Enhanced corrosion resistance of epoxy resin coating via addition of CeO_(2) and benzotriazole

The use of fillers to enhance the corrosion protection of epoxy resins has been widely applied.In this work,cerium dioxide(CeO_(2))and benzotriazole(BTA)were introduced into an epoxy resin to enhance the corrosion resistance of Q235 carbon steel.Scanning electron microscopy results indicated that the CeO_(2) grains were rod-like and ellipsoidal in shape,and the distribution pattern of BTA was analyzed by energy dispersive spectroscope.The dynamic potential polarization curve proved the excellent corrosion resistance of the composite epoxy resin with CeO_(2) and BTA co-addition,and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test analysis indicated the significantly enhanced long-term corrosion protection performance of the composite coating.And the optimal protective performance was provided by the coating containing 0.3%(mass)CeO_(2) and 20%(mass)BTA,which was attributed to the barrier performance of CeO_(2) particles and the chemical barrier effect of BTA.The formation of corrosion products was analyzed using X-ray diffraction.In addition,the corrosion resistance mechanism of the coating was also discussed in detail.

Corrosion Behavior of Low Alloy Pipeline Steel in Saline Solution Saturated with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

The carbon dioxide corrosion behavior of low alloy pipeline steel was investigated by immersion experiment. Optical microscopy （OM）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and X-ray diffraction （XRD） were used to reflect the microstructure of the tested material and the corrosion morphology characterization. Results show that precipitate particles may accelerate the iron cabonate crystal formation process of the nucleation growth and promote the formation of compact layer. The major corrosion phases are FeCO3 and complexity compound containing Fe and Cr. The corrosion behavior consists of three stages. At the first stage, a thin inner layer and an inhomogeneous outer layer have appeared. At the second stage, the outer layer becomes homogeneous and compact, which prevents corroding the steel substrate further. At the third stage, iron carbonate crystal tends to nucleate and grow locally. The corrosion rate obtained by weight loss method increases abruptly first and then decreases quickly with increasing corrosion time. The mutual relation among microstructure, corrosion surface morphology, corrosion phases and corrosion kinetics is discussed.

Modeling the rate of corrosion of carbon steel using activated diethanolamine solutions for CO2 absorption

A mechanistic model is developed to investigate the influence of an activator on the corrosion rate of carbon steel in the absorption processes of carbon dioxide(CO2).Piperazine(PZ)is used as the activator in diethanolamine(DEA)aqueous solutions.The developed model for corrosion takes into consideration the effect of fluid flow,transfer of charge and diffusion of oxidizing agents and operating parameters like temperature,activator concentration,CO2 loading and pH.The study consists of two major models:Vapor–liquid Equilibrium(VLE)model and electrochemical corrosion model.The electrolyte-NRTL equilibrium model was used for determination of concentration of chemical species in the bulk solution.The results of speciation were subsequently used for producing polarization curves and predicting the rate of corrosion occurring at the surface of metal.An increase in concentration of activator,increases the rate of corrosion of carbon steel in mixtures of activated DEA.

The Synthesis and Evaluation of a Novel Inhibitor DN for Carbon Dioxide Corrosion

During the oil and gas wells exploitation and transportation, carbon dioxide corrosion is one of main reasons for the corrosion of metallic materials. So the methods of preventing and reducing carbon dioxide corrosion have become a widely focused problem. The foreign and domestic practices and experiences show that as an economic, effective and versatile metal corrosion control method, corrosion inhibitor protection technology is suitable for application in oil and gas transportation system. This paper, through the indoor experiment with benzyl chloride, using quinoline as raw materials, synthesizes a kind of quinoline quaternary ammonium salt. The obtained product benzyl chloride quinoline compounded with OP-10 and ethanol to get a novel inhibitor DN for carbon dioxide corrosion, and to evaluate its performance.

Comparative study on the corrosion behavior of X52, 3Cr, and 13Cr steel in an O2–H2O–CO2 system: products, reaction kinetics, and pitting sensitivity

The corrosion behaviors of X52, 3Cr low-alloy steel, and 13Cr stainless steel were investigated in an O_2–H2O–CO_2 environment at various temperatures and O_2–CO_2 partial-pressure ratios. The results showed that the corrosion rates of X52, 3Cr, and 13Cr steels increased with increasing temperature. The corrosion rates slowly increased at temperatures less than 100°C and increased sharply when the temperature exceeded 100°C. In the absence of O_2, X52, 3Cr, and 13Cr exhibited uniform corrosion morphology and Fe CO3 was the main corrosion product. When O_2 was introduced into the system, various forms of Fe_2O_3 appeared on the surface of the samples. The Cr content strongly influenced the corrosion resistance. The 3Cr steel with a low Cr content was more sensitive to pitting than the X52 or 13Cr steel. Thus, pitting occurred on the surface of 3Cr when 1.25 MPa of O_2 was added; this phenomenon is related to the non-uniform distribution of Crin 3Cr.

