Air-sea carbon fluxes and their controlling factors in the Prydz Bay in the Antarctic

The Prydz Bay in the Antarctic is an important area in the Southern Ocean due to its unique geographic feature. It plays an important role in the carbon cycle in the Southern Ocean. To investigate the distributions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and surface seawater and its air-sea exchange rates in this region, the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition （CHINARE） had set up several sections in the Prydz Bay. Here we present the results from the CHINARE-XVI cruises were presented onboard R/V Xue/ong from November 1999 to April 2000 and the main driving forces were discussed controlling the distributions of partial pressure of carbon dioxide. According to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide distributions, the Prydz Bay can be divided into the inside and outside regions. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide was low in the inside region but higher in the outside region during the measurement period. This distribution had a good negative correlation with the concentrations of ehlorophyll-a in general, suggesting that the partial pressure of carbon dioxide was substantially affected by biological production. The results also indicate that the biological produetion is most likely the main driving force in the marginal ice zone in the Southern Ocean in summer. However, in the Antarctic divergence sector of the Prydz Bay （about 64°S）, the hydrological processes become the controlling factor as the sea surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide is much higher than the atmospheric one due to the upwelling of the high DIC CDW, and this made the outside of Prydz Bay a source of carbon dioxide. On the basis of the calculations, the CO2 flux in January （austral summer） was -3.23 mmol/（m^2 · d） in the inner part of Prydz Bay, i.e. , a sink of atmospheric CO2, and was 0.62 mmol/（m^2 · d） in the outside part of the bay, a weak source of atmospheric CO2. The average air-sea flux of CO2 in the Prydz Bay was 2.50 mmol/（m^2 · d）.

Control on Crystal Forms of Ultrafine Barium Carbonate Particles and Study on its Mechanism

Barium carbonate particles were prepared by using homogeneous precipitation method and co-precipitation method respectively. Through adding different crystalline controlling modifiers, Barium carbonate particles in five different shapes including linear, needle-like, pillarlike, sphere-like and dumbbell-like were synthesized. These particles were characterized by SEM and XRD, and their synthetic mechanism was discussed in this paper.

Doping effects of manganese on the catalytic performance and structure of NiMgO catalysts for controllabe synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Doping effects of manganese （Mn） on catalytic performance and structure evolution of NiMgO catalysts for synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes （MWCNTs） from methane were investigated for the first time. Addition of Mn in NiMgO catalyst can greatly improve the MWCNTs yield. Mno.2NiMgO catalyst among the tested ones gives the highest MWCNTs yield as 2244%, which is two times higher than that of the catalyst without Mn. The structure evolution, reduction behaviors and surface chemical properties of MnNiMgO catalysts with various Mn contents were studied in detail. It was found that the stable solid solution of NiMgO2 formed in NiMgO catalyst was disturbed by the addition of Mn. Instead, another solid solution of MnMg608 is formed. More amount of Ni can be reduced and dispersed on the catalyst surface to be acted as active sites. Importantly, the changes of Ni content on the surface are correlated with the Ni particle size and the outer diameter of MWCNTs, suggesting the controllable synthesis of MWCNTs over MnNiMgO catalysts.

Controlling the Diameter of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Improving the Dispersion of the Uniform Catalyst Nanoparticles on Substrate

To have uniform nanoparticles individually dispersed on substrate before single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWNTs)growth at high temperature is the key for controlling the diameter of the SWNTs.In this letter,a facile approach to control the diameter and distribution of the SWNTs by improving the dispersion of the uniform Fe/Mo nanoparticles on silicon wafers with silica layer chemically modified by 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane under different conditions is reported.It is found that the dispersion of the catalyst nanoparticles on Si wafer surface can be improved greatly from hydrophilic to hydrophobic,and the diameter and distribution of the SWNTs depend strongly on the dispersion of the catalyst on the substrate surface.Well dispersion of the catalyst results in relatively smaller diameter and narrower distribution of the SWNTs due to the decrease of aggregation and enhancement of dispersion of the catalyst nanoparticles before growth.It is also found that the diameter of the superlong aligned SWNTs is smaller with more narrow distribution than that of random nanotubes.

