Characteristics of Soil Organic Carbon, Total Nitrogen, and C/N Ratio in Chinese Apple Orchards

Soil organic carbon and nitrogen are used as indexes of soil quality assessment and sustainable land use management. At the same time, soil C/N ratio is a sensitive indicator of soil quality and for assessing the carbon and nitrogen nutrition balance of soils. We studied the characteristics of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen by investigating a large number of apple orchards in major apple production areas in China. High apple orchard soil organic carbon content was observed in the provinces of Heilongjiang, Xinjiang, and Yunnan, whereas low content was found in the provinces of Shandong, Henan, Hebei, and Shaanxi, with the values ranging between 6.44 and 7.76 g·kg-1. Similar to soil organic carbon, soil total nitrogen content also exhibited obvious differences in the 12 major apple producing provinces. Shandong apple orchard soil had the highest total nitrogen content (1.26 g·kg-1), followed by Beijing (1.23 g·kg-1). No significant difference was noted between these two regions, but their total nitrogen content was significantly higher than the other nine provinces, excluding Yunnan. The soil total nitrogen content for Xinjiang, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Henan, and Gansu was between 0.87 and 1.03 g·kg-1, which was significantly lower than that in Shandong and Beijing, but significantly higher than that in Liaoning, Shanxi, and Shaanxi. Six provinces exhibited apple orchard soil C/N ratio higher than 10, including Heilongjiang (15.42), Xinjiang (13.38), Ningxia (14.45), Liaoning (12.24), Yunnan (11.03), and Gansu (10.63). The soil C/N ratio was below 10 in the remaining six provinces, in which the highest was found in Shaanxi (9.47), followed by Beijing (8.98), Henan (7.99), and Shanxi (7.62), and the lowest was found in Hebei (6.80) and Shandong (6.05). Therefore, the improvement of soil organic carbon should be given more attention to increase the steady growth of soil C/N ratio.

Effects of soil nitrate:ammonium ratio on plant carbon:nitrogen ratio and growth rate of Artemisia sphaerocephala seedlings

Can soil nitrate： ammonium ratios influence plant carbon： nitrogen ratios of the early succession plant？ Can plant carbon： nitrogen ratios limit the plant growth in early succession？ To address these two questions, we performed a two-factor （soil nitrate： ammonium ratio and plant density） randomized block design and a uniform-precision rotatable central composite design pot experiments to examine the relationships between soil nitrate： ammonium ratios, the carbon： nitrogen ratios and growth rate of Artemisia sphaerocephala seedlings. Under adequate nutrient status, both soil nitrate： ammonium ratios and plant density influenced the carbon： nitrogen ratios and growth rate of A. sphaerocephala seedlings. Under the lower soil nitrate： ammonium ratios, with the increase of soil nitrate： ammonium ratios, the growth rates of plant height and shoot biomass of A. sphaerocephala seedlings decreased significantly; with the increase of plant carbon： nitrogen ratios, the growth rates of shoot biomass of A. sphaerocephala seedlings decreased significantly. Soil nitrate： ammonium ratios affected the carbon： nitrogen ratios of A. sphaerocephala seedlings by plant nitrogen but not by plant carbon. Thus, soil nitrate： ammonium ratios influenced the carbon： nitrogen ratios of A. sphaerocephala seedlings, and hence influenced its growth rates. Our results suggest that under adequate nutrient environment, soil nitrate： ammonium ratios can be a limiting factor for the growth of the early succession plant.

Determination of Atomic Fractions of Isotopes Carbon-13 and Nitrogen-15 Directly in Glicine, L-Leucine, Isoleucine and Alanine

Using compounds modified by the isotopes carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 helps conduct research in various fields of science, such as medicine, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, agriculture, and others. In the case of the availability of reliable, express, and cheap methods, the area of their use will gradually expand. A determination of the atomic fraction of the isotopes carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 directly in glycine, leucine, isoleucine, and alanine is proposed;the modification concerns all centers or one or more identical carbon and nitrogen centers separately, as well as both isotopes at the same time. There are defined mass lines of the mass spectrum of each amino acid, through which the isotopic content of carbon and nitrogen is calculated. The processes that must be taken into account for the determination of the isotopic content are also established. Isotopic analysis of these compounds until now was carried out by transforming them into carbon oxide, dioxide, and molecular nitrogen, and determination of their content in individual centers was impossible.

