Development and Experimental Study of Air Source Heat Pump Water Heater

The principle and development prospect of air source heat pump water heat were introduced,as well as the designation of condenser (storage water tank),experimental study on installations was also carried out.The results showed that air source heat pump water heater was superior to conventional system.Under the operation of cooling and heating,heat pump comprehensive utilization equipment could improve heating performance,reduce energy consumption,and recycle condensing heat to provide hot water.

Experimental study on characteristics of transcritical heat pump water heater using refrigerant HFC125

To evaluate the performance of heat pumps using refrigerant HFC125,an experimental rig of a DC-inverter heat pump water heater is designed and set up,and the research on the transcritical heat pump water heater is carried out experimentally.It is found that there is a top value of the coefficient of performance（COP）when the system runs at 95 Hz of frequency.The relationships between the COP and compressor frequency,condensation pressure,evaporation pressure,condensation water temperature rise,and discharge temperature are discussed and analyzed at 95 Hz.And the COP of the HFC125 transcritical cycle is also compared with that of a R410 subcritical heat pump under the same conditions.The results indicate that there exists an optimum frequency for a better COP,and the system COP shows an increasing tendency with the decrease in condensation pressure and compressor ratio while the evaporation pressure remains invariant,and the COP decreases rapidly when cooling water temperature rises over 47.5 ℃.Compared with the R410A sub-critical cycle,the COP of HFC125 transcritical cycle significantly increases by 12% on average.

Experimental Study of Thermoelectric Heat Pump Water Heater with Exhaust Heat Recovery from Kitchens

A new kind of thermoelectric heat pump water heater for kitchens exhaust heat recovery was presented,and its performances were investigated under different operating voltages.The experiment results show that the coefficient of performance decreases and the temperature difference between the hot and cold sides becomes larger with the increase of the operating voltage,but the heating time becomes short.The higher the temperature of water,the greater the temperature difference between the hot and cold sides,leading to a smaller coefficient of performance.Under an exhaust temperature of 36 ℃,the coefficient of performance decreases from 1.66 to 1.22 when the temperature of water increases from 28 ℃ to 46 ℃ with operating voltage 16 V.Performance tests illustrate that,compared with the conventional electrical water heaters,the new kind of thermoelectric heat pump water heater is more coefficient.

Variation of fluxes of water vapor, sensible heat and carbon dioxide above winter wheat and maize canopies

Surface energy fluxes were measured using Bowen-Ratio Energy Balance technique (BREB) and eddy correlation system at Luancheng of Hebei Province, on the North China Plain from 1999 to 2001. Average diurnal variation of surface energy fluxes and CO2 flux for maize showed the inverse “U” type. The average peak fluxes did not appear at noon, but after noon. The average peak CO2 flux was about 1.65 mg m-2 s-1. Crop water use efficiency (WUE) increased quickly in the morning, stabilized after 10:00 and decreased quickly after 15:00 with no evident peak value. The ratio of latent heat flux (λE) to net solar radiation (Rn) was always higher than 70% during winter wheat and maize seasons. The seasonal average ratio of sensible heat flux (H) divided byR n stayed at about 15% above the field surface; the seasonal average ratio of conductive heat flux (G) divided by Rn varied between 5% and 13%, and the averageG/R> n from the wheat canopy was evidently higher than that from the maize canopy. The evaporative fraction (EF) is correlated to the Bowen ratio in a reverse function.EF for winter wheat increased quickly during that revival stage, after the stage, it gradually stabilized to 1.0, and fluctuated around 1.0. EF for maize also fluctuated around 1.0 before the later grain filling stage, and decreased after that stage.

Carbon dioxide heat pump for dual-temperature drinking fountain

Carbon dioxide trans-critical heat pump system for heating and cooling water was designed,and its thermodynamic steady-state concentration model was established. Based on the steady-state model,parameters of the carbon dioxide trans-critical heat pump were calculated by computer programming. According to these parameters,the effects and application prospect of the heat pump system were analyzed for dual-temperature drinking fountains.

