Durability Testing of Composite Aerospace Materials Based on a New Polymer Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Resin

In this study,the durability of a new polymer carbonfiber-reinforced epoxy resin used to produce composite material in the aerospacefield is investigated through analysis of the corrosion phenomena occurring at the microscopic scale,and the related infrared spectra and thermal properties.It is found that light and heat can con-tribute to the aging process.In particular,the longitudinal tensile strength displays a non-monotonic trend,i.e.,itfirst increases and then decreases over time.By contrast,the longitudinal compressive and inter-laminar shear strengths do not show significant changes.It is also shown that the inter-laminar shear strength of carbonfiber/epoxy resin composites with inter-laminar hybrid structure is better than that of pure carbonfiber materials.The related resistance to corrosion can be improved by more than 41%.

Determination of Water Diffusion Coefficients and Dynamics in Adhesive/Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Resin Composite Joints

To determinate the water diffusion coefficients and dynamics in adhesive/carben fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite joints, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis（EDX） is used to establish the content change of oxy- gen in the adhesive in adhesive/carbon fther reinforced epoxy resin composite joints. As water is made up of oxygen and hydrogen, the water diffusion coefficients and dynamics in adhesive/carben fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite joints can be obtained from the change in the content of oxygen in the adhesive during humidity aging, via EDX analy-sis. The authors have calculated the water diffusion coefficients and dynamics in the adhesive/carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite joints with the aid of beth energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The de- termined results with EDX analysis are almost the same as those determined with elemental analysis and the results al- so show that the durability of the adhesive/carbon fther reinforced epoxy resin composite joints subjected to silane cou- pling agent treatment is better than those subjected to sand paper burnishing treatment and chemical oxidation treat- ment.

Microwave Absorption Properties of Carbon Nanotubes-Epoxy Composites in a Frequency Range of 2 - 20 GHz

In this work, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-epoxy composites with MWCNTs (outer diameter less 8 nm) loadings from 1 to 10 wt% were fabricated. The microstructures, dielectric constant, and microwave absorption properties of the MWCNTs-epoxy composite samples were investigated. The measurement results showed that the microwave absorption ratio of the MWCNTs-epoxy composite strongly depend on the MWCNT loading in the composites. The microwave absorption ratio up to 20%-26% around 18-20 GHz was reached for the samples with 8-10 wt% MWCNT loadings. The high absorption performance is mainly attributed to the microwave absorption of MWCNTs and the dielectric loss of MWCNTs-epoxy composites.

Synthesis, Characterization and Flame-retardant Properties of Epoxy Resins and AACHH Composites

Flame retardant epoxy resins were prepared by a simple mixed method using ammonium aluminum carbonate hydroxy hydrate （AACHH） as a halogen-free flame retardant. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscope and limiting oxygen index（LOI） experiments. Effects of AACHH content on LOI of epoxy resins/AACHH composite and flame retardant mechanism were investigated and discussed. Results show that AACHH exhibites excellent flame-retardant properties in epoxy resin（EP）. When the content of AACHH was 47.4%, the LOI of EP reached 32.2%. Moreover, the initial and terminal decomposition temperature of EP increased by 48 ℃ and 40 ℃, respectively. The flame retarded mechanism of AACHH is due to the synergic flame retardant effects of diluting, cooling, decomposition resisting and obstructing.

Enhancement of Elastic Modulus of Epoxy Resin with Carbon Nanotubes

Nanocomposites consisting of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and epoxy resin were produced by a standard calendaring technique. In this study, 3% multiwall carbon nanotube particles were dispersed in epoxy resin by weight to produce the multiwall carbon nanotubes/epoxy composite. Nanohardness and Raman spectroscopy tests were used to obtain the modulus of elasticity and Raman intensity of MWCNTs/ epoxy resin composite. The results show that the Raman intensity increased with the increase of Raman shift and Raman intensity also affected with the reinforcement of multiwall carbon nanotubes and 1% exposure of laser power. Also, nanohardness increased with increase of modulus of elasticity, which indicated that the toughness of epoxy resin improved with the addition of multiwall carbon nanotubes.

Epoxy resin nanocomposites reinforced with ionized liquid stabilized carbon nanotubes

Epoxy resin nanocomposites reinforced with three different ionic liquid functionalized carbon nanotubes(f-CNTs)were fabricated by an in situ polymerization method.The influence of the anions on the curing process was studied through differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)and normalized Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy.The composition of the nanocomposites was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.Two different mechanisms are proposed to explain the curing process of the neat epoxy and its composites.The electric conductivity and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites are also reported.The tensile strength was increased dramatically due to the insertion of f-CNTs.Scanning electron microsopy fracture surface analysis indicates a strong interfacial bonding between the carbon nanotubes and the polymer matrix.