Controllable fabrication of self-organized nano-multilayers in copper–carbon films

In order to clarify the influence of methane concentration and deposition time on self-organized nano-multilayers,three serial copper-carbon films have been prepared at various methane concentrations with different deposition times using a facile magnetron sputtering deposition system. The ratios of methane concentration(CH4/Ar+CH4) used in the experiments are 20%, 40%, and 60%, and the deposition times are 5 minutes, 20 minutes, and 40 minutes, respectively.Despite the difference in the growth conditions, self-organizing multilayered copper-carbon films are prepared at different deposition times by changing methane concentration. The film composition and microstructure are investigated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), x-ray diffraction(XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM). By comparing the composition and microstructure of three serial films, the optimal growth conditions and compositions for self-organizing nano-multilayers in copper-carbon film are acquired. The results demonstrate that the self-organized nano-multilayered structure prefers to form in two conditions during the deposition process. One is that the methane should be curbed at low concentration for long deposition time,and the other condition is that the methane should be controlled at high concentration for short deposition time. In particular, nano-multilayered structure is self-organized in the copper-carbon film with copper concentration of 10-25 at.%.Furthermore, an interesting microstructure transition phenomenon is observed in copper-carbon films, that is, the nanomultilayered structure is gradually replaced by a nano-composite structure with deposition time and finally covered by amorphous carbon.

Austenite Recrystallization and Controlled Rolling of Low Carbon Steels

The dynamic recrystallization and static recrystallization in a low carbon steel were investigated through single-pass and double-pass experiments. The results indicate that as the deformation temperature increases and the strain rate decreases, the shape of the stress-strain curve is changed from dynamic recovery shape to dynamic recrystallization shape. The austenite could not recrystallize within a few seconds after deformation at temperature below 900 ℃. According to the change in microstructure during deformation, the controlled rolling of low carbon steel can be divided into four stages： dynamic recrystallization, dynamic recovery, strain-induced ferrite transformation, and rolling in two-phase region. According to the microstructure after deformation, the controlled rolling of low carbon steel can be divided into five regions： non-recrystallized austenite, partly-recrystallized austenite, fully-recrystallized austenite, austenite to ferrite transformation, and dual phase.

Effect of powdered activated carbon on Chinese traditional medicine wastewater treatment in submerged membrane bioreactor with electronic control backwashing

Chinese traditional medicine wastewater, rich in macromolecule and easy to foam in aerobic biodegradation such as Glycosides, was treated by two identical bench-scale aerobic submerged membrane bioreactors （SMBRs） operated in parallel under the same feed, equipped with the same electronic control backwashing device. One was used as the control SMBR （CSMBR） while the other was dosed with powdered activated carbon （PAC） （PAC-amended SMBR, PSMBR）. The backwashing interval was 5 min. One suction period was about 90 min by adjusting preestablished backwashing vacuum and pump frequency. The average flux of CSMBR during a steady periodic state of 24 d （576 h） was 5.87 L/h with average hydraulic residence time （HRT） of 5.97 h and that of PSMBR during a steady periodic state of 30 d （720 h） was 5.85 L/h with average HRT of 5.99 h. The average total chemical oxygen demand （COD） removal efficiency of CSMBR was 89.29% with average organic loading rate （OLR） at 4.16 kg COD/（m^3.d） while that of PSMBR was 89.79% with average OLR at 5.50 kg COD/（m^3.d）. COD concentration in the effluent of both SMBRs achieved the second level of the general wastewater effluent standard GB8978-1996 for the raw medicine material industry （300 mg/L）. Hence, SMBR with electronic control backwashing was a viable process for medium-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater treatment. Moreover, the increasing rates of preestablished backwashing vacuum, pump frequency, and vacuum and flux loss caused by mixed liquor in PSMBR all lagged compared to those in CSMBR; thus the actual operating time of the PSMBR system without membrane cleaning was extended by up to 1.25 times in contrast with the CSMBR system, and the average total COD removal efficiency of PSMBR was enhanced with higher average OLR.

