Protective effect of Eleteria cardamomum(L.) Maton against Pan masala induced damage in lung of male Swiss mice

Objective:To study the potential ameliorating properties of cardamom Elettaria cardamomum (E.cardamomum) L.Maton against pan masala induced damage in lung of male Swiss mice. Methods:The experimental animals were divided into 3 groups(control,pan masala treated group and pan masala with cardamom treated group) to evaluate pan masala toxicity.The observations were substantiated with profound changes in the lung tissue as revealed in the histologic and transmission electron microscopic examinations.Results:Lung of pan masala treated group showed adenocarcinoma,edema,and inflammation with increased activity of acid phosphatase,alkaline phosphatase,and lactate dehydrogenase.The deleterious effects were seen to be less in cardamom treated group and the enzymatic activity also decreased significantly (P【0.05)\ in the ameliorating group.Conclusions:Thus,the present experiment exciting results are observed when cardamom is supplemented with pan masala,or when given alone.

Phytochemical Content, Radical Scavenging Ability &Enzyme Inhibiting Activities of Selected Spices (Cinnamon, Cardamom and Cloves)

Cinnamon, cardamom and cloves have been widely used for medicinal purposes as well as essential cooking ingredients for flavor. The objective of the research was to investigate the antioxidant content, antioxidant capacity, and inhibition of lipid and carbohydrate metabolizing enzyme activities of selected spices (cinnamon, cardamom & cloves) methanol (ME) and water extracts (WE). The phytochemical content was determined by total phenolic and total flavanoid content. The antioxidant potential was determined by measuring 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) in spice’s (ME) and (WE) extracts. Total phenolic (GAE mg/100g dry weight) and flavonoid (mg CE/100g dry weight) content were the highest in Cloves (ME) 174.4 and 101.06. The lowest values for phenolic content were seen in ME and WE of Cardamom at 31.24 and 7.55. The DPPH IC50 values ranged from 0.22mg/mL (Cloves ME) to 0.60mg/mL (Cardamom ME). FRAP (μmol Fe2+/100g dry weight) for Cinnamon, Cardamom (ME) was 2438.5 and 325. Clove (ME) had a significantly higher reducing potential of 6888.5 which might have been attributed by the high amounts of phenolics and flavonoids in the spice. FRAP in spice extracts (WE) was lower with values of 2296.5 and 218.5 and 2310.5, respectively. The highest inhibition of the α-glucosidase was observed by Clove (ME) 86.5%, which also had the highest amylase enzyme inhