Effects of urbanization and forest type on species composition and diversity,forest characteristics,biomass carbon sink,and their associations in Changchun,Northeast China:implications for urban carbon stock improvement

Differences in forest attributes and carbon sequestration of each organ and layer between broadleaved and conifer forests of central and outer urban areas are not well-defined,hindering the precise management of urban forests and improvement of function.To clarify the effect of two forest types with different urbanization intensities,we determined differences in vegetation composition and diversity,structural traits,and carbon stocks of 152 plots(20 m×20 m)in urban park forests in Changchun,which had the largest green quantity and carbon density effectiveness.We found that 1.1-fold thicker and healthier trees,and 1.6-to 2.0-fold higher,healthier,denser,and more various shrubs but with sparser trees and herbs occurred in the central urban forests(p<0.05)than in the outer forests.The conifer forests exhibited 30–70%obviously higher tree aboveground carbon sequestration(including stem and leaf)and 20%bigger trees,especially in the outer forests(p<0.05).In contrast,1.1-to 1.5-fold higher branch stocks,healthier and more diverse trees were found in broadleaved forests of both the inner and outer forests(p<0.05).Plant size and dominant species had similarly important roles in carbon stock improvement,especially big-sized woody plants and Pinus tabuliformis.In addition,a higher number of deciduous or needle species positively affected the broadleaved forest of the central urban area and conifer forest of the outer urban area,respectively.These findings can be used to guide precise management and accelerate the improvement of urban carbon function in Northeast China in the future.

Coupling and Long-term Change Characteristics of Forest Carbon Sink and Forestry Economic Development in China

[Objectives]To analyze the changes in of forest carbon sink and forestry economic development,provide reference for relevant management decisions,ecological governance and resource and environment management,and promote the development of green low-carbon economy in China.[Methods]Based on the data of six forest resource inventories from 1989 to 2018 and related studies,the comprehensive evaluation model of forest carbon sink and forestry economic development,the coupling degree model of forest carbon sink and forestry economic development,and the coupling coordination degree model of forest carbon sink and forestry economic development were adopted.The coupling degree of forest carbon sink and forestry economic development from 1992 to 2018 was analyzed.Stepwise regression and ARIMA model were used to analyze the influencing factors and lagging characteristics of forest carbon sink.The coupling degree between forest carbon sink and forestry economic development in China from 2019 to 2030 was predicted by autoregression and ADF test.The coupling between forest carbon sink and forestry economic development in China and its long-term change characteristics were also discussed in this study.[Results](i)The investment of ecological construction and protection,the actual investment of forestry key ecological projects,GDP and the import of forest products had a significant impact on forest resources carbon stock.The total output value of forestry industry,the actually completed investment of forestry key ecological projects and the export volume of forest products had a significant impact on the forest carbon sink,and the actually completed investment of forestry key ecological projects has the greatest impact on the two.(ii)The impact of actually completed investment of forestry key ecological projects had a lag of 2 years on the forest resources carbon stock and a lag of 1 year on the forest carbon sink.When investing in forest carbon sink,it is necessary to make a good plan in advance,and do a good job in forest resources management and time optimization.(iii)From 1992 to 2018,the coupling degree of forest resources carbon stock,forest carbon sink and long-term development of forestry economy in China was gradually increasing.Although there were some fluctuations in the middle time,the coupling degree of forest resources carbon stock and the long-term development of forestry economy increased by 9.24%annually,and the degree of coupling coordination increased from"serious imbalance"in 1992 to"high-quality coordination"in 2018.From 1993 to 2018,the coupling degree of forest carbon sink and long-term development of forestry economy increased by 9.63%annually,slightly faster than the coupling coordination degree of forest resources carbon stock and long-term development of forestry economy.The coordination level also rose from level 2 in 1993 to level 10 in 2018.(iv)The prediction shows that the coupling coordination degree of forest resources carbon stock,forest carbon sink and the long-term development of forestry economy would increase from 2019 to 2030.The coupling coordination degree(D)values of both were close to 1,the coordination level was also 10 for a long time,and the degree of coupling coordination was also maintained at the"high-quality coordination"level for a long time.[Conclusions]Forest has multiple benefits of society,economy and ecology,and forest carbon sink is only a benefit output.The long-term coupling analysis of forest carbon sink and forestry economic development is a key point to multiple benefit analysis.The analysis shows that the spillover effect and co-evolution effect of forest carbon sink in China are significant.From 1992 to 2018,the coupling coordination degree of forest carbon sink and forestry economic development was gradually rising.The prediction analysis also indicate that the coupling coordination degree between the forest carbon sink and the long-term development of forestry economy will remain at the level of"high-quality coordination"for a long time from 2019 to 2030.Therefore,improving the level of forest management and maintaining the current trend of increasing forest resources are the key to achieving the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality in China.