Fuzzy control of carbon dioxide short circuit transfer welding based on reducing dependence of operating skills

In order to reduce dependence of operating skill ,fuzzy control system is developed, the core of which is a 16 bit Single Chip Microcomputer of Intel 80C196KC.It is realized by software programming. In this system two fuzzy controller are designed. The PID parameter self adjusting fuzzy controller is used to compensate welding current deviation in the process of arc voltage optimized control. To obtain the optimum result of ultimate frequency of short circuit transfer, the self optimizing fuzzy controller carries out the arc voltage self optimizing by under the condition of the given welding current. Arc voltage and welding current are kept the optimum matching relationship by two fuzzy controllers.

Strike-Slip Faults and Their Control on Differential Hydrocarbon Enrichment in Carbonate Karst Reservoirs: A Case Study of Yingshan Formation on Northern Slope of Tazhong Uplift, Tarim Basin

Objective Oil and gas are abundant in the Ordovician Yingshan Formation carbonate karst reservoirs on the northern slope of Tazhong uplift in the Tarim Basin, and have extremely complicated oil-gas-water distribution, however. The difference in burial depth of the reservoirs between east and west sides is up to 1000 m. Water-bearing formations exist between oil- and gas-bearing formations vertically and water-producing wells are drilled between oil- and gas-producing wells. Macroscopically, oil and gas occur at low positions, while water occurs at high positiona on the northern slope of Tazhong uplift. The mechanism of differential hydrocarbon enrichment in heterogeneous reservoirs is by far not clarified, which has affected the efficient exploration and development of oil and gas fields in this area.

Control of Fracture Behavior of Carbon Fiber/Pitch-based CarbonMatrix Composites with Microspace Modification Concept

Theoretical consideration was conducted on a relation between pore diameter and interfacialarea between pores and fibers when pores uniforinly distribute in C/C composites. It was shownthat bonding at the fiber/matrix interface apparently decreased with decreasing a pore diameter,and consequently a new idea of microspace modification concept was proposed for controllingfracture behavior of C/C composites. Four types of C/C composites with various pore structureswere fabricated by hot-pressing, and their fracture behavior was investigated by three pointbending tests. The fracture behavior of the C/C composites was changed from brittle one topseudo ductile one with decreasing the pore diameter. This result supported the validity of themicrospace modification concept proposed in this paper.

Carbon Emission Modeling and Analysis in Manufacturing Process for Numerical Control Machine Tools

Reducing carbon emissions( CEs) is the urgent demand all over the world. In order to realize the low-carbon numerical control( NC) machining, the evaluation model of a part's manufacturing carbon emission with NC machine tools was built by considering the influences of the cutting tool geometrical parameters.The manufacturing CEs were produced by electric power,cutting tools,and cutting fluid consumed in manufacturing process. The parameters of cutting tools affected not only the CEs,but also the machining quality. Then the actual constraint models of the machine performance,machining quality were given in order to optimize the cutting parameters and achieve the low-CEs. Finally,a case was given to analyze the influences of the cutting tool angles on the manufacturing CEs. The results show that the CEs decrease as the rake angle and edge angle increase under the constraints of the machine specifications and machining quality.

Study on Diameter Controlled Growth of Carbon Nanotubes by LaAl_(1-x)Fe_xO_3 Catalysts

A series of LaAl 1-xFe xO 3 catalysts prepared with lanthanum nitrate, aluminium nitrate and iron nitrate was investigated in catalytical syntheses of carbon nanotubes with high yields and purity. The properties of carbon nanotubes prepared by the method of CVD(chemical vapor deposition) with n-hexane as the carbon resource were studied and it was shown that the diameter of carbon nanotubes can be controlled by the molar ratio of iron to aluminum in the catalysts and that the diameter of carbon nanotubes changes a little with the decrease of the iron content in the catalysts. From the TEM pictures of carbon nanotubes, it can be found that the LaAl 1-xFe xO 3 catalysts have a significant influence on the wall thickness of the carbon nanotubes, whereas they have little influence on the inner diameter of the carbon nanotubes.