Cathodic reaction mechanisms in CO2 corrosion of low-Cr steels

The cathodic reaction mechanisms in CO2 corrosion of low-Cr steels were investigated by potentiodynamic polarization and galvanostatic measurements.Distinct but different dominant cathodic reactions were observed at different p H levels.At the higher p H level(p H>~5),H2 CO3 reduction was the dominant cathodic reaction.The reaction was under activation control.At the lower pH level(pH<~3.5),H+reduction became the dominant one and the reaction was under diffusion control.In the intermediate area,there was a transition region leading from one cathodic reaction to another.The measured electrochemical impedance spectrum corresponded to the proposed cathodic reaction mechanisms.

Effects of CO_(2) gassy-supercritical phase transition on corrosion behaviors of carbon steels in saturated vapor environment

Corrosion behaviors of P110 and N80 tubular steels in CO_(2) gas phase and supercritical(S-CO_(2))phase in a saturated water vapor environment were explored in corrosion weight loss experiments by SEM,EDS,XRD,XPS and cross-section analysis techniques.With the increase in CO_(2) partial pressure,the average corrosion rate increased first and then decreased.The average corrosion rate reached the maximum value under the near-critical pressure.When CO_(2) partial pressure further increased to be above the critical pressure,the average corrosion rate gradually decreased and local aggregation of molecules was weakened.

Effect of H_2S concentration on the corrosion behavior of pipeline steel under the coexistence of H_2S and CO_2

The effect of H2S concentration on H2S/CO2 corrosion of API-X60 steel was studied by scanning electron microscopy, a weight-loss method, potentiodynamic polarization tests, and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique. It is found that the cor-rosion process of the steel in an environment where H2S and CO2 coexist at different H2S concentrations is related to the morphological structure and stability of the corrosion product film. With the addition of a small amount of H2S, the size of the anode reaction region is de-creased due to constant adsorption and separation of more FeS sediment or more FeHS＋ions on the surface of the steel. Meanwhile, the dou-ble-layer capacitance is diminished with increasing anion adsorption capacity. Therefore, the corrosion process is inhibited. The general cor-rosion rate of the steel rapidly decreases after the addition of a small amount of H2S under the coexistence of H2S and CO2. With a further increase in H2S concentration, certain parts of the corrosion product film become loose and even fall off. Thus, the protection provided by the corrosion product film worsens, and the corrosion rate tends to increase.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study on the corrosion of the weld zone of 3Cr steel welded joints in CO_2 environments

The welded joints of 3Cr pipeline steel were fabricated with commercial welding wire using the gas tungsten arc welding （GTAW） technique. Potentiodynamic polarization curves, linear polarization resistance （LPR）, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS）, scan- ning electron microscopy （SEM）, and energy-dispersive spectrometry （EDS） were used to investigate the corrosion resistance and the growth of a corrosion film on the weld zone （WZ）. The changes in electrochemical characteristics of the film were obtained through fitting of the EIS data. The results showed that the average corrosion rate of the WZ in CO2 environments first increased, then fluctuated, and finally de- creased gradually. The formation of the film on the WZ was divided into three stages： dynamic adsorption, incomplete-coverage layer forma- tion, and integral layer formation.

Effect of Ca^(2+) on CO_2 corrosion properties of X65 pipeline steel

The effect of Ca^2＋ on CO2 corrosion to X65 pipeline steel was investigated in the simulated stratum water of an oil field containing different concentrations of Ca^2＋. It is found that Ca^2＋ can enhance the corrosion rate, especially in the Ca^2＋ concentration from 256 to 512 mg/L, which can be attributed to the growing grain size and loosing structure of corrosion scales with increasing Ca^2＋ concentration. X-ray diffraction （XRD） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） investigations reveal that a complex carbonate （Fe, Ca）CO3 forms at high Ca^2＋ concentration due to the gradual replacement of Fe^2＋ in FeCO3 by Ca^2＋.