A brief introduction to recent applications of several sediment-analysis techniques in palaeolimnological studies-dry bulk density and water content, mineral magnetism, carbonate content, and content of total organic carbon,nitrogen content and carbon/ni

Determination of dry bulk density and water content measurement of magnetic susceptibility (x) and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM), determination of carbonate content, and determination of total organic carbon (TOC) content nitrogen content (N%) and carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio are some of the techniques which have been widely applied to lacustrine-sediment analyses. The techniques,complemented by others, are usually useful for revealing characteristics of lacustrine-sediments and thus for postulating hydrological regimes in the lake and environmental conditions and human activity around it in palaeolimnological studies. A very brief review is presented on recent applications of these techniques in palaeolimnological work with English literatures published mainly since 1985 and focus given on interpretations of results of these analyses related to palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. Low dry bulk density and high water content often imply relatively warm and wet conditions. High X and SIRM are usually resulted from reduced dilutions in the lake and intensified erosions on its catchment. both of which can be in turn attributed to environmental changes. While variations in patterns of X and SIRM may give further insight on mineral magnetism and thus implications on environmental conditions. Increased carbonate content seems likely to associate to warm and dry conditions.Increased TOC content is virtually used as one of indicators of warm and wet conditions and variations in C/N ratio may hint variations in relative contributions of different sources, aquatic and terrestrial, to the total organic matter in lake sediments and hence to lake-level fluctuations and climate changes.

The Burial of Biogenic Silica, Organic Carbon and Organic Nitrogen in the Sediments of the East China Sea

We sampled the sediments of the East China Sea during 2005 and 2006, and analysed the contents of the biogenic matters: biogenic silica, organic carbon, and organic nitrogen. From the surface distribution we found the contents of these substances to be in the ranges of 0.72%-1.64%, 0.043%-0.82%, and 0.006%-0.11%, respectively. Their distributions were similar to each other, being high inside the Hangzhou Bay and low outside the bay. The vertical variations of the contents were also similar. In order to discuss the relation between them we analysed the variations of content with depth. They increased in the first 7 cm and then decreased with depth. The peaks were found at depths between 20 to 25 cm. The distribution of carbonate showed an opposite trend to that of biogenic matters. The content of total carbon was relatively stable with respect to depth, and the ratio of high organic carbon to carbonate showed a low burial efficiency of carbonate, which means that the main burial of carbon is organic carbon. In order to discuss the source of organic matters, the ratio of organic carbon to organic nitrogen was calculated, which was 8.01 to 9.65, indicating that the organic matter in the sediments was derived mainly from phytoplankton in the seawater.

Growing Cover Crops to Improve Biomass Accumulation and Carbon Sequestration: A Phytotron Study

Cover crop system has shown a potential approach to improving carbon sequestration and environmental quality. Six of each winter and summer cover crops were subsequently grown in two soils, Krome gravelly loam soil (KGL), and Quincy fine sandy soil (QFS), in phytotrons at 3 temperatures (10/20, 15/25, 25/30oC for winter/summer cover crops) to investigate their contributions for carbon (C) sequestration. Among winter cover crops, the highest and the lowest amounts of C accumulated were by bellbean (Vicia faba L.), 597 g/m2 and white clover (Trifolium repens), 149 g/m2, respectively, in the QFS soil. Among summer cover crops, sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) accumulated the largest quantity of C (481 g/m2), while that by castorbean (Ricinus communis) was 102 g/m2 at 30oC in the KGL soil. The mean net C remained in the residues following the 127 d decomposition were 187 g/m2 of C (73% of the total) and 91 g/m2 (52% of the total) for the winter and summer cover crops, respectively. Following a whole cycle of winter and summer cover crops grown, the mean soil organic C (SOC) increased by 13.8 and 39.1% in the KGL and QFS soil, respectively, compared to the respective soils before. The results suggest that triticale, ryegrass, and bellbean are the promising winter cover crops in the QFS soil, while sunn hemp, velvetbean (Mucuna pruriens), and sorghum sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor ×S. bicolor) are recommended summer cover crops for both soils under favorable temperatures.