Carbon emission risk of construction industry in Hebei Province of China based on carbon sink thresholds

In order to assess the environmental risks caused by carbon emissions from the construction industry in Hebei Province of China,an environmental risk assessment model based on forest carbon sink threshold was constructed to evaluate the carbon emission risks of the construction industry in Hebei Province,China from 2005 to 2020.The results are shown as follows:(1)The overall carbon emissions of the construction industry in Hebei Province of China showed an inverted"V"-shaped evolution trend during the past 16 years.Tangshan and Shijiazhuang maintained high carbon emissions,while Langfang,Hengshui and Baoding saw rapid increases in carbon emissions.(2)The environmental safety threshold of carbon emission from the construction industry in Hebei Province,China,has been continuously improved,and the provincial environmental safety threshold is between 9475080-23144760 tons;The environmental safety threshold was the highest in Baoding and Langfang,and the lowest in Xingtai.(3)In the past 16 years,the carbon emission risk of the construction industry in Hebei Province of China has been in a state of extremely serious risk,and the risk index generally presents an inverted"V"type trend.(4)The carbon emission risk of Hebei city in China presents a spatial pattern of"high in the south and low in the north",which goes through two stages:risk increase period and risk reduction period.

Multi-scenario Simulation for 2060 and Driving Factors of the Eco-spatial Carbon Sink in the Beibu Gulf Urban Agglomeration, China

Since China announced its goal of becoming carbon-neutral by 2060, carbon neutrality has become a major target in the development of China's urban agglomerations. This study applied the Future Land Use Simulation(FLUS) model to predict the land use pattern of the ecological space of the Beibu Gulf urban agglomeration, in 2060 under ecological priority, agricultural priority and urbanized priority scenarios. The Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(In VEST) model was employed to analyse the spatial changes in ecological space carbon storage in each scenario from 2020 to 2060. Then, this study used a Geographically Weighted Regression(GWR) model to determine the main driving factors that influence the changes in land carbon sinking capacity. The results of the study can be summarised as follows: firstly, the agricultural and ecological priority scenarios will achieve balanced urban expansion and environmental protection of resources in an ecological space. The urbanized priority scenario will reduce the carbon sinking capacity. Among the simulation scenarios for 2060, carbon storage in the urbanized priority scenario will decrease by 112.26 × 10^(6) t compared with that for 2020 and the average carbon density will decrease by 0.96 kg/m^(2) compared with that for 2020. Carbon storage in the agricultural priority scenario will increase by 84.11 × 10^(6) t, and the average carbon density will decrease by 0.72 kg/m^(2). Carbon storage in the ecological priority scenario will increase by 3.03 × 10^(6) t, and the average carbon density will increase by 0.03 kg/m^(2). Under the premise that the population of the town will increases continuously, the ecological priority development approach may be a wise choice.Secondly, slope, distance to river and elevation are the most important factors that influence the carbon sink pattern of the ecological space in the Beibu Gulf urban agglomeration, followed by GDP, population density, slope direction and distance to traffic infrastructure.At the same time, urban space expansion is the main cause of the changes of this natural factors. Thirdly, the decreasing trend of ecological space is difficult to reverse, so reasonable land use policy to curb the spatial expansion of cities need to be made.

Survey on the Policy Evolution of China s Marine Carbon Sink and Carbon Trading Market

Climate change is currently the biggest environmental challenge facing sustainable development in human society,and it is an inherent requirement for achieving sustainable development by actively addressing climate change.Under the increasingly strict constraints of climate governance,developed countries such as the United States,European Union countries,and Japan have responded and actively formulated low-carbon development goals and policy measures that are in line with their national conditions.These policies mainly involve various fields such as low-carbon technology,energy conservation and emission reduction,and circular development,with clear policy guidance.In this paper,the evolution of policies on marine carbon sink and carbon trading in China is summarized,providing support for better understanding the background of formulating relevant international and domestic policies.