Effect of HCO_3^- concentration on CO_2 corrosion in oil and gas fields

The effect of HCO3^- concentration on CO2 corrosion was investigated by polarization measurement of potentiodynamic scans and weight-loss method, Under the conditions of high pressure and high temperature, the corrosion rate of steel X65 decreased with the increase of HCO3^- concentration, while pH of solution increased. SEM, EDS, and XRD results of the corrosion scales indir cated that the typical FeCO3 crystallite was found at low HCO3^- concentration but Ca（Fe,Mg）（CO3）2 was found at high HCO3^- con- centration. Ca^2＋ and Mg^2＋ are precipitated preferential to Fe^2＋ at high pH value. Potentiodynamic polarization curves showed that the cathodic current density decreases with the increase of HCO3^- concentration at low HCO3^- concentration. When the HCO3^- concentration reaches 0.126 mol/L, increasing HCO3^- concentration promotes cathodic reactions. Anodic behavior is an active process at low HCO3^- concentration and the anodic current density decreases with the increase of HCO3^- concentration. An evident active-passive behavior is exhibited in anodic process at 0.126 mol/L HCO3^-.

Fabrication of Co-Ni-P film with excellent wear and corrosion resistance by electroplating with supercritical CO_2 emulsion

To avoid the defects caused by the hydrogen evolution and improve the corrosion and wear properties of the electroplated films in the traditional aqueous bath electrodeposition,a supercritical carbon dioxide(Sc-CO2)emulsion was proposed to electrodeposite ternary nanocrystalline Co-Ni-P alloy films.Microstructure,corrosive and tribological properties of the Co-Ni-P films were investigated and compared with the ones electroplated by conventional method.The results show that the Co-Ni-P films produced with Sc-CO2assisted electrodeposition exhibit a more compact microstructure.The preferred orientation plane of hcp(110)for the Co-Ni-P films produced in conventional aqueous bath is changed to be hcp(100)for the one prepared in emulsified Sc-CO2bath.The microhardness,corrosion resistance and tribological properties of the Co-Ni-P films are substantially improved with the assistance of Sc-CO2in the electrodeposition bath.

Effect of CO_2 on Atmospheric Corrosion of UNS G10190 Steel under Thin Electrolyte Film

The atmospheric corrosion of UNS G10190 steel under a thin electrolyte film in the atmosphere polluted by CO_2, has been studied in the lab using an atmospheric corrosion monitor (ACM) in combination with XRD and SEM observations of the surface of steel. The ACM study indicated that the corrosion rate of the steel increased with increasing carbon dioxide concentration. The XRD and SEM observations showed that no carbonate was found in the corrosion product on the steel surface. The corrosion product consisted of two layers, i. e., inner and outer layer. From the experimental results, it was concluded that CO_2 played an enhancing role in the atmospheric corrosion of UNS G10190 steel. The film of the corrosion product showed slight protection.

Mechanism of protective film formation during CO_2 corrosion of X65 pipeline steel

Electrochemical techniques, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） were applied to study the corrosion behaviors of X65 steel in static solution with carbon dioxide （CO2） at 65℃. The results show that iron carbonate （FeCO3） deposits on the steel surface as a corrosion product scale. This iron carbonate scale acts as a barrier to CO2 corrosion, and can reduce the general corrosion rate. The protection ability of the scale is closely related to the scale morphological characteristics.

Al含量对含铝奥氏体不锈钢在高温超临界二氧化碳中均匀腐蚀性能的影响研究

为进一步提升奥氏体不锈钢作为超临界二氧化碳核反应堆候选包壳材料的耐腐蚀性能,对比研究了3种不同Al含量的含铝奥氏体不锈钢及不含Al基材在650℃/20 MPa的超临界二氧化碳环境中的均匀腐蚀行为。结果表明,材料的腐蚀增重随Al含量增加而降低,不同Al含量材料的腐蚀增重均近似服从抛物线生长规律。Al含量低于1.5wt%时,材料表面生成双层富Fe氧化膜,保护性差,渗碳层厚度可达约12μm;Al含量高于2.5wt%时,材料表面生成保护性氧化膜,外层富Cr、内层富Al,氧化膜及基体中仍存在渗碳行为,渗碳层厚度减小至约6μm。造成差异的原因是较高Al含量能有效促进保护性富Al氧化膜的形成,抑制Fe的向外扩散和C的向内扩散,进而提升材料的耐氧化和渗碳属性。