Forestry Interventions and Groundwater Recharge, Sediment Control and Carbon Sequestration in the Krishna River Basin

It is a known fact that human activities have a significant impact on global rivers, making the task of rehabilitating them to their former natural state or a more semi-natural state quite challenging. The ongoing initiative called “Rejuvenation of Krishna River through Forestry Interventions” aims to contribute to the overall river rejuvenation program in the country. In this context, the effects of forestry interventions on the Krishna River will be evaluated based on water quantity, water quality, and the potential for carbon sequestration through plantation efforts. To assess the outcomes of this study, various methodologies such as Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN), Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have been utilized to estimate water savings, reduction in sedimentation, and carbon sequestration potential within the Krishna basin. The projected results indicate that the implementation of forestry plantations and soil and moisture conservation measures in the Krishna River rejuvenation program could lead to significant improvements. Specifically, the interventions are expected to enhance water recharge by 400.49 million cubic meters per year, reduce sedimentation load by 869.22 cubic meters per year, and increase carbon sequestration by 3.91 lakh metric tonnes per year or 14.34 lakh metric tonnes of CO2 equivalent. By incorporating forestry interventions into the Krishna riverscape, it is anticipated that the quality and quantity of water flowing through the river will be positively impacted. These interventions will enhance water infiltration, mitigate soil erosion, and contribute to an improved vegetation cover, thereby conserving biodiversity. Moreover, they offer additional intangible benefits such as addressing climate change concerns through enhanced carbon sequestration potential along the entire stretch of riverine areas.

Controlled Rolling and Cooling Process for Low Carbon Cold Forging Steel

Effect of controlled rolling and cooling process on the mechanical properties of low carbon cold forging steel was investigated for different processing parameters of a laboratory hot rolling mill. The results show that the specimens with fast cooling after hot rolling exhibit very good mechanical properties, and the improvement of the mechanical properties can be attributed mainly to the ferrite-grain refinement. The mechanical properties increase with decreasing final cooling temperature within the range from 670 ℃ to 570 ℃ due to the finer interlamellar spacing of pearlite colony. The specimen with fast cooling after low temperature rolling shows the highest values of the mechanical properties. The effect of the ferrite grain size on the mechanical properties was greater than that of pearlite morphology in the present study. The mechanical properties of specimens by controlled rolling and cooling process without thermal treatment were greatly superior to that of the same specimens by the conventional rolling, and their tensile strength reached 490 MPa grade even in the case of low temperature rolling without controlled rolling. It might be expected to realize the substitution medium-carbon by low-carbon for 490 MPa grade cold forging steel with controlled rolling and cooling process.

Controlling factors of remaining oil distribution after water flooding and enhanced oil recovery methods for fracturecavity carbonate reservoirs in Tahe Oilfield

Based on comprehensive analysis of core, well logging, seismic and production data, the multi-scale reservoir space, reservoir types, spatial shape and distribution of fractures and caves, and the configuration relationship with production wells in fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs were studied systematically, the influence of them on the distribution of residual oil was analyzed, and the main controlling factors mode of residual oil distribution after water flooding was established. Enhanced oil recovery methods were studied considering the development practice of Tahe oilfield. Research shows that the main controlling factors of residual oil distribution after water flooding in fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs can be classified into four categories: local high point, insufficient well control, flow channel shielding and weak hydrodynamic. It is a systematic project to improve oil recovery in fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs. In the stage of natural depletion, production should be well regulated to prevent bottom water channeling. In the early stage of waterflooding, injection-production relationship should be constructed according to reservoir type, connectivity and spatial location to enhance control and producing degree of waterflooding and minimize remaining oil. In the middle and late stage, according to the main controlling factors and distribution characteristics of remaining oil after water flooding, remaining oil should be tapped precisely by making use of gravity differentiation and capillary force imbibition, enhancing well control, disturbing the flow field and so on. Meanwhile, backup technologies of reservoir stimulation, new injection media, intelligent optimization etc. should be developed, smooth shift from water injection to gas injection should be ensured to maximize oil recovery.