Survey on the Policy Evolution of the International Marine Carbon Sink and Carbon Trading Market

Climate change is currently the biggest environmental challenge facing sustainable development in human society,and an inherent requirement for achieving sustainable development is actively addressing climate change.Under the increasingly strict constraints of climate governance,developed countries such as the United States,European Union countries,and Japan have responded and actively formulated low-carbon development goals and policy measures that are in line with their national conditions.These policies mainly involve various fields such as low-carbon technology,energy conservation and emission reduction,and circular development,with clear policy guidance.In this paper,the evolution of policies on marine carbon sink and carbon trading in developed countries such as the United States and Europe is summarized,providing support for a better understanding of the background of international and domestic policy formulation.

Responses of Carbon Sink of Ecosystem Vegetation to Land Use Changes in Kunming City

[Objectives]To analyze the relationship between the land use pattern and the carbon sequestration level of the ecosystem vegetation in Kunming City,and to provide a certain reference for optimizing the land ecological use pattern and scientific carbon reduction and sequestration.[Methods]Based on remote sensing data,meteorological data,vegetation data and soil data,the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach(CASA)was adopted to estimate the vegetation net primary productivity(NPP)in Kunming during 2005-2020,and then the vegetation carbon sink was calculated through the plant mortality model.Besides,it established the land use transfer matrix of Kunming City,and analyzed the change characteristics of the carbon sink of ecosystem vegetation in Kunming City under the influence of land use changes.[Results]During 2005-2020,the water area,construction land and unused land area in Kunming increased by 43.52,710.51 and 2.8 km 2,respectively;farmland,woodland and grassland decreased by 269.72,140.20 and 347.03 km 2,respectively;farmland,woodland,grassland,water area,construction land and unused land caused a total of 58212.72 t of vegetation net carbon sink loss in land conversion,accounting for 14.88%,25.23%,11.95%,10.58%,37.09%,and 0.26%,respectively.[Conclusions]This study is expected to help to improve the ecological carbon sequestration capacity of Kunming and promote the sustainable development of land resources.

An Optimal Model for Carbon Sinks of CDM Project to Build a New Countryside Based on Cyclic Economy under Uncertainty

Based on the status and characteristics of Clean Development Mechanism （CDM） renewable energy project and the mode of cyclic economy, aimed at achieving the maximum capacity of carbon sinks in the system, Lvjin Jiayuan—New Countryside Distripark CDM project in Wuchuan County was taken as an example for developing an interval linear programming （ILP） model to optimize the crops planting scheme and cows breeding scheme by using interval optimal method. The case showed that the optimized crops planting scheme and cows breeding scheme obtained from the optimal model was reasonable with relatively preferable overall performance. In the context of meeting economic benefits and fertilizer, electricity demand, [231 287.8, 273 312.7] t of CO2 could be absorbed and fixed, which had increased by [12.94, 33.46]% compared with the feasibility scheme of case project and provided technical support for making the decision in CDM project.

Carbon Sink Effects in Conversion of Farmland to Forest Project in Karst Drainage Basin——A Case of Hongfenghu Drainage Basin in Guizhou Province

[Objective]Study on carbon sink effects in Conversion of Farmland to Forest Project in Hongfenghu drainage basin in order to provide evidences for assessing carbon sink potential of conversion of farmland to forest in Guizhou Province.[Method]By investigating the implement of Conversion of Farmland to Forest Project in Hongfenghu drainage basin from 2000 to 2006,the carbon sink amount and effect of seven main tree species in the foreat region like Cunninghamia lanceolata,Cryptomeria fortunei,Amygdalus persica,Prunus salicina,Armeniaca vulgaris,Camptotheca acuminate and Catalpa bungei were calculated,based on which the amount of forest carbon sinks in Hongfenghu drainage basin in 2015 was estimated.[Result]Biomass storage and carbon sink amount in middle and young aged forests were increasing over time from 2000 to 2006,which reached 1.05×107 kg by 2006 and would engage more and more potential.Cunninghamia lanceolata has the superior carbon sink capacity in the seven tree species in the research region,of which the amount of carbon sink per unit area will be 106.51 t/hm2 by 2015,followed by Cryptomeria fortunei with the amount of carbon sink per unit area by 99.42 t/hm2.Armeniaca vulgaris has the weakest carbon sink capacity of all the seven species with the amount of 13.03 t/hm2.The total amount of carbon sink in seven tree species was 2.35×107 kg,while the average amount of carbon sink per unit area was 26.17 t/hm2,which could produced economic benefit of 7.17×106 yuan calculated on the price of 305.0 yuan/t or 5.91×106 yuan calculated on the price of 254.1 yuan/t.[Conclusion]Economic benefits of carbon sink effects of Conversion of Farmland to Forest Project in Hongfenghu drainage basin were great with huge appreciation potential.

