Cetuximab combined with chemotherapy for simultaneous esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and colon adenocarcinoma:A case report

BACKGROUND Multiple primary carcinomas(MPCs)are defined as two or more independent primary cancers that occur simultaneously or sequentially in the same individual.Synchronous MPCs are rarer than solitary cancers or metachronous MPCs.Accurate diagnoses of synchronous MPCs and the choice of treatment are critical for successful outcomes in these cases.CASE SUMMARY A 64-year-old patient presented with dysphagia,without obvious cause.A diagnosis of synchronous esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and colon adenocarcinoma with liver metastasis was confirmed based on examination and laboratory results.After multi-disciplinary consultations,combination chemotherapy(a 3-wk cycle with oxaliplatin 212 mg administered on day 1 and capecitabine 1.5 g twice daily on days 1-14)and esophageal cancer radiotherapy were initiated.Based on the results of genetic testing,we switched to a regimen of leucovorin+fluorouracil+oxaliplatin and cetuximab regimen for 8 cycles.Subsequently,capecitabine and bevacizumab were administered until the most recent follow-up,at which the tumor remained stable.CONCLUSION Successful cetuximab chemotherapy treatment provides a reference for the nonoperative and homogeneous treatment of different pathological types of synchronous MCPs.

Combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma: A clinicopathological update

Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma(cHCC-CCA)is a rare primary liver cancer associated with an appalling prognosis.The diagnosis and manage-ment of this entity have been challenging to physicians,radiologists,surgeons,pathologists,and oncologists alike.The diagnostic and prognostic value of biomarkers such as the immunohistochemical expression of nestin,a progenitor cell marker,have been explored recently.With a better understanding of biology and the clinical course of cHCC-CCA,newer treatment modalities like immune checkpoint inhibitors are being tried to improve the survival of patients with this rare disease.In this review,we give an account of the recent developments in the pathology,diagnostic approach,and management of cHCC-CCA.

Early adenocarcinoma mixed with a neuroendocrine carcinoma component arising in the gastroesophageal junction: A case report

BACKGROUND Early adenocarcinoma mixed with a neuroendocrine carcinoma(NEC)component arising in the gastroesophageal junctional(GEJ)region is rare and even rarer in young patients.Here,we report such a case in a 29-year-old Chinese man.CASE SUMMARY This patient presented to our hospital with a 3-mo history of dysphagia and regurgitation.Upper endoscopy revealed an elevated nodule in the distal esophagus 1.6 cm above the GEJ line,without Barrett’s esophagus or involvement of the gastric cardia.The nodule was completely resected by endoscopic submu-cosal dissection(ESD).Pathological examination confirmed diagnosis of intra-mucosal adenocarcinoma mixed with an NEC component,measuring 1.5 cm.Immunohistochemically,both adenocarcinoma and NEC components were positive for P53 with a Ki67 index of 90%;NEC was positive for synaptophysin and chromogranin.Next-generation sequencing of 196 genes demonstrated a novel germline mutation of the ERCC3 gene in the DNA repair pathway and a germline mutation of the RNF43 gene,a common gastric cancer driver gene,in addition to pathogenic somatic mutations in P53 and CHEK2 genes.The patient was alive without evidence of the disease 36 mo after ESD.CONCLUSION Early adenocarcinoma with an NEC component arising in the distal esophageal side of the GEJ region showed evidence of gastric origin.