Fuzzy Logic for Solving an Optimal Control Problem of Hypoxemic Hypoxia Tissue Blood Carbon Dioxide Exchange during Physical Activity

This paper aims at using of an approach integrating the fuzzy logic strategy for hypoxemic hypoxia tissue blood carbon dioxide human optimal control problem. To test the efficiency of this strategy, the authors propose a numerical comparison with the direct method by taking the values of determinant parameters of cardiovascular-respiratory system for a 30 years old woman in jogging as her regular physical activity. The results are in good agreement with experimental data.

Control Logix5000在造纸用碳酸钙制浆生产中的应用

利用上位机组态软件RSView32和编程软件RSLogix5000,配置以Control Logix5561Con-troller PLC,对造纸用碳酸钙制浆生产线进行了自动化设计,构成了上位机监控系统,生产稳定,效果明显。

Construction and Application of Soil Erosion Control and Circular Agriculture Mode in Hilly Red Soil of Southern China

[Objective] The paper was to construct soil erosion control and circular agriculture mode in hilly red soil of southern China, and analyze its application effort. [Method] The cause of soil erosion in hilly red soil of southern China and the reason for long-term treatment without remarkable effort were analyzed. On this basis, the key technology, economic benefit, ecological service function and carbon sequestration sink enhancement effect of various modes were further analyzed. [Result] The basic idea for comprehensive control of hilly soil erosion in southern China was as follows: the control of soil erosion was combined with modern agricultural production, in order to build "fruit(tea)-grass-livestock-methane" circular agriculture mode with comprehensive control of soil erosion; application effect analysis showed that the establishment of circular agriculture mode in southern hilly area to control soil erosion had remarkable effect, which could simultaneously meet the coordinated development of ecological, economic and social benefits. [Conclusion] This study established an effective mode suitable for soil erosion control and agricultural protection development in southern red soil mountain, which could drive the sustainable development of ecological restoration of mountainous area and rural agricultural economy.

Reviews on Current Carbon Emission Reduction Technologies and Projects and their Feasibilities on Ships

Concern about global climate change is growing, and many projects and researchers are committed to reducing greenhouse gases from all possible sources. International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set a target of 20% CO2 reduction from shipping by 2020 and also presented a series of carbon emission reduction methods, which are known as Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) and Energy Efficiency Operation Indicator (EEOI). Reviews on carbon emission reduction from all industries indicate that, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is an excellent solution to global warming. In this paper, a comprehensive literature review of EEDI and EEOI and CCS is conducted and involves reviewing current policies, introducing common technologies, and considering their feasibilities for marine activities, mainly shipping. Current projects are also presented in this paper, thereby illustrating that carbon emission reduction has been the subject of attention from all over the world. Two case ship studies indicate the economic feasibility of carbon emission reduction and provide a guide for CCS system application and practical installation on ships.

Encapsulation of MnS Nanocrystals into N,S-Co-doped Carbon as Anode Material for Full Cell Sodium-Ion Capacitors

Sodium-ion capacitors(SICs)have received increasing interest for grid stationary energy storage application due to their affordability,high power,and energy densities.The major challenge for SICs is to overcome the kinetics imbalance between faradaic anode and nonfaradaic cathode.To boost the Na+reaction kinetics,the present work demonstrated a high-rate MnS-based anode by embedding the MnS nanocrystals into the N,S-co-doped carbon matrix(MnS@NSC).Benefiting from the fast pseudocapacitive Na+storage behavior,the resulting composite exhibits extraordinary rate capability(205.6 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1)and outstanding cycling stability without notable degradation after 2000 cycles.A prototype SIC was demonstrated using MnS@NSC anode and N-doped porous carbon(NC)cathode;the obtained hybrid SIC device can display a high energy density of 139.8 Wh kg−1 and high power density of 11,500 W kg−1,as well as excellent cyclability with 84.5%capacitance retention after 3000 cycles.The superior electrochemical performance is contributed to downsizing of MnS and encapsulation of conductive N,S-co-doped carbon matrix,which not only promote the Na+and electrons transport,but also buffer the volume variations and maintain the structure integrity during Na+insertion/extraction,enabling its comparable fast reaction kinetics and cyclability with NC cathode.