Preparation of Three-Dimensional Carbon Network Reinforced Epoxy Composites and Their Thermal Conductivity

As a thermosetting resin with excellent properties,epoxy resin is used in many areas such as electronics,transportation,aerospace,and other fields.However,its relatively low thermal conductivity limits its wide application in more demanding fields.Here,a three-dimensional carbon(3DC)network was prepared through NaCl template-assisted in situ chemical vapor deposition(CVD)and used to reinforce epoxy resin for enhancing its thermal conductivity.The 3DC was prepared with a molar ratio of sodium atom to carbon atom of 100:20,and argon atmosphere in CVD led to an optimal improvement in the thermal conductivity of epoxy resin.The thermal conductivity of epoxy resin increased by 18%when the filling content was 3 wt.%of 3DC network because of the high contact area,uniform dispersion,and enhanced formation of conductive paths with epoxy resin.As the amount of 3DC addition increases,the thermal conductivity of composites also increases.As an innovative exploration,the work presented in this paper is of great significance for the thermal conductivity application of epoxy resin in the future.

Carbon Fibers Decorated by Polyelectrolyte Complexes toward Their Epoxy Resin Composites with High Fire Safety

The achievement of both robust fire-safety and mechanical properties is of vital requirement for carbon fiber （CF） composites. To this end, a facile interracial strategy for fabricating flame-retardant carbon fibers decorated by bio-based polyelectrolyte complexes （PEC） consisting of chitosan （CH） and ammonium polyphosphate （APP） was developed, and its corresponding fire-retarded epoxy resin composites （EP/（PEC@CF）） without any other additional flame retardants were prepared. The decorated CFs were characterized by SEM- EDX, XPS and XRD, indicating that the flame-retardant PEC coating was successfully constructed on the surface of CF. Thanks to the nitrogen- and phosphorous-containing PEC, the resulting composites exhibited excellent flame retardancy as the limiting oxygen index （LOI） increased from 31.0% of EP/CF to 40.5% and UL-94 V-0 rating was achieved with only 8.1 wt% PEC. EP/（PEC8.1@CF） also performed well in cone calorimetry with the decrease of peak-heat release rate （PHRR） and smoke production rate （SPR） by 50.0% and 30.4%, respectively, and the value of fire growth rate （FIGRA） was also reduced to 3.41 kW·m-2- s-1 from 4.84 kW· m-2· s-1, suggesting a considerably enhanced fire safety. Furthermore, SEM images of the burning residues revealed that the PEC coating exhibited the dominant flame-retardant activity in condensed phase via the formation of compact phosphorus-rich char. In addition, the impact strength of the composite was improved, together with no obvious deterioration of flexural properties and glass transition temperature. Taking advantage of the features, the PEC-decorated carbon fibers and the relevant composites fabricated by the cost-effective and facile strategy would bring more chances for widespread applications.

High microwave absorption performances for single-walled carbon nanotube–epoxy composites with ultra-low loadings

Microwave-absorbing polymeric composites based on single-walled carbon nanotubes （SWNTs） are fabricated via a simple yet versatile method, and these SWNT-epoxy composites exhibit very impressive microwave absorption perfor- mances in a range of 2 GHz-18 GHz. For instance, a maximum absorbing value as high as 28 dB can be achieved for each of these SWNT-epoxy composites （1.3-mm thickness） with only 1 wt% loading of SWNTs, and about 4.8 GHz bandwidth, corresponding to a microwave absorption performance higher than 10 dB, is obtained. Furthermore, such low and appro- priate loadings of SWNTs also enhance the mechanical strength of the composite. It is suggested that these remarkable results are mainly attributable to the excellent intrinsic properties of SWNTs and their homogeneous dispersion state in the polymer matrix.