Numerical and Experimental Study on Dynamic Performance of Heat Pump Water Heater with Electronic Expansion Valve

A series of experiments on the dynamic performance of the HPWH （heat pump water heater） unit with EXV （electronic expansion valve） under different environmental conditions were conducted. The dynamic heating capacity and COP （coefficient of performance） of the HPWH unit under different EXV openings were measured. The effects of the EXV opening on the performance of the HPWH unit were analyzed. Meanwhile, the dynamic performance of the HPWH with EXV was simulated and the results were compared with the experimental one. The experimental results indicate that during heating process, the COP increases firstly and then decreases for a fixed EXV opening, which is in good agreement with the numerical result. For different EXV openings, the COP and heating capacity of the system using larger EXV opening are superior to those using the smaller one in the initial heating stage. While in the late stage, the performance of system using smaller EXV opening is better. It is found that the system performance is improved significantly by changing the EXV opening in the different heating period and the average COP of the HPWH system is increased by 7.6%.

Experimental assessment of two-phase bubble pump for solar water heating

The research goal is to develop a new solar water heater system(SWHS) that uses a solar bubble pump instead of an electric pump.The pump is powered by the steam produced from an evacuated tube collector.Therefore,heat could be transferred downward from the collector to a hot water storage tank.The designed system consists of two sets of heat-pipe evacuated tube collectors,a solar bubble pump installed at an upper level and a water storage tank with a heat exchanger at a lower level.Discharge heads of 1 and 5 m were tested.The bubble pump could operate at the collector temperature of about 90-100 ℃ and vapor gage pressure of 80-90 kPa.It is found that water circulation within the SWHS depends on the incident solar intensity and system discharge head.Experimental investigations are conducted to obtain the system thermal efficiencies from the hourly,daily and long-term performance tests.The thermal performance of the proposed system is compared with conventional solar water heaters.The results show that the proposed system achieves system characteristic efficiency of 10% higher than that of the conventional systems using electric pump if taking the consumption of electric power into account.And the former is a zero carbon system.

Performance and Optimization of Air Source Heat Pump Water Heater with Cyclic Heating

A new type of microchannel condenser applied in the air source heat pump water heater(ASHPWH)with cyclic heating was proposed in this study.The operating performance of the ASHPWH was frst tested.Then,the structure of the microchannel condenser was optimized with the implement of vortex generators.Finally,a numerical model of the ASHPWH was established and the optimized microchannel condenser was studied.The experimental results showed that the average coefficient of performance(COP)of the 1HP(735 W)ASHPWH reached 3.48.In addition,the optimized microchannel condenser could be matched with a 3 HP(2430W)ASHPWH with an average heating capacity of 10.30 kW,and achieving an average COP of 4.24,14.6%higher than the limit value in the national standard.

Simulation Study on a Heat Pump System Using R744/R290 as Refrigerant

Based on the Chinese National Standards involving heat pump water heater and space heating system, performances of the R744/R290 subcritical heat pump system have been discussed and compared with those of the R22 system, which is widely used in heat pump systems in China nowadays. It can be indicated that R744/R290 mixture can work efficiently as a refrigerant for heat pumps with a large heat-sink temperature rise. When mass fraction of R290 is increased, discharge pressure is reduced. Under the nominal working condition, there is an optimum mixture mass fraction of 20/80 for R744/R290 under conventional condensation pressure. Both the heating COPhs （coefficient of performance） and volumetric heating capacity are increased by about 12.62% and 34.24% respectively compared with those of R22 based system. But for the heat sink with a small temperature rise, R744/R290 system has poorer performances than R22 system. When heat transfer pinch point in evaporator and condensation processes is considered, the degree of superheat has a negative influence upon system performances under the given conditions.

Modeling water and carbon fluxes above summer maize field in North China Plain with back-propagation neural networks

In this work, datasets of water and carbon fluxes measured with eddy covariance technique above a summer maize field in the North China Plain were simulated with artificial neural networks (ANNs) to explore the fluxes responses to local environmental variables. The results showed that photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), air temperature (T) and leaf area index (LAI) were primary factors regulating both water vapor and carbon dioxide fluxes. Three-layer back-propagation neural networks (BP) could be applied to model fluxes exchange between cropland surface and atmosphere without using detailed physiological information or specific parameters of the plant.

