类等生物样品进行系统采集,甄别了星云湖初级生产者和消费者的碳、氮稳定同位素组成特征,并使用MixSIAR模型对消费者食物来源进行量化,对比分析以初级生产者(模式A)、以碳源贡献权重(模式B)和以初级消费者(模式C)3种不同氮稳定同位素基准计算的消费者营养级结果,进而构建适用于浅水富营养化湖泊的食物网结构,探讨富营养化以及外来入侵物种可能对星云湖食物网产生的影响.结果表明,MixSIAR模型结果显示浮游碳源、底栖碳源、陆源对消费者的贡献分别为77.3%、12.2%、10.5%,且沿岸带、敞水区不同生境鱼类的碳同位素信号不存在显著性差异,与浮游碳源的相近,指示浮游碳源是富营养湖泊消费者最主要的食物来源,其能量传输以浮游路径为主.对于不同食性的鱼类,杂食性鱼类的基础食物源(CR)跨度大,而肉食性鱼类营养长度(NR)更高,两者的核心生态位分离,且杂食性鱼类的核心生态位面积(3.79)高于肉食性鱼类(2.46),表明杂食性鱼类具有更高的适应性.模式B计算的营养级结果与消费者的食性较一致,可应用于星云湖消费者营养级计算.模式B结果显示,星云湖食物链长度为3.73,顶级掠食者为抚仙鲇,入侵物种太湖新银鱼营养级(3.37)次之,且与星云白鱼(3.01)在食物和生存空间上存在竞争.研究认为,富营养化导致的物源和能流的改变以及外来物种的入侵是造成星云湖土著鱼类资源衰退、食物网结构中生物多样性减少及生态系统功能弱化的主要原因.

放牧、氮添加对荒漠草原植物和土壤碳氮的影响

为了探究放牧和氮添加对内蒙古荒漠草原植物—土壤碳、氮循环的影响,在禁牧(UG,0只羊单位·hm^(-2))和重度放牧(HG,1.74只羊单位·hm-2)样地进行氮添加处理,各处理水平为:对照(CK,0 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1))、低氮(LN,5 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1))、中氮(MN,10 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1))和高氮(HN,20 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1))。通过对短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)叶片和土壤全碳(Total carbon, TC)、全氮(Total nitrogen, TN)、稳定碳同位素(Stable carbon isotopes, δ13C)、稳定氮同位素(Stable nitrogen isotopes, δ15N)及土壤有机碳(Soil organic carbon, SOC)、速效氮(Available nitrogen, AN)的测定分析,结果表明:放牧显著增加土壤TC、TN和AN含量(P<0.05);放牧使短花针茅叶片δ13C,δ15N值显著减小(P<0.05);氮添加使短花针茅叶片δ15N值显著减小(P<0.05)。放牧和氮添加在一定程度上均加速了短花针茅和土壤的养分循环,同时氮添加对短花针茅的氮吸收及分馏效应有一定影响,对退化草地恢复起重要作用。

昆明城市土壤有机碳氮含量及其稳定同位素耦合关系研究

随着城镇化的快速推进,城市土壤已成为陆地生态系统重要组成部分,不同土地利用类型土壤有机碳氮含量、稳定同位素组成分布特征及其耦合关系是了解城市土壤碳氮循环过程的重要途径.选取昆明市区受人类活动影响程度不同的公园绿地、居住绿地、道路绿地、耕地4类土壤作为研究对象,开展0—20 cm土壤有机质碳氮元素及其同位素组成的空间分异特征与影响因素研究.结果表明,昆明城市土壤有机质含量低,有机碳(SOC)和总氮(TN)含量中值分别为6.14 g·kg^(−1)和0.55 g·kg^(−1),较全国城市土壤平均水平低27.22%(C)和28.57%(N).土壤有机碳同位素(δ^(13)C)平均值为-25.22‰±1.56‰,氮同位素(δ^(15)N)则分布范围较广,为1.22‰—10.12‰,平均值为6.55‰±1.58‰,显著高于其他自然土壤δ^(15)N值. 4类土地利用类型中,耕地土壤SOC、TN含量显著偏高,δ^(13)C和δ^(15)N值显著偏正.垂向分布上,公园绿地、居住绿地、道路绿地SOC、TN含量随土层深度的增加而降低,δ^(13)C和δ^(15)N值则呈现富集趋势,表明重同位素^(13)C、^(15)N在土壤腐殖质中富集.耕地土壤因人为耕作,理化性质分层特征不明显.昆明市较低的土壤有机质含量与城市化进程导致的土地利用类型改变、绿化年限影响的成土时间较短以及昆明市气候、土质、植被类型等多因素有关.昆明城市土壤δ^(13)C值主要受昆明C_(3)、C_(4)植被覆盖度等自然环境因素影响,而δ^(15)N值由于受城市中水灌溉影响,显著偏正于自然土壤,指示人类活动已显著改变城市土壤氮循环过程,使土壤中更富集重同位素^(15)N.不同土地利用类型土壤垂向分布特征揭示有机质的分解、转化过程会对碳、氮同位素产生分馏作用,且氮同位素分馏高于碳同位素的分馏.

江苏沿海沉积物有机磷含量、总有机碳、总氮与同位素特征及有机质来源解析

沉积物有机质分布与来源是海陆过渡带生物地球化学循环和沿海生态环境研究中的重点和难点问题,一直受到广泛关注。选择江苏沿海为研究区域,于2016年采集61个表层沉积物样品,查明其中的有机磷(OP)含量、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)及有机碳和总氮同位素(δ^(13)C_(org)、δ^(15)N_(tot))特征,试图阐明江苏沿海沉积物有机质来源。结果表明:沉积物有机磷含量、总有机碳、总氮与粒度之间存在显著的相关关系,明显受水动力作用的影响。元素比值与同位素的定性分析表明,沉积物有机质主要由海洋生物提供,也受陆源输入的影响。同位素混合模型计算结果进一步发现,海源对沿海沉积物有机质平均贡献比例达到56.9%,其次为陆源C3植物、土壤以及农业肥料,平均贡献比例为38.5%,生活污水的贡献比例仅为4.6%。海源有机质通过洋流和潮波输送至江苏沿海,而河流输入和沿海养殖可能是陆源输入的重要方式。尽管陆源输入不是江苏沿海沉积物有机质的主要贡献来源,但可能是沿海水体富营养化的驱动因子。