Mechanical and electrical properties of carbon nanotube reinforced epoxide resin composites

Carbon nanotubes(CNTs)/epoxide resin composites were prepared,the mechanical and electrical properties of the composites were investigated. The effects of concentration and dispersion state of CNTs on the tensile strength,tensile modulus and electrical resistance of the composites were studied. The results indicate that the CNTs can be dispersed well in the epoxide resin matrix by ultrasonic method,and the mechanical and electrical properties of epoxide resin matrix can be improved significantly. The tensile tests show that the tensile strength and tensile modulus are higher than those of epoxide resin if the content of CNTs is less than 1.75%(mass fraction). When the content of CNTs is 0.75%,the conditional best results are obtained,the tensile strength of the composite is the highest,increased by 18.3% and the tensile modulus is increased by 20.5% compared with the matrix. With the increase of CNTs,the electrical resistance of the composites decreases greatly,while the conductivity of the composite increases. The percolation threshold values of electrical characteristic transformation for this composite material were determined for the first time.

Preparation of carbon nanotube/epoxy composite films with high tensile strength and electrical conductivity by impregnation under pressure

Based on the production of a carbon nanotube (CNT) assembly, a new technique is developed for preparing CNT/epoxy (EP) composite films with high tensile strength and electrical conductivity. CNTs are synthesized by floating catalyst spray pyrolysis. After self-assembling into a hollow cylindrical assembly, CNTs are drawn and wound on a rotating drum to form a uniform CNT film. EP resin solutions of different concentrations are used to fill into the pores within the film under different pressures and form composite films after hot-press curing. The permeability of the EP resin and thus the interfacial bonding between the CNT and the EP resin are studied by varying the concentration of the EP resin solution and the pressure used for impregnation. Under optimal preparation conditions, the composite film contains CNTs of a high content of 59 wt.%, and shows a high tensile strength of 1.4 GPa and a high electrical conductivity of 1.4x10^5 S·m^-1, 159% and 309% higher than those of the neat CNT film, respectively.

An effective and green H2O2/H2O/O3 oxidation method for carbon nanotube to reinforce epoxy resin

Facile green oxidation methods are always desired to functionalize carbon nanotubes(CNTs)in the production of advanced CNT/epoxy composites.In the present work,an optimized H2O2/H2O/O3 oxidation method was developed,and performances of the H2O2/H2O/O3 oxidized CNT in epoxy matrix were tested and compared with that of the H2O/O3 oxidized CNT and the most commonly used concentrated HNO3 oxidized CNT.The physical and chemical characteristics of the obtained oxidized CNTs were systematically characterized via transmission electron microscopy(TEM),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and Raman.Mechanical performances of the obtained composites were explored by tensile tests,impact tests,dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA)and fracture toughness tests.It was found that the H2O2/H2O/O3 oxidized CNT exhibited all-around overwhelming advantages over the concentrated HNO3 oxidized CNT on reinforcing the epoxy matrix,while the H2O/O3 oxidized CNT only improved the material strength.Reinforcing mechanisms for the different methods oxidized CNTs were studied and compared.The optimized H2O2/H2O/O3 oxidation method makes scaled production possible,avoids environment pollutions,and holds great potentials to replace the most commonly used concentrated HNO3 oxidation method to oxidize CNT during the preparation of the advanced CNT/epoxy composite.

生物基可降解环氧树脂及其可回收碳纤维复合材料的研究进展

环氧树脂是目前应用最为广泛的热固性树脂之一,其固化后会形成不溶、不熔的高度交联的三维网络结构,从而导致树脂及其碳纤维复合材料的降解困难而且难以再加工,造成了严重的资源浪费与环境污染。采用可再生生物质原料制备生物基可降解环氧树脂及其碳纤维复合材料,在缓解能源危机、减轻环境污染和实现资源再利用上具有重要意义。综述了生物基可降解环氧树脂及其可回收碳纤维复合材料的研究进展,主要包括含有热或化学不稳定键的可降解环氧树脂的合成、性能、降解机理及其碳纤维的无损回收,并总结了其优缺点。

基于碳纳米管分子支化增韧技术的环氧树脂复合材料制备与性能研究

制备了不同支化度的超支化聚酯修饰碳纳米管,采用傅里叶红外光谱及透射电镜表征手段对其微观结构进行了分析。结果表明:超支化聚酯接枝到碳纳米管表面,不同支化度的超支化聚酯在碳纳米管表面形成了一层包裹层,并使碳纳米管的管径增加。随后制备了超支化聚酯修饰碳纳米管增韧环氧树脂复合材料,通过光学显微镜分析,证明超支化聚酯的接枝修饰显著地提高了碳纳米管在环氧树脂基体的分散性;通过动态热机械性能测试(DMA)及力学性能测试,发现超支化聚酯修饰碳纳米管的加入促进了环氧树脂体系的链段运动,在提高环氧树脂的韧性方面表现出较好的效果,且随着超支化聚酯的支化度越高,环氧树脂的增韧性能越好。