New trends in diagnosis and management of gallbladder carcinoma

Gallbladder(GB)carcinoma,although relatively rare,is the most common biliary tree cholangiocarcinoma with aggressiveness and poor prognosis.It is closely associated with cholelithiasis and long-standing large(>3 cm)gallstones in up to 90%of cases.The other main predisposing factors for GB carcinoma include molecular factors such as mutated genes,GB wall calcification(porcelain)or mainly mucosal microcalcifications,and GB polyps≥1 cm in size.Diagnosis is made by ultrasound,computed tomography(CT),and,more precisely,magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).Preoperative staging is of great importance in decisionmaking regarding therapeutic management.Preoperative staging is based on MRI findings,the leading technique for liver metastasis imaging,enhanced three-phase CT angiography,or magnetic resonance angiography for major vessel assessment.It is also necessary to use positron emission tomography(PET)-CT or ^(18)F-FDG PET-MRI to more accurately detect metastases and any other occult deposits with active metabolic uptake.Staging laparoscopy may detect dissemination not otherwise found in 20%-28.6%of cases.Multimodality treatment is needed,including surgical resection,targeted therapy by biological agents according to molecular testing gene mapping,chemotherapy,radiation therapy,and immunotherapy.It is of great importance to understand the updated guidelines and current treatment options.The extent of surgical intervention depends on the disease stage,ranging from simple cholecystectomy(T1a)to extended resections and including extended cholecystectomy(T1b),with wide lymph node resection in every case or IV-V segmentectomy(T2),hepatic trisegmentectomy or major hepatectomy accompanied by hepaticojejunostomy Roux-Y,and adjacent organ resection if necessary(T3).Laparoscopic or robotic surgery shows fewer postoperative complications and equivalent oncological outcomes when compared to open surgery,but much attention must be paid to avoiding injuries.In addition to surgery,novel targeted treatment along with immunotherapy and recent improvements in radiotherapy and chemotherapy(neoadjuvant-adjuvant capecitabine,cisplatin,gemcitabine)have yielded promising results even in inoperable cases calling for palliation(T4).Thus,individualized treatment must be applied.

Downstaging strategies for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

A significant number of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)are usually diagnosed in advanced stages,that leads to inability to achieve cure.Palliative options are focusing on downstaging a locally advanced disease.It is wellsupported in the literature that patients with HCC who undergo successful conversion therapy followed by curative-intent surgery may achieve a significant survival benefit compared to those who receive chemotherapy alone or those who are successfully downstaged with conversion therapy but not treated with surgery.Hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy can be a potential downstaging strategy,since recent studies have demonstrated excellent outcomes in patients with colorectal liver metastatic disease as well as primary liver malignancies.

Endobronchial metastasis secondary to renal clear cell carcinoma:A case report

BACKGROUND Endobronchial metastases(EBMs)are tumours that metastasise from a malignant tumour outside the lungs to the central and subsegmental bronchi,and are visible under a bronchofibrescope.Most EBMs are formed by direct invasion or metastasis of intrathoracic malignant tumours,such as lung cancer,oesophageal cancer or mediastinum tumours.Renal cell carcinoma(RCC),accounting for 2%to 3%of all tumours,is a common malignant tumour of the urinary system.Renal clear cell carcinoma(RCCC)constitutes the predominant pathological subtype of RCC,comprising approximately 70%to 80%of all RCC cases.RCCC can spread and metastasise through arterial,venous and lymphatic circulation to almost all organs of the body.Moreover,lung,bone,liver,brain and local recurrence are the most common metastatic neoplasms of RCCC.However,EBM from RCCC has a low complication rate and is often misdiagnosed as primary lung cancer.CASE SUMMARY A 71-year-old male patient who had undergone radical left nephrectomy 7 years prior due to RCCC was referred to our hospital due to a 1-mo history of productive cough.The results of an enhanced chest CT scan indicated the presence of a soft tissue nodule in the upper lobe of the left lung,and flexible bronchoscopy revealed a hypervascular lesion in the bronchus of the left lung's superior lobe.Therefore,the patient underwent thoracoscopic left superior lobe wedge resection,and pathology confirmed EBM from the RCCC.CONCLUSION EBM from RCCC has a low incidence and no characteristic clinical manifestations in the early stage.If a bronchial tumour is found in a patient with RCCC,the possibility of bronchial metastatic cancer should be considered.