Bicarbonate Daily Variations in a Karst River:the Carbon Sink Effect of Subaquatic Vegetation Photosynthesis

Using the Guancun River, an underground stream-fed river, in Rong＇an County of Guangxi, China as a case study, the daily biochemical cycle was examined in this paper based on the data collected a weeklong via high resolution data logger monitoring and high-frequency sampling. Furthermore, the loss of inorganic carbon along its flow path was estimated. Results show that chemical components of the groundwater input are quite stable, showing little change extent; while all of the chemical parameters from two downstream monitoring stations show diel variation over the monitoring period, suggesting that plant activity in the river has a strong influence on water chemistry of the river. The comparison of the input fluxes from the groundwater with the output fluxes of HCO~ estimated at the downstream monitoring station during the high-frequency sampling period shows a strong decrease of HCO~, indicating that the river is losing inorganic carbon along its flow path. The loss is estimated to be about 1,152 mmol/day/m of HCO~ which represent about 94.9 kg/day of inorganic carbon along the 1,350 m section of the Guancun River. It means that HCO~ entering the river from karst underground stream was either consumed by plants or trapped in the authigenic calcite and thus constitutes a natural sink of carbon for the Guancun karst system.

The Climatic-induced Net Carbon Sink by Terrestrial Biosphere over 1901-1995

The spatial and temporal variability of land carbon flux over the past one hundred years was investi- gated based on an empirical model directry calculating soil respiration rate. Our model shows that during 1901-1995, about 44-89 PgC (equals to 0.5, 0.9 PgC/ yr respectively) were absorbed by terrestrial biosphere. The simulated net ecosystem productivity (NEP) after the 1930s was close to the estimated value of u missing C sink' from deconvolution analysis. Most of the total carbon sink happened during 1951 -1985 with the estimated value of 33-50 PgC Three major sinks were located in the tropics (10°S-10°N), North- ern mid-latitudes (30°-60°N) and Southern subtropics (10°-40°S). During 1940s-mid-1970s, carbon sinks by terrestrial ecosystem increased with time, and decreased after the mid-1970s. These may be due to the ch anging of climate condition, as during the 1940s-1970s, temPerature decreased and precipitation increased, while after the mid-1970s, an opposite climate situation occurred with evident increasing in temperature and decreasing in precipitation. Usually, warmer and dryer climate condition is not favor for carbon absorption by biosphere and even induces net carbon release from soil, while cooler and wetter condition may induce more carbon sink. Our model results show that the net carbon flux is particularly dependent on moisture / precipitation effect despite of temperature effect, The changing of climate in the past century may be a possible factor inducing increases in carbon sink in addition to CO2 and N fertilizer.

Effects of organic mineral fertiliser on heavy metal migration and potential carbon sink in soils in a karst region

Heavy metal pollution in karst mountainous area of Guizhou has spread due to the long-term exploitation of mineral resources and the improper disposal of environmentally hazardous waste. Heavy metals are characterised by non-degradation, strong toxicity, and constant accumulation, posing a grave threat to karst mountain fragile soil ecosystem. To reduce the harm caused by heavy metal pollution and damage to agricultural products, research was undertaken on the basis of previous work by simulating pot experiments on pak choi cabbage(Brassica rapa chinensis)planted in Cd-contaminated soil: different amounts of organic mineral fertilisers(OMF) compared with chemical fertiliser(CF) were used and by detecting the amount of heavy metal in the mature vegetable, a better fertilisation strategy was developed. The results showed that the Cd content in vegetables grown with CF was 23.70 mg/kg,while that of vegetables grown with OMF and bacterial inoculant was the lowest at 15.13 mg/kg. This suggests that the use of OMF and microbes in karst areas not only promotes plant growth but also hinders plant absorption of heavy metal ions in the soil. In addition, through the collection of pot leachate, the detection of water chemistrycharacteristics, and the calculation of the calcite saturation index, it was found that the OMF method also induces certain carbon sink effects. The results provide a new way in which rationalise the use of OMFs in karst areas to alleviate soil heavy metal pollution and increase soil carbon sequestration.