黄铁矿基MFC-CW耦合系统反硝化动力学研究

研究比较了黄铁矿基双阳极MFC-CW在不同碳氮比(0和2.5)及初始硝酸盐浓度(7、14和28 mg/L)条件下上阳极和下阳极的反硝化速率,以及对不同阶段硝酸盐还原反应动力学的模拟,从动力学角度揭示系统自养-异养协同反硝化机理。结果显示:不同碳氮比下系统两阳极硝酸盐还原效果差异不大,而亚硝酸盐累积、硫酸盐生成的差别较大,两阳极处微生物群落组成相似,优势菌属的相对丰度受C/N、阳极位置影响较大;两阳极处的硝酸盐还原动力学均属于一级反应,且C/N=0时反硝化速率常数(0.0087、0.0045和0.0188/h)均小于C/N=2.5(0.0151、0.0071和0.0798/h;以上阳极为例);MFC-CW系统的反硝化动力学更符合Monod-CSTR模型,且在停留时间较长时取得更好的拟合效果,随着停留时间的增加,C/N=0时系统的反硝速率增加,C/N=2.5时系统的反硝化速率在一定范围内波动[0.6662—0.7744 g/(m^(2)·d)]。实验结果可为黄铁矿基MFC-CW的实际工程应用提供理论指导。

苏铁蕨在广东的分布概况及其中药饮片溯源分析

为给苏铁蕨(Brainea insignis)资源的保护和可持续利用提供依据,采用样线法对广东省内的苏铁蕨种群进行较全面的野外调查,测定稳定碳和氮同位素比值及碳和氮含量,对其中药饮片进行初步溯源。结果表明,苏铁蕨在广东主要分布在北江以东的惠州市、河源市、梅州市和深圳市;在北江以西分布较少;苏铁蕨分布点纬度为22°36'~24°39'N,经度为112°35'~116°48'E,海拔高度为26~706 m。2批次中药饮片的初步溯源结果显示,这些中药饮片可能源自广东罗浮山省级自然保护区、广东惠东莲花山白盆珠省级自然保护区和广东和平黄石坳省级自然保护区。

铁碳微电解填料对人工湿地反硝化作用的影响

为探究铁碳微电解原理对人工湿地系统中反硝化作用的影响,利用液相还原法制得活性炭表面负载零价铁(Fe~0)材料,以填料不同投加配比,搭建垂直流人工湿地模拟小试装置,分别有1号纯砾石、2号砾石+3%铁碳、3号砾石+8%铁碳,观察每日进出水水质情况。结果表明:投加初期,2号与3号装置对硝态氮的去除效果显著,几乎可实现全部转化;填料表面Fe元素会伴随水流有一定损耗,且投加量越大损耗越高;两装置分别在18d和21d后出水水质达到稳定状态,硝态氮浓度稳定在11mg/L和13mg/L,略低于空白装置。

人工修复边坡植被演替初期有机碳组分及土壤生态化学计量特征

[目的]研究人工修复边坡演替初期土壤有机碳组分、碳氮磷含量及其化学计量比,揭示气候因子对人工修复边坡演替初期土壤有机碳组分、碳氮磷含量及其化学计量比的影响,以期为后期人工修复边坡的养护提供指导和建议,确保人工修复边坡的正向演替。[方法]在湛江、梧州、宜昌、南阳、焦作、潍坊、加查采集了初期基材配制相同、植物配制相近,修复年限为2~4年的植被混凝土人工修复边坡土样,通过实验获得土样有机碳组分、碳、氮、磷的数据,采用冗余分析,开展气候因子对人工修复边坡演替初期土壤有机碳组分、碳氮磷含量及其化学计量比的影响研究。[结果]人工修复边坡演替初期F_(1)含量的变化范围为1.10~3.64 g/kg;F_(2)含量的变化范围为1.33~3.04 g/kg;F_(3)含量的变化范围为2.02~3.34 g/kg;F_(4)含量的变化范围为10.86~15.24 g/kg;TOC含量变化范围为15.52~24.71 g/kg;TN含量变化范围为0.61~0.93 g/kg;TP含量的变化范围为0.81~1.22 g/kg;C∶N变化范围为23.55~27.95;C∶P变化范围为17.26~23.09;N∶P的变化范围为0.72~0.98;C∶N∶P的变化范围为17.26∶0.75∶1~24.81∶0.95∶1。[结论]演替初期人工修复边坡碳磷表现为中等及以上,氮表现为缺乏;有机碳组分以惰性有机碳为主且有机碳稳定性较强。有机碳组分的主要影响因子为年平均温度、物种丰富度和年平均降水;土壤碳氮磷含量及其化学计量比主要影响因子为年平均温度、物种丰富度、pH和容重。