An overview of the contemporary diagnosis and management approaches for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

Thyroid carcinoma is a complex disease with several types,the most common being well-differentiated and undifferentiated.The latter,“undifferentiated carcinoma”,also known as anaplastic thyroid carcinoma(ATC),is a highly aggr-essive malignant tumor accounting for less than 0.2%of all thyroid carcinomas and carries a poor prognosis with a median survival of 5 months.BRAF gene mutations are the most common molecular factor associated with this type of thyroid carcinoma.Recent advances in targeted biological agents,immuno-therapy,stem cell therapy,nanotechnology,the dabrafenib/trametinib com-bination therapy,immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICI)and artificial intelligence offer novel treatment options.The combination therapy of dabrafenib and tra-metinib is the current standard treatment for patients with BRAF-V600E gene mutations.Besides,the dabrafenib/trametinib combination therapy,ICI,used alone or in combination with targeted therapies have raised some hopes for improving the prognosis of this deadly disease.Younger age,earlier tumor stage and radiotherapy are all prognostic factors for improved outcomes.Ultimately,therapeutic regimens should be tailored to the individual patient based on surveillance and epidemiological data,and a multidisciplinary approach is ess-ential.

Diagnosing upper tract urothelial carcinoma: A review of the role of diagnostic ureteroscopy and novel developments over last two decades

Objective: The role of ureteroscopy in the diagnosis of upper tract urothelial carcinoma is yet to be fully determined. We aimed to provide an up to date evaluation of its role and the emerging technologies in the field.Methods: A literature search of the last two decades (from 24th May, 2001 to 24th May, 2021) was carried out identifying 147 papers for potential inclusion within this narrative review.Results: Diagnostic ureteroscopy is undeniably useful in its ability to visualise and biopsy indeterminate lesions, and to risk stratify malignant lesions that may be suitable for kidney sparing surgery. However, an increased risk of intravesical recurrence following nephroureterectomy when a prior diagnostic ureteroscopy has been performed, inadequate sampling at biopsy, complications from the procedure, and difficult ureteric access are all potential drawbacks. Furthermore, whilst generally an accurate diagnostic procedure, it risks missing carcinoma in-situ lesions. Despite this, evidence shows that routine use of ureteroscopy changes the management of patients in a large proportion of cases, preventing unnecessary surgery or facilitating kidney sparing surgery. The overall rate of complications is low, and improved biopsy techniques and the use of tissue biomarkers for improved staging and grading are encouraging. The risks of delays to definitive management and post-ureteroscopy intravesical recurrence do not seem to affect survival, and trials are in progress to determine whether intravesical therapy can mitigate the latter. Further promising techniques are being investigated to improve shortcomings, particularly in relation to improved diagnosis of carcinoma in situ and preoperative staging.Conclusion: Ureteroscopy has a role in the diagnosis of upper tract malignancy, though whether it should be used routinely is yet to be determined.

Concurrent occurrence of adenocarcinoma and urothelial carcinoma of the prostate gland:A case report

BACKGROUND Adenocarcinoma is the most common subtype of prostate cancer.Prostatic urothelial carcinoma(UC)typically originates from the prostatic urethra.The concurrent occurrence of adenocarcinoma and UC of the prostate gland is uncommon.CASE SUMMARY We present the case of an 82-year-old male patient with simultaneous adenocarcinoma and UC of the prostate gland.The patient underwent a transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy,and the pathology test revealed UC.Subsequently,transurethral laser prostatectomy was performed,and the pathology test indicated adenocarcinoma of the prostate with a Gleason score of 3+4 and highgrade UC.Therefore,the patient was treated with androgen deprivation therapy,systemic chemotherapy,and immunotherapy.Magnetic resonance imaging performed during follow-up revealed a prostate tumor classified as cT2cN1M0,stage IVA.Therefore,the patient underwent robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection.The final pathology test of the prostate gland revealed acinar-type adenocarcinoma,Gleason pattern 4+3,pT2N0M0,and high-grade UC.The patient regularly presented to the clinic for postoperative follow-up evaluations.He did not experience any urinary discomfort.CONCLUSION According to our literature review,this is the first reported case of coexisting adenocarcinoma and UC of the prostate gland.