Division of carbon sink functional areas and path to carbon neutrality in coal mines

Remote sensing image data of typical mining areas in the Loess Plateau from 1986 to 2018 were used to analyze the evolution of land use,explore the division of carbon sink functional areas,and propose carbon neutrality paths to provide a reference for the coal industry carbon peak,carbon-neutral action plan.Results show that(1)land use has changed signifcantly in the Pingshuo mining area over the past 30 years.Damaged land in industrial,opencast,stripping,and dumping areas comprises 4482.5 ha of cultivated land,1648.13 ha of grassland,and 963.49 ha of forestland.(2)The carbon sink functional areas of the Pingshuo mining land is divided into invariant,enhancement,low carbon optimization,and carbon emission control areas.The proportion of carbon sinks in the invariant area is decreasing,whereas the proportion in enhancement,low carbon optimization,and carbon emission control areas is gradually increasing.(3)The carbon neutrality of the mining area must be reduced from the entire process of stripping–mining–transport–disposal–reclamation,and carbon emissions and carbon sink accounting must start from the life cycle of coal resources.Therefore,carbon neutrality in mining areas must follow the 5R principles of reduction,reuse,recycling,redevelopment,and restoration,and attention must be paid to the potential of carbon sinks in ecological protection and restoration projects in the future.

The Variability of Air-sea O_(2)Flux in CMIP6:Implications for Estimating Terrestrial and Oceanic Carbon Sinks

The measurement of atmospheric O_(2)concentrations and related oxygen budget have been used to estimate terrestrial and oceanic carbon uptake.However,a discrepancy remains in assessments of O_(2)exchange between ocean and atmosphere(i.e.air-sea O_(2)flux),which is one of the major contributors to uncertainties in the O_(2)-based estimations of the carbon uptake.Here,we explore the variability of air-sea O_(2)flux with the use of outputs from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6(CMIP6).The simulated air-sea O_(2)flux exhibits an obvious warming-induced upward trend(~1.49 Tmol yr−2)since the mid-1980s,accompanied by a strong decadal variability dominated by oceanic climate modes.We subsequently revise the O_(2)-based carbon uptakes in response to this changing air-sea O_(2)flux.Our results show that,for the 1990−2000 period,the averaged net ocean and land sinks are 2.10±0.43 and 1.14±0.52 GtC yr−1 respectively,overall consistent with estimates derived by the Global Carbon Project(GCP).An enhanced carbon uptake is found in both land and ocean after year 2000,reflecting the modification of carbon cycle under human activities.Results derived from CMIP5 simulations also investigated in the study allow for comparisons from which we can see the vital importance of oxygen dataset on carbon uptake estimations.

Ecosystem-driven karst carbon cycle and carbon sink effects

It is recognized that karst processes are actively involved in the current global carbon cycle based on twenty years research,and the carbon sink occurred in karst processes is possibly an important part of“missing sink”in global carbon cycle.In this paper,an overview is given on karst carbon cycle research,and influence factors,formed carbon pools(background carbon sink)and sink increase potentials of current karst carbon cycle are analyzed.Carbonate weathering could contribute to the imbalance item(BIM)and land use change item(ELUC)in the global carbon cycle model,owing to its uptake of both atmospheric CO_(2)(carbon sink effect)and CO_(2) produced by soil respiration(carbon source reduction effect).Karst carbon sink includes inorganic carbon sink resulted from hydrogeochemical process and organic carbon sink generated by aquatic photosynthetic DIC conversion,forming relatively stable river(reservoir)water body or sediment carbon sink.The sizes of both sinks are controlled by terrestrial ecosystems and aquatic ecosystems,respectively.Desertification rehabilitation and carbon sequestration by aquatic plants are two effective ways to increase the carbon sink in karst area.It is estimated that the rate of carbon sink is at least 381000 t CO_(2)/a with vegetation restoration and afforestation in southwest China karst area,while the annual organic carbon sink generated by aquatic photosynthesis is about 84200 t C in the Pearl River Basin.The development of a soil CO_(2) based model for assessment of regional dissolution intensity will help to improve the estimation accuracy of carbon sink increase and potential,thus provide a more clear and efficient karst sink increase scheme and pathway to achieve the goals of“double carbon”.With the deep investigation on karst carbon cycle,mechanism and carbon sink effect,and the improvement of watershed carbon sink measurement methods and regional sink increase evaluation approaches.Karst carbon sink is expected to be included in the list of atmospheric CO_(2) sources/sinks of the global carbon budget in the near future.