家用空气源热泵热水器微通道冷凝器仿真研究

为提升家用空气源热泵热水器水箱外微通道冷凝器的性能,建立了家用空气源热泵热水器水箱外微通道冷凝器的准稳态模型,实验验证结果显示模型误差能控制在±9%以内。依据模型对微通道冷凝器的换热量、换热系数、压降等性能进行仿真研究。结果发现,微通道冷凝器为四流程时能够减小压降并保证换热量满足需要;关键参数微通道截面的最佳尺寸在1.6~2.6 mm^(2)系统性能最优,同时扁管内微通道数应控制在16~24根。研究结果为家用空气源热泵热水器微通道冷凝器的设计提供借鉴。

风机转速对CO_(2)空气源热泵热水器性能影响的试验研究

为了定量探究CO_(2)空气源热泵热水器系统性能随风机转速的变化规律,通过试验研究了不同工况下,改变风机转速对排气压力、过热度、CO_(2)质量流量、系统制热量、系统总功耗以及制热性能系数COP的影响;利用响应曲面法对试验进行了优化分析,同时利用试验数据拟合了COP回归模型,并进行可信度分析;通过回归模型预测了系统的最优运行工况并进行试验验证。结果表明:在压缩机频率和电子膨胀阀(EEV)开度一定的情况下,存在着最佳风机转速;在45~85 Hz范围内,随着压缩机频率的提高,COP先增大后减小,增幅最高可达8.97%,各频率下COP最大时对应的最佳风机转速不断减小;随着EEV开度在35%~55%范围内不断增大,COP先增大后减小,增幅可达到6.6%,各EEV开度下COP最大时对应的最佳风机转速不断增大;当压缩机频率为65 Hz、EEV开度为50%时,对应的最佳风机转速为1000 r/min,系统COP达到峰值(4.09)。本文所拟合的COP回归模型最大误差为4.5%;预测系统最优运行工况为:压缩机频率68 Hz、EEV开度52%、风机转速956 r/min,此时系统COP最大,可达到4.29,预测误差为3.7%。本研究可为CO_(2)空气源热泵热水器系统保持高效运行提供理论指导。

油田联合站水源热泵能效比软测量方法及节能效果研究

油田联合站水源热泵的应用既有效减少了以天然气为燃料的加热炉碳排放量,又解决了采暖伴热和机泵冷却的问题。但如何能精准方便测量和提高其能效比(COP)值,对水源热泵在油田推广应用有着重大意义。为此,采用BP神经网络对油田在运水源热泵的COP进行建模,测得与实际运行参数平均相对误差均小于1%,证明这种基于BP神经网络建模的水源热泵COP值软测量方法是可行的;另外,通过仿真模型分析,提出将水源热泵间接式单蒸发工艺改进为直进式双蒸发工艺,水源热泵COP值由3.6~4.2提高到4.5~4.8,年节约电耗174.1×104 kWh。研究结果对油田水源热泵的推广应用和系统节能降耗起到了积极作用。

带气液调配蒸发器空气源热泵热水器的实验研究

气液调配蒸发器通过调整干度和质量流速实现传热性能提升。分别将两个管程布置为4-2-4-6-4(蒸发器1)和5-4-3-4-4(蒸发器2)的气液调配蒸发器用于热泵热水器中(分别为系统A和系统B)进行实验,并进行了对比研究。结果表明:相比于蒸发器1,蒸发器2制冷剂分布更均匀,且蒸发器侧压降减小了10.91%。在名义工况下,相比于系统A,系统B制热量减少1.69%,功率也减少1.45%,两个系统COP基本相同。系统B的排气压力比系统A小26.35~84.78 kPa,更有利于压缩机的安全运行;在不同的环境温度下,系统B的压缩机功耗均小于系统A,当环境温度为30℃时,系统B的性能比系统A提高了2.1%。

采用电子膨胀阀和毛细管的空气源热泵热水器性能对比实验研究

为研究不同节流方式对空气源热泵热水器性能的影响,分别以毛细管(CAP)和电子膨胀阀(EEV)作为节流元件研制了样机,通过实验对比研究其运行特征。结果表明:CAP系统的吸气过热度能稳定在1℃左右;CAP系统的排气温度相对更低,约比EEV系统低15℃;加热同样一箱水,CAP系统的制热速度更快;EEV系统的COP和全年性能系数(APF)均高于CAP系统,但在名义工况下CAP系统具有与EEV系统相当的制热COP。综合考虑制热性能及初投资等因素,可根据需要优先采用毛细管作为节流装置。

跨临界CO_(2)热泵单/双级切换性能优化对比分析

为提高跨临界CO_(2)热泵系统在不同地区采暖的能效和经济性,提出STSHPS(单、双级切换的热泵系统),并与BASE(单级压缩热泵系统)和TSHPS(双级压缩热泵系统)进行对比,通过建立各循环系统的热力学、环境性以及经济性模型,从不同角度进行分析。研究结果表明:设计工况下,环境温度为3℃时,双级压缩系统的C_(OP)(制热性能系数)大于单级压缩系统,即环境温度为3℃可作为单双级切换的条件;在乌鲁木齐采用STSHPS碳排放所造成的成本与BASE相比降低22%;STSHPS在单级压缩运行时采用2台压缩机交替运行的方式,初始成本经过折算与TSHPS相比降低26.9%—66.7%;在设备运行15 a后,3个城市的累计总费用,STSHPS与TSHPS和BASE相比降低5.3%—16.8%和1.8%—13.5%。STSHPS的能效、环保性能以及经济性均是3个系统中最好的,优势比较明显。