Classificatory updates in verrucous and cuniculatum carcinomas:Insights from the 5^(th) edition of WHO-IARC head and neck tumor classification

The International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC)and World Health Organization(WHO)collaboratively produce the'WHO Blue Books'essential tools standardizing the diagnostic process for human cancers.Regular updates in this classification accommodate emerging molecular discoveries,advances in immunohistochemical techniques,and evolving clinical insights.The 5th edition of the WHO/IARC classification of head and neck tumors refines the'Oral Cavity and Mobile Tongue'chapter,including sections for non-neoplastic lesions,epithelial tumors,and tumors of uncertain histogenesis.Notably,the epithelial tumors section is rearranged by tumor behavior,starting with benign squamous papillomas and progressing through potentially malignant oral disorders to oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC).The section on OSCC reflects recent information on epidemiology,pathogenesis,and histological prognostic factors.Noteworthy is the specific categorization of verrucous carcinoma(VC)and carcinoma cuniculatum(CC),both associated with the oral cavity and distinct in clinical and histologic characteristics.This classification adjustment emphasizes the oral cavity as their predominant site in the head and neck.Designating specific sections for VC and CC aims to provide comprehensive insights into these unique subtypes,elucidating their clinical features,distinct histological characteristics,prevalence,significance,and clinical relevance.By categorizing these subtypes into specific sections,the 5th edition of the WHO classification aims to provide a more nuanced and detailed account,enhancing our understanding of these specific variants within the broader spectrum of head and neck tumors.

Eccrine porocarcinoma in the tempus of an elderly woman:A case report

BACKGROUND Eccrine porocarcinoma(EPC)is a rare skin tumor that mainly affects the elderly population.Tumors often present with slow growth and a good prognosis.EPCs are usually distinguished from other skin tumors using histopathology and immunohistochemistry.However,surgical management alone may be inadequate if the tumor has metastasized.However,currently,surgical resection is the most commonly used treatment modality.CASE SUMMARY A seventy-four-year-old woman presented with a slow-growing nodule in her left temporal area,with no obvious itching or pain,for more than four months.Histopathological examination showed small columnar and short spindle-shaped cells;thus,basal cell carcinoma was suspected.However,immunohistochemical analysis revealed the expression of cytokeratin 5/6,p63 protein,p16 protein,and Ki-67 antigen(40%),and EPC was taken into consideration.The skin biopsy was repeated,and hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed ductal differentiation in some cells.Finally,the patient was diagnosed with EPC,and Mohs micrographic surgery was performed.We adapted follow-up visits in a year and not found any recurrence of nodules.CONCLUSION This case report emphasizes the diagnosis and differentiation of EPC.

Ultrasomics in liver cancer: Developing a radiomics model for differentiating intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma using contrast-enhanced ultrasound

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ICC)represent the predominant histological types of primary liver cancer,comprising over 99%of cases.Given their differing biological behaviors,prognoses,and treatment strategies,accurately differentiating between HCC and ICC is crucial for effective clinical management.Radiomics,an emerging image processing technology,can automatically extract various quantitative image features that may elude the human eye.Reports on the application of ultrasound(US)-based radiomics methods in distinguishing HCC from ICC are limited.METHODS In our retrospective study,we included a total of 280 patients who were diagnosed with ICC(n=140)and HCC(n=140)between 1999 and 2019.These patients were divided into training(n=224)and testing(n=56)groups for analysis.US images and relevant clinical characteristics were collected.We utilized the XGBoost method to extract and select radiomics features and further employed a random forest algorithm to establish ultrasomics models.We compared the diagnostic performances of these ultrasomics models with that of radiologists.RESULTS Four distinct ultrasomics models were constructed,with the number of selected features varying between models:13 features for the US model;15 for the contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS)model;13 for the combined US+CEUS model;and 21 for the US+CEUS+clinical data model.The US+CEUS+clinical data model yielded the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC)among all models,achieving an AUC of 0.973 in the validation cohort and 0.971 in the test cohort.This performance exceeded even the most experienced radiologist(AUC=0.964).The AUC for the US+CEUS model(training cohort AUC=0.964,test cohort AUC=0.955)was significantly higher than that of the US model alone(training cohort AUC=0.822,test cohort AUC=0.816).This finding underscored the significant benefit of incorporating CEUS information in accurately distin-guishing ICC from HCC.CONCLUSION We developed a radiomics diagnostic model based on CEUS images capable of quickly distinguishing HCC from ICC,which outperformed experienced radiologists.

Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the common hepatic duct coexisting with distal cholangiocarcinoma:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine carcinoma(NEC)of the extrahepatic bile duct is very rare,and the treatment and prognosis are unclear.Herein,we report the case of a middleaged female with primary large cell NEC(LCNEC)of the common hepatic duct combined with distal cholangiocarcinoma(dCCA).Additionally,after a review of the relevant literature,we summarize and compare mixed neuroendocrine-nonneuroendocrine neoplasm(MiNEN)and pure NEC to provide a reference for selecting the appropriate treatment and predicting the prognosis of this rare disease.CASE SUMMARY A 62-year-old female presented to the hospital due to recurrent abdominal pain for 2 months.Physical examination showed mild tenderness in the upper abdomen and a positive Courvoisier sign.Blood tests showed elevated liver transaminase and carbohydrate antigen 199 levels.Imaging examination revealed node dissection was performed,and hepatic duct tumours were unexpectedly found during surgery.Pathology suggested poorly differentiated LCNEC(approximately 0.5 cm×0.5 cm×0.4 cm),Ki-67(50%),synaptophysin+,and chromogranin A+.dCCA pathology suggested moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma.The patient eventually developed lymph node metastasis in the liver,bone,peritoneum,and abdominal cavity and died 24 months after surgery.Gene sequencing methods were used to compare gene mutations in the two primary bile duct tumours.CONCLUSION The prognosis of MiNEN and pure NEC alone is different,and the selection of treatment options needs to be differentiated.

Dynamic contrast enhanced ultrasound in differential diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Non-invasive differential diagnosis between hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)and other liver cancer(i.e.cholangiocarcinoma or metastasis)is highly challenging and definitive diagnosis still relies on histological exam.The patterns of enhancement and wash-out of liver nodules can be used to stratify the risk of malignancy only in cirrhotic patients and HCC frequently shows atypical features.Dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound(DCEUS)with standardized software could help to overcome these obstacles,providing functional and quantitative parameters and potentially improving accuracy in the evaluation of tumor perfusion.AIM To explore clinical evidence regarding the application of DCEUS in the differential diagnosis of liver nodules.METHODS A comprehensive literature search of clinical studies was performed to identify the parameters of DCEUS that could relate to histological diagnosis.In accordance with the study protocol,a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the evidence was planned.RESULTS Rise time was significantly higher in HCC patients with a standardized mean difference(SMD)of 0.83(95%CI:0.48-1.18).Similarly,other statistically significant parameters were mean transit time local with a SMD of 0.73(95%CI:0.20-1.27),peak enhancement with a SMD of 0.37(95%CI:0.03-0.70),area wash-in area under the curve with a SMD of 0.47(95%CI:0.13-0.81),wash-out area under the curve with a SMD of 0.55(95%CI:0.21-0.89)and wash-in and wash-out area under the curve with SMD of 0.51(95%CI:0.17-0.85).SMD resulted not significant in fall time and wash-in rate,but the latter presented a trend towards greater values in HCC compared to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.CONCLUSION DCEUS could improve non-invasive diagnosis of HCC,leading to less liver biopsy and early treatment.This quantitative analysis needs to be applied on larger cohorts to confirm these preliminary results.