Trends in carbon sink along the Belt and Road in the future under high emission scenario

Over the past three decades,the drawdown of atmospheric CO_(2) in vegetation and soil has fueled net ecosystem production(NEP).Here,a global land-surface model(CABLE)is used to estimate the trend in NEP and its response to atmospheric CO_(2),climate change,biological nitrogen(N)fixation,and N deposition under future conditions from 2031 to 2100 in the Belt and Road region.The trend of NEP simulated by CABLE decreases from 0.015 Pg carbon(C)yr^(-2) under present conditions(1936–2005)to−0.023 Pg C yr^(-2) under future conditions.In contrast,the trend in NEP of the CMIP6 ensemble changes from 0.014 Pg C yr^(-2) under present conditions to−0.009 Pg C yr^(-2) under future conditions.This suggests that the trend in the C sink for the Belt and Road region will likely decline in the future.The significant difference in the NEP trend between present and future conditions is mainly caused by the difference in the impact of climate change on NEP.Considering the responses of soil respiration(RH)or net primary production(NPP)to surface air temperature,the trend in surface air temperature changes from 0.01℃ yr^(-1) under present conditions to 0.05℃ yr^(-1) under future conditions.CABLE simulates a greater response of RH to surface temperature than that of NPP under future conditions,which causes a decreasing trend in NEP.In addition,the greater decreasing trend in NEP under future conditions indicates that the C-climate-N interaction at the regional scale should be considered.It is important to estimate the direction and magnitude of C sinks under the C neutrality target.

Mechanism of Ecological Compensating and Carbon Sink Trade in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Tibetan, Han and other ethnic people in Tibetan Autonomous Region labored hard to protect the forests and steppes and produce invisible ecological products. The forests and steppes in Qinghai -Tibet Plateau conserved water and added the Jinsha River. In order to achieve sustainable development, it needs to construct compensating mechanism inter Provinces between the upper Yangtze River and the middle and lower Yangtze River, to implement carbon sink trading, and to assist farmers and herdsmen in the Tibet to get rich as soon as possible.

Types of Countryside Carbon Source and Carbon Sink against the Background of Carbon Neutral and Corresponding Strategies

Countryside is rich in large-scale blue and green spaces such as woodland, farmland, grassland and water, which means a great potential of carbon sink. Rural architecture still has a long way to go in terms of low-carbon construction, which makes countryside carbon source and carbon sink significant in researches and practices of realizing objectives of carbon neutral. In view of the problems of current researches on rural carbon source and carbon sink, such as indistinct rural characteristics, incomplete system construction, this paper through sorting out these researches systematically classified the types of countryside carbon source and carbon sink, proposed corresponding strategies, made prospects on researches and practices of countryside carbon source and carbon sink, so as to provide references for future researches.

SWOT Analysis of Forest Carbon Sink Projects in Yunnan Province and Recommendations for Enhancing Competitiveness

Using the SWOT analysis method,this paper analyzed the internal strengths,weaknesses,external opportunities and threats of forest carbon sink projects in Yunnan Province.It found that Yunnan Province has strengths in economic environment and practical experience,weaknesses in social participation,project scale and carbon sink talents,opportunities in international climate environment,domestic policies,etc.,and threats in project crediting period and forest resource protection,etc.In view of these,Yunnan Province can change the participation mode of forest carbon sink projects,adopt appropriate trading methods,get familiar with the relevant rules of forest carbon sink projects,strengthen the publicity and research of forest carbon sink theory,strengthen the management of carbon sink forests and expand forest carbon sink projects to enhance the market competitiveness of the Yunnan forest carbon sink projects.

Important Progress Made in the Study of Chinese Geological Carbon Sink Potential

From 2010 to 2012, geologists at the Institute of Karst Geology the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences carried out the ＂Chinese Geological Carbon Sink Projects Research＂. They did investigation and research work according to three aspects of carbon sink： karst, soil, and mineral, and achieved important results.