物料碳氮比及微生物菌剂接种量对黄瓜秧-鸡粪堆肥过程的影响

为明确黄瓜秧与鸡粪堆肥的适宜碳氮比及微生物菌剂接种量,本研究设计3个碳氮比(17.5、22.5和27.5)和3个微生物菌剂接种量(0.1%、0.2%、0.3%)共9个处理,测定了不同处理对黄瓜秧与鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中温度、有机质降解率、pH值、种子发芽指数(GI)、养分含量及堆肥腐熟度的影响。结果表明,高碳氮比和高微生物菌剂接种量处理堆体温度更快达到50℃以上,且堆肥过程中高温的峰值高于中、低碳氮比和中、低微生物菌剂接种量处理;高碳氮比和高微生物菌剂接种量处理,有机质降解率、堆肥的腐熟度(T)都显著提高;但接种0.3%微生物菌剂处理对有效磷、速效钾的保留效果以及堆肥最终发芽指数(GI)的提升均不如接种量为0.2%与0.1%的处理。综合上述分析,黄瓜秧与鸡粪进行堆肥无害化生产时,适宜的碳氮比为27.5,微生物菌剂接种量为0.1%~0.2%。

高原鼢鼠驱动高寒草甸土壤碳氮含量变化的时效性

为明确小型地下啮齿动物鼠丘效应和边缘效应影响土壤碳氮含量的时效性,本研究采用分区取样法研究青藏高原东北缘高寒草甸0~20 cm土层有机碳和氮随高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)鼠丘恢复年限的变化特征。结果表明:鼠丘效应影响土壤有机碳、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量及C∶N和铵态氮/硝态氮(ANR),具有明显的时效性。其中,鼠丘不同土层的有机碳含量、0~10 cm土层的铵态氮含量和C∶N在第4年时恢复至对照区水平,鼠丘0~10 cm土层的全氮、硝态氮含量和ANR在第3年时恢复至对照区水平;10~20 cm土层,鼠丘土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量在第5年恢复至对照区水平,土壤全氮在第1年恢复至对照区水平。边缘效应影响土壤有机碳、全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量及C∶N,亦表现出明显的时效性。其中,边缘区不同土层的铵态氮含量在第4年时恢复至对照区水平;0~10 cm土层,边缘区的土壤硝态氮、有机碳含量在第3年时恢复至对照区水平,土壤全氮含量和C∶N在第5年恢复至对照区水平;边缘区10~20 cm土层的硝态氮含量在第2年恢复至对照区水平。

不同磷水平对土壤化学性质和棉花产量及其构成的影响

本研究探讨不同磷水平对北疆灰漠土棉田土壤化学性质和棉花产量及其构成的影响,为确定最佳施磷量和深入了解当前棉田肥力及棉花生产状况提供实践指导。以“国家灰漠土肥力与肥料效益监测站”已进行了5 a的棉田土壤磷素肥力演替特征定位施肥试验为研究对象,本研究对不施肥、不施磷、常规施化肥磷100%、化肥磷减施25%、化肥磷增施25%、化肥磷增施50%处理的土壤化学性质、磷素有效性特征和棉花产量及其构成进行分析。结果表明:随着施磷量的增加,有利于提升土壤养分含量。速效氮、有效磷、速效钾增幅分别在3.0%~16.10%、29.20%~111.77%、70.10%~72.10%之间,各速效养分含量依次与施肥初期相比,年均最高分别增长2.12、1.53、22.85 mg·kg^(-1)。全氮、全磷、全钾增幅分别在21.10%~35.10%、1.60%~54.0%、9.30%~10.90%之间,各全量养分含量依次与施肥初期相比,年均最高分别增长0.03、0.06、0.41 g·kg^(-1)。施磷150 kg·hm-2时,土壤有效磷含量和磷活化能力均显著最强,磷活化系数达2.13%,有效促进了土壤全磷向有效磷的转化。随着施磷量的增加,土壤有机质、有机碳含量均在施磷150 kg·hm^(-2)时显著提升,增幅均在11.86%~36.50%之间,有机质年均增长0.33 g·kg^(-1)左右,由于受北疆石灰性土壤自然特性和气候条件限制,结合碳氮磷比表明土壤有机质处于缺乏状态。对土壤p H和总盐分别呈下降和提升的趋势,范围分别在7.91~8.05和1.55~1.85 g·kg^(-1)之间,但效应均不显著。连续5 a施磷150 kg·hm^(-2),能在确保棉株整个生育时期养分需求的同时节约磷肥用量且对棉花增产效果最佳,籽棉产量可达4658 kg·hm^(-2),与不施肥、不施磷、常规施化肥磷100%相比,分别显著增产16.83%、15.01%、11.63%。本研究综合土壤养分、肥料投入、棉花产量指标,得出在北疆灰漠土棉田施磷150 kg·hm^(-2)较为可行。