Rare primary squamous cell carcinoma of the intrahepatic bile duct: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma is the most common malignancy of the biliary tree and has a poor prognosis.Adenocarcinoma is the most common pathological type of cho-langiocarcinomas,but rare squamous,adenosquamous,and mucinous variants have been reported without adequate clinical data.CASE SUMMARY This report describes a rare case of primary squamous cell carcinoma(SCC)of the intrahepatic bile duct.The patient was admitted with a tumor in the hepatic caudate lobe with no obvious clinical symptoms.Examination revealed hepatitis B surface antigen positivity,a slight increase in alfa-fetoprotein to 16.34 ng/mL,and an irregular slightly heterogeneous enhancing lesion in the hepatic caudate lobe,which was initially thought to be hepatocellular carcinoma.Laparoscopic re-section was performed,and the final pathology suggested a rare primary SCC of the intrahepatic bile duct.Immunohistochemistry indicated positivity for villin,partial positivity for p63,and negativity for hepatocyte,CK7,CK8,CK19,and CK20.The Ki-67 index was approximately 60%.The patient received six cycles of Tegio chemotherapy.A new lesion was detected in the liver after 15 months.The surgery was performed,and the patient was followed-up at a local hospital.To date,no new lesions have been observed.CONCLUSION Surgery is the first choice for resectable lesions,and combined chemotherapy based on pathology is essential for increasing overall survival.

Advanced Lung Adenocarcinoma with EGFR 19-del Mutation Transformed into SCC after EGFR-tyrosine Kinase inhibitors Treatment:A Case report

BACKGROUND Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors(EGFR-TKIs)significantly improve the survival of patients with Epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)sensitive mutations in non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).CASE SUMMARY A 67-year-old female patient in advanced lung adenocarcinoma suffered from drug resistance after EGFR-TKIs treatment.Secondary pathological tissue biopsy confirmed squamous cell carcinoma(SCC)transformation.Patients inevitably encountered drug resistance issues after receiving EGFR-TKIs treatment for a certain period of time,while EGFR-TKIs can significantly improve the survival of patients with EGFR-sensitive mutations in NSCLC.Notably,EGFR-TKIs resistance includes primary and acquired.Pathological transformation is one of the mechanisms of acquired resistance in EGFR-TKIs,with SCC transformation being relatively rare.Our results provide more detailed results of the patient’s diagnosis and treatment process on SCC transformation after EGFR-TKIs treatment for lung adenocarcinoma.CONCLUSION Squamous cell carcinoma transformation is one of the acquired resistance mechanisms of EGFR-TKIs in advanced lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutations.

Pyrimethamine upregulates BNIP3 to interfere SNARE-mediated autophagosome-lysosomal fusion in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common tumor types and remains a major clinical challenge. Increasing evidence has revealed that mitophagy inhibitors can enhance the effect of chemotherapy on HCC. However, few mitophagy inhibitors have been approved for clinical use in humans. Pyrimethamine (Pyr) is used to treat infections caused by protozoan parasites. Recent studies have reported that Pyr may be beneficial in the treatment of various tumors. However, its mechanism of action is still not clearly defined. Here, we found that blocking mitophagy sensitized cells to Pyr-induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, Pyr potently induced the accumulation of autophagosomes by inhibiting autophagosome-lysosome fusion in human HCC cells. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that Pyr blocked autophagosome-lysosome fusion by upregulating BNIP3 to inhibit synaptosomal-associated protein 29 (SNAP29)-vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 (VAMP8) interaction. Moreover, Pyr acted synergistically with sorafenib (Sora) to induce apoptosis and inhibit HCC proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Pyr enhances the sensitivity of HCC cells to Sora, a common chemotherapeutic, by inhibiting mitophagy. Thus, these results provide new insights into the mechanism of action of Pyr and imply that Pyr could potentially be further developed as a novel mitophagy inhibitor. Notably, Pyr and Sora combination therapy could be a promising treatment for malignant HCC.

Treatment of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma:a systematic review and Meta-analysis

AIM:To evaluate lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma(LGACC)of prognosis in patients who underwent different treatment regimens.METHODS:We searched PubMed,EMBASE,and the Cochrane Library for studies done on the treatment of LGACC,between January 1987 and April 2022.A Metaanalysis was conducted to pool the 5-year overall survival rate(OR),and the 5-year recurrence rate(RR)and 5-year metastasis rate(MR)were assessed.RESULTS:The 30 studies involved 585 patients were included in the Meta-analysis.The pooled 5-year OR with surgery alone was 50%,the 5-year RR was 63%,and the 5-year MR was 34%.The pooled 5-year OR with surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy combined was 67%(95%CI 61%,73%),the 5-year RR was 41%,and the 5-year MR was 35%.The pooled 5-year OR with surgery and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy combined was 72%(95%CI 59%,84%),the 5-year RR was 48%,and the 5-year MR was 36%.The pooled 5-year OR with surgery,intra-arterial cytoreductive chemotherapy,and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy combined was 78%(95%CI 68%,89%),the 5-year RR was 15%,and the 5-year MR was 27%.CONCLUSION:Comprehensive treatment is more effective than surgery alone.Surgery combined with intraarterial chemotherapy and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy seems to add value to the therapeutic effect of comprehensive treatment of LGACC but further high-quality research is required to validate this.