双氢氧化物/官能化碳纳米管复合协效阻燃剂设计及应用

环氧树脂(EPs)广泛应用于飞机结构部件中,为其开发高性能阻燃剂对提高飞机防火安全性具有重要现实意义。本研究通过一锅法在交织的官能化碳纳米管(F-CNTs)骨架上生长镁铝双金属氢氧化物(MgAl-LDH)纳米片,构建得到二者的复合结构MgAl-LDH/F-CNTs。以MgAl-LDH/F-CNTs复合结构作为力学支撑,进一步负载CuMoO4纳米颗粒,最终得到适用于环氧树脂的MgAl-LDH/F-CNTs-CuMoO4协效阻燃剂。其中,MgAl-LDH/F-CNTs复合结构可助于实现各阻燃组分在环氧树脂聚合物基材中的均匀分散,相较于未经阻燃处理的环氧树脂材料,阻燃环氧树脂在燃烧测试中其峰值热释放速率可降低40.5%,总热释放量可降低7.49%,CO生成量和总烟气释放量可显著降低43.0%和26.3%,极限氧指数LOI提升38.2%,可见经阻燃处理后的EP复合材料阻燃性能显著提升。此外,经阻燃处理后环氧树脂拉伸、弯曲强度仅下降7.1%和22.4%,表明CNTs的添加以及MgAl-LDH/F-CNTs复合结构的构建能够有效补偿LDH添加对EP力学性能的影响。

低密度高导热CF/EP复合材料的制备及性能

将碳纳米管(CNT)和空心玻璃微珠(HGS)添加到环氧树脂(EP)中,利用模压工艺制备碳纤维(CF)/EP复合材料。结果表明:同时添加CNT和HGS可以有效降低CF/EP复合材料的密度,改善复合材料的力学性能,提高复合材料的导热性能,且当CNT和HGS质量比为1∶4时,复合材料综合性能最优,与不添加CNT和HGS的CF/EP复合材料相比,该复合材料的密度下降了8.8%,弯曲强度和弯曲模量分别提高了22.0%和30.1%,拉伸强度提高了8.9%,导热系数提高了87.1%。

一种生物基上浆剂的制备及应用

以可再生天然生物质厚朴酚、衣康酸为原料,通过简单、高效的两步法合成生物基环氧上浆剂,并对碳纤维复合材料的耐热性能、界面性能和力学性能进行研究。实验结果表明,生物基环氧上浆剂具有良好储存稳定性和热稳定性好,碳纤维复合材料的三点弯曲和层间剪切分别提高了33.2%和36.2%。

羧基化碳纳米管/环氧树脂复合材料的制备及其性能研究

首先用混酸法对碳纳米管(CNTs)进行酸化,制得羧基化碳纳米管(C-CNTs)。以C-CNTs作为填料,采用溶剂混合法制备了羧基化碳纳米管/环氧树脂(C-CNTs/EP)复合材料,通过扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、电子万能试验机、宽频介电阻抗谱仪等对产物进行了表征和分析测试。结果表明:CNTs经羧基化后,长径比相对变小,搭接和缠绕程度相对降低,当C-CNTs质量分数为2%时,C-CNTs/EP复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度、冲击强度分别比EP提高46.1%、27.1%和33.5%;玻璃化转变温度比EP提高8.6℃;当C-CNTs质量分数超过1%,C-CNTs/EP复合材料的介电常数随C-CNTs质量分数的增加而快速增大。

建筑用碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的制备及其性能研究

选择以T700碳纤维为增强相,将碳纤维经浓HNO 3浸渍处理0,40,80,120和160 min后掺入到环氧树脂中,制备了碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料。分析了浸渍时间对复合材料微观形貌、力学性能和热稳定性的影响。结果表明,经浓HNO 3浸渍的碳纤维表面粗糙度增大,沟槽数量和深度增加,碳纤维和环氧树脂的结合强度增大;随碳纤维浸渍时间的增大,复合材料的界面剪切强度、层间剪切强度、弯曲强度和弯曲模量均先增大后减小,当浸渍时间为120 min时,复合材料的界面剪切强度和层间剪切强度均达到了最大值,分别为80.2和90.3 MPa,其弯曲强度和弯曲模量也达到了最大值,分别为902.6 MPa和79.3 GPa,且应力-应变最高点增大,弯曲性能提高;在800℃下浓HNO 3浸渍处理120 min的复合材料的残炭率最大为58.2%,热稳定性最佳。