玉米芯耦合给水厂污泥强化人工湿地深度脱氮除磷研究

为了实现给水厂污泥的资源化利用,以某水厂污泥为例,分析了其理化性质与吸附除磷特性,并探究了玉米芯耦合给水厂污泥组合填料人工湿地系统在不同季节温度下的脱氮除磷效果。研究结果表明,给水厂污泥的平均铁、铝含量分别为(23.14±0.04)mg/g、(46.2±0.2)mg/g,磷饱和吸附容量为7.89 mg/g,污泥吸附磷的过程符合准二级动力学(R2=0.997)与Langumir模型(R2=0.979);湿地系统主要利用给水厂污泥吸附除磷,并依赖玉米芯进行异养反硝化脱氮;在HRT为1 d,进水氮、磷浓度满足GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级A标准的条件下,常温条件下出水氮、磷浓度均达到GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅱ类水标准。

改性聚丙烯基缓释碳源耦合生物膜水质净化器的脱氮效能研究

固态缓释碳源逐渐成为提高低碳氮比(C/N)污水脱氮效能的有效方法。本研究制备了一种新型亲水改性多孔聚丙烯基缓释碳源材料(HEPP-C),并利用其作为生物填料构建生物膜水质净化器,对低C/N污水脱氮效能进行研究。结果表明:HEPP-C能够稳定持久地释碳;在间歇反硝化体系中,HEPP-C具有最高的脱氮效率,对NO_(3)^(-)-N和TN的去除率分别为89.6%和89.5%;连续流缓释碳源耦合生物膜净化体系中,HEPP-C缓释碳源能够显著提高NO_(3)^(-)-N和TN的去除效率,当进水NO_(3)^(-)-N含量低于20 mg/L、水力停留时间为12 h、曝气—停曝时间为8 h—4 h时,出水TN浓度为1.24 mg/L,低于地表水Ⅵ类水质标准值。可见,构建的HEPP-C基缓释碳源耦合生物膜水质净化器能够对低污染污水以及河湖水体实现有效脱氮。

凋落物添加对蒿类荒漠草地土壤碳氮磷含量及其化学计量特征的影响

为探究凋落物添加对土壤养分及化学计量比的影响,本研究采用梅森瓶室外培养法,探求凋落物添加种类及添加量对蒿类荒漠草地0~10 cm土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)及其化学计量比的影响,发现茎叶混合促进了凋落物分解,但同一添加物各添加量间分解速率无显著差异。添加5 g和7.5 g叶后土壤SOC较对照分别增加10.4%,15.2%(P<0.05)。土壤TN随叶添加量增加呈上升趋势,较CK增加11.9%~18.4%(P<0.05),而茎、茎叶混合依次仅在5 g、7.5 g添加量时显著减少7.9%、增加37.8%(P<0.05)。2.5 g茎叶、5 g茎和7.5 g叶添加后土壤TP较CK依次增加9.8%,14.4%,7.2%(P<0.05)。凋落物添加后土壤C∶N,C∶P,N∶P分别为2.46~3.63,12.40~16.17,3.47~5.60,且SOC与C∶P、TN与N∶P均呈正相关,而TN与C∶N除添加叶外均呈显著负相关。因此,凋落物分解有利于蒿类荒漠土壤养分的恢复,尤其是叶凋落物的分解是其土壤碳氮短期补充的重要来源。

土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量比对针阔人工混交林及其纯林的差异响应

为了阐明针阔人工混交林及其纯林对土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量比的影响,以我国南亚热带地区针叶马尾松、阔叶格木人工纯林及二者的混交林为研究对象,依据各林分土壤表层(0~20 cm)、中层(20~40 cm)和底层(40~60 cm)土壤碳氮比(C/N)、碳磷比(C/P)和氮磷比(N/P),利用方差分析检验土壤C/N、C/P、N/P在不同林分不同土层间的差异特征,进而采用直线回归分析法探究C/N、C/P、N/P与土壤理化性质因子的相关关系。结果显示:(1)土壤C、N、P生态化学计量比在不同林分间的差异依土层而异。土壤C/N在各土层的林分间无显著差异(P>0.05),而马尾松-格木混交林土壤表层的C/P显著高于马尾松林(P<0.05),土壤N/P在格木林和混交林表层和底层均显著高于马尾松林。(2)随土壤深度增加土壤C、N、P生态化学计量比变化趋势依林分而异。马尾松林土壤C/N在土壤表层显著高于中层和底层(P<0.05),而其C/P则是土壤中层显著高于表层和底层;马尾松林和混交林的土壤N/P均随土壤深度增加而降低。(3)研究区样地林分土壤C/N、C/P与SOC显著正相关(P<0.05),而土壤N/P与TN极显著正相关(P<0.01)。研究结果表明,在南亚热带地区营建格木林及马尾松-格木混交林对平衡土壤碳氮磷养分的效果优于马尾松纯林。