Bile acids,gut microbiota,and therapeutic insights in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a prevalent and aggressive liver malignancy.The interplay between bile acids(BAs)and the gut microbiota has emerged as a critical factor in HCC development and progression.Under normal conditions,BA metabolism is tightly regulated through a bidirectional interplay between gut microorganisms and BAs.The gut microbiota plays a critical role in BA metabolism,and BAs are endogenous signaling molecules that help maintain liver and intestinal homeostasis.Of note,dysbiotic changes in the gut microbiota during pathogenesis and cancer development can disrupt BA homeostasis,thereby leading to liver inflammation and fibrosis,and ultimately contributing to HCC development.Therefore,understanding the intricate interplay between BAs and the gut microbiota is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms underlying hepatocarcinogenesis.In this review,we comprehensively explore the roles and functions of BA metabolism,with a focus on the interactions between BAs and gut microorganisms in HCC.Additionally,therapeutic strategies targeting BA metabolism and the gut microbiota are discussed,including the use of BA agonists/antagonists,probiotic/prebiotic and dietary interventions,fecal microbiota transplantation,and engineered bacteria.In summary,understanding the complex BA-microbiota crosstalk can provide valuable insights into HCC development and facilitate the development of innovative therapeutic approaches for liver malignancy.

Metadherin promotes stem cell phenotypes and correlated with immune infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND Metadherin(MTDH)is a key oncogene in most cancer types,including hepato-cellular carcinoma(HCC).Notably,MTDH does not affect the stemness pheno-type or immune infiltration of HCC.AIM To explore the role of MTDH on stemness and immune infiltration in HCC.METHODS MTDH expression in HCC tissues was detected using TCGA and GEO databases.Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the tissue samples.MTDH was stably knocked down or overexpressed by lentiviral transfection in the two HCC cell lines.The invasion and migration abilities of HCC cells were evaluated using Matrigel invasion and wound healing assays.Next,we obtained liver cancer stem cells from the spheroids by culturing them in a serum-free medium.Gene expression was determined by western blotting and quantitative reverse transcri-ption PCR.Flow cytometry,immunofluorescence,and tumor sphere formation assays were used to characterize stem-like cells.The effects of MTDH inhibition on tumor growth were evaluated in vivo.The correlation of MTDH with immune cells,immunomodulators,and chemokines was analyzed using ssGSEA and TISIDB databases.RESULTS HCC tissues expressed higher levels of MTDH than normal liver tissues.High MTDH expression was associated with a poor prognosis.HCC cells overex-pressing MTDH exhibited stronger invasion and migration abilities,exhibited a stem cell-like phenotype,and formed spheres;however,MTDH inhibition attenuated these effects.MTDH inhibition suppressed HCC progression and CD133 expression in vivo.MTDH was positively correlated with immature dendritic,T helper 2 cells,central memory CD8^(+)T,memory B,activated dendritic,natural killer(NK)T,NK,activated CD4^(+)T,and central memory CD4^(+)T cells.MTDH was negatively correlated with activated CD8^(+)T cells,eosinophils,activated B cells,monocytes,macrophages,and mast cells.A positive correlation was observed between the MTDH level and CXCL2 expression,whereas a negative correlation was observed between the MTDH level and CX3CL1 and CXCL12 expression.CONCLUSION High levels of MTDH expression in patients with HCC are associated with poor prognosis,promoting tumor stemness,immune infiltration,and HCC progression.