超临界二氧化碳-高温热泵联合储能发电系统设计及分析

为解决可再生能源间歇性和波动性导致的电力供需不匹配问题,提出了一种基于超临界二氧化碳(S-CO_(2))循环和高温热泵的联合循环储能发电系统,该系统是卡诺电池形式的一种创新探索。通过熔盐储热装置和水储冷装置实现能量交换,有效联合了热泵循环加热过程和S-CO_(2)循环发电过程,获得了较高的储能发电系统往返效率。模拟计算了联合循环的典型工况参数和热力性能,分析了S-CO_(2)循环中主要参数对系统整体效率的影响。结果表明:提高膨胀机入口温度有助于提高整体循环效率,系统最优往返效率可达62.8%,同时储热熔盐需求量减少;提高主压缩机入口气体参数可使系统效率达到极限值,超过该值后整体循环效率不再提高;主再压缩机分流比为0.35时系统效率达到最优;确定了S-CO_(2)循环系统最佳运行工况,比同工况下简单布雷顿系统往返效率高7.98%。

岩棉工业余热回收热泵系统动态仿真与性能分析

以陕西某岩棉厂为研究对象,基于Modelica语言建立岩棉厂余热回收热泵供暖系统的仿真模型,开展系统运行特性研究、经济性分析和碳排放计算。结果显示:负荷率越高,余热回收热泵系统的能效比(COP)越高;项目静态回收期在4年以内;与空气源热泵、燃气锅炉相比,余热回收系统的碳排放分别减少了37.24%、34.25%,证明该余热回收系统具有节能减排效益。

双管加温二氧化碳吹雾管在非体外循环不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术患者中的临床疗效

目的探讨双管加温二氧化碳吹雾管在非体外循环心脏不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCABG)患者中的临床疗效。方法收集2020年1月至2023年1月于首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院接受OPCABG治疗的122例患者的临床资料,按照治疗方式的不同将其分为常规组(n=61,采用常规术中吹雾管吹雾驱血技术)与加温组(n=61,采用双管加温二氧化碳吹雾管吹雾驱血技术)。比较两组患者术中吹雾管气雾温度、患者核心体温、患者术中心率变异率,统计两组患者术后恢复指标及术后并发症发生率。结果加温组患者接管2.5 min、吹雾15.0 min、吹雾30.0 min时吹雾管气雾温度均高于常规组患者;开心包即刻、吹雾3.0 min、关心包即刻、出室前加温组患者核心体温均高于常规组患者;吹雾3.0、10.0、20.0、30.0 min时,加温组患者心率变异率均低于常规组患者,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。加温组患者抗生素使用时间、引流置管时间、呼吸机应用时间、留置动脉测压时间、术后住院时间均短于常规组患者,术后引流量低于常规组患者,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。加温组患者术后肺感染发生率为3.28%(2/61),低于常规组患者的16.39%(10/61),差异有统计学意义(P=0.015)。结论OPCABG术中采用双管加温二氧化碳吹雾管技术能够有效减小患者术中温差变化幅度,减轻温差刺激诱发的过度心率变异率,有利于患者术后恢复,并可降低术后肺感染发生风险。

“双碳”目标下零碳建筑电气化研究

鉴于建筑用能全面电气化是实现零碳、低碳运行的最佳途径,根据供暖、炊事、生活热水现状调研分析零碳建筑电气化,分别通过居住建筑和公共建筑工程实例进行供暖、炊事、生活热水有无电气化的碳减排计算,进而研究零碳建筑电气化潜力,得出采用高效的空气源热泵制热可以有效降低建筑供暖的碳排放,电炊具比燃气炊具产生更多的碳排放,采用电热水器碳排放高于燃气热水器,但采用空气源热泵热水器、太阳能等方式能有效降低碳排放。同时,分析了“双碳”目标下零碳建筑电气化中存在的问题,如在超高温热泵、大容量高温热泵、超大容量热泵领域有待深入开展研发,能源价格体系改革等,最后提出零碳建筑电气化未来技术展望。