水氮管理对黑土稻作土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征的影响

为阐明不同水氮管理模式对黑土稻作产量和土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征的影响,设置3种灌溉模式(常规淹灌、浅湿灌溉、控制灌溉)和4个氮肥梯度(0、85、110、135 kg/hm^(2)),探究了水稻产量、土壤碳氮磷含量及其化学计量比和层化率对不同水氮管理模式的响应规律。结果表明:与常规淹灌和浅湿灌溉相比,控制灌溉模式下,水稻通过形成足量大穗提高库容,小幅增加结实率,从而显著提高产量(P<0.05)。稻田土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(STN)、全磷(STP)含量随土层深度增加而降低,施氮处理可显著提升SOC、STN含量并降低STP含量(P<0.05)。与浅湿灌溉和控制灌溉相比,常规淹灌模式增加SOC、STN含量,而与常规淹灌和浅湿灌溉相比,控制灌溉模式增加STP含量。土壤C/N随施氮量增加而降低,土壤C/P、N/P随施氮量增加而升高,施氮能提升不同土层平均C/N层化率,降低C/P、N/P层化率。相比常规淹灌,控制灌溉模式能提升不同土层SOC、STP含量层化率,在一定程度上说明控制灌溉模式下配施适宜氮肥可以改善土壤质量。综合考虑,本研究中控制灌溉模式配施110 kg/hm^(2)氮肥为最优水氮管理方式。

不同温度下杉木凋落叶分解过程中碳氮磷释放及其化学计量比变化

[目的]研究升温对不同发育阶段杉木凋落叶分解过程中碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)释放规律及其生态化学计量特征的影响,揭示气候变暖背景下杉木人工林凋落叶分解过程中养分释放特征。[方法]收集中龄林(18年生)、成熟林(30年生)和过熟林(42年生)3个发育阶段的杉木凋落叶,设置25、30和35℃3个温度梯度进行室内模拟分解试验。[结果](1)在264 d的分解周期内,各发育阶段杉木凋落叶C、N、P残留率总体表现为随分解时间的增加而减小,但不同元素残留率变化模式不同,C残留率表现为释放—富集—释放模式,N残留率表现为富集—释放模式,P残留率表现为释放—富集模式。(2)拟合模型结果表明,成熟林与过熟林凋落叶分解过程中N周转期在35℃处理下比25℃处理分别缩短了34.4%和16.9%,P周转期分别缩短了38.4%和43.8%。(3)不同发育阶段杉木凋落叶分解过程中C:N、N:P比总体呈波动变化,C:P比呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,杉木凋落叶C:N、C:P、N:P比变幅分别为9.32~39.0、949~2194、32.7~153,升温处理在凋落叶分解过程总体上增大了C:P、N:P,降低了C:N比。[结论]温度升高能够缩短成熟林、过熟林凋落叶分解过程中N、P的周转期,提高各发育阶段杉木凋落叶分解过程中的C:P、N:P,说明杉木凋落叶分解明显受P限制,建议根据不同发育阶段杉木的生长需求,适当增加磷肥的施用。

一种脱氮复合微生物菌剂的反硝化特性

为了提高污水处理过程中反硝化脱氮的效果,作者利用实验室已筛选出的反硝化菌株N1、N9、N10制备复合脱氮微生物菌剂,研究了温度、碳氮比(C/N)、碳源类型对复合微生物菌剂的生长和脱氮特性的影响。结果表明,在30℃、C/N为10、碳源为可溶性淀粉的条件下,48 h后复合脱氮微生物菌剂对硝态氮、总氮和化学需氧量的去除率分别达92.61%、60.02%和58.48%。同时,在C/N比为2~10均有脱氮效果,表明该复合脱氮微生物菌剂在低C/N比废水的反硝化脱氮过程中具有一定的应用前景。