750℃高温CO_(2)掺杂SO_(2)环境中Super304H及Inconel625的腐蚀行为

研究掺杂气体对合金的腐蚀行为及作用机理对超临界二氧化碳(supercritical carbon dioxide,S-CO_(2))发电技术具有重要意义。该文开展Super304H及Inconel625合金的高温CO_(2)腐蚀试验,并结合腐蚀增重法、扫描电镜观察及XRD分析,研究两种耐热合金在750℃CO_(2)及掺杂SO_(2)环境中的腐蚀行为。结果表明,两种合金在750℃CO_(2)、750℃CO_(2)+SO_(2)环境中的腐蚀动力学均遵循抛物线规律,Inconel625抗腐蚀能力优于Super304H,具有较少的腐蚀增重;Super304H在750℃CO_(2)腐蚀初期增重高于CO_(2)+SO_(2)环境,而120 h后在CO_(2)+SO_(2)环境中腐蚀增重较高。两种环境中腐蚀500 h后,Super304H表面氧化膜为单层Cr_(2)O_(3)及外层疏松瘤状富铁氧化物与内氧化物FeCr_(2)O_(4)组成的局部双层氧化膜;Inconel625为单层均匀致密Cr_(2)O_(3)氧化膜,平均厚度不到1μm。高温CO_(2)腐蚀环境中,Cr含量对提高合金抗腐蚀性能具有至关重要的作用。高温CO_(2)掺杂SO_(2)对于Cr_(2)O_(3)形成合金具有抑制渗碳的作用,对于氧化铁形成合金具有加速腐蚀及渗碳作用。

镁合金表面高温氧化膜CO_(2)矿化处理研究

为改善镁合表面高温氧化膜性能,采用CO_(2)矿化技术对AZ80-0.38Nd(质量分数/%,下同)合金表面高温氧化膜进行了处理。对比考察了合金氧化膜CO_(2)矿化处理前后的微观形貌、结构及物相,并采用浸泡和电化学测试技术研究了膜层的腐蚀防护性能。结果表明,AZ80-0.38Nd合金表面高温氧化膜具有典型的裂纹与孔洞缺陷,CO_(2)矿化处理很好地修复了合金表面高温氧化膜缺陷,提高了氧化膜层的致密度,并在合金表面构筑由棒状MgCO_(3)·3H_(2)O和层片状4MgCO_(3)·Mg(OH)2·4H 2O组成的矿化膜。相比于氧化膜,矿化膜可将合金自腐蚀电位(E corr)由-1.41 V SCE提高至-1.33 V SCE,将合金自腐蚀电流密度(i corr)由1.62×10^(-4)A/cm^(2)减小至2.47×10^(-5)A/cm^(2)。此外,矿化膜还能将合金局部腐蚀转变为均匀腐蚀,呈现优异的腐蚀防护性能。

CO2对碳钢腐蚀影响的模拟试验及缓蚀剂评价

对CO2在油田模拟采出水中碳钢的腐蚀情况和影响因素进行了试验分析和讨论。分别对型号为HJF-94和WSL-1的两种油田常用缓蚀剂的性质和缓蚀效果进行了测试。结果表明,HJF-94缓蚀剂,在较低和较高的浓度范围内,有较好的缓蚀效果;WSL-1缓蚀剂,在较低和较高的浓度范围内,有很好的缓蚀效果,尤其在较高浓度时缓蚀效果非常好。

二氧化碳驱后微粒运移对低渗透储层的伤害及对渗流能力的影响

CO_(2)驱是高含水油藏三次采油有效的技术措施。利用现有井网转注CO_(2)是目前低油价下经济可行的开发方式。虽然在驱替过程中引起的微粒运移会对岩石孔喉造成堵塞,但注入CO_(2)能有效降低注入压力,且在注入过程中发生的溶蚀作用整体上提高了流体的渗流能力。通过开展CO_(2)驱后微粒运移堵塞规律实验及CO_(2)-水溶液对岩石溶蚀评价实验,并对驱替前后的相渗曲线变化特征进行评价,进一步说明CO_(2)驱对储层渗流能力的影响。结果表明,在注入CO_(2)的过程中,注入速度为0.1、1.0 mL/min时的注入压力均有所降低。有油条件下CO_(2)驱后的岩心渗透率损失为37.05%,而经甲苯和无水乙醇清洗岩心后,岩心渗透率恢复30.48%,说明微粒在运移过程中会被原油束缚,积聚成团,造成堵塞。虽然存在一定的堵塞,但CO_(2)-水溶液主要与绿泥石发生反应,并释放Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、Fe^(2+)等离子,其中Ca^(2+)浓度增长137.05%、Mg^(2+)浓度下降52.20%、Fe^(2+)浓度下降49.45%,说明虽然产生的MgCO_(3)、Fe_(2)O_(3)等会对岩石孔喉造成堵塞,但CO_(2)对CaCO3的溶蚀作用更强,整体上提高了流体的渗流能力,从而在一定程度上改善了后续水驱的注水能力及效果。CO_(2)驱前后,相渗曲线中束缚水饱和度增加,残余油饱和度降低,两相共渗区增大,驱油效率增加,进一步说明CO_(2)驱产生的溶蚀作用整体上增大了孔隙空间和渗流通道,提高了注入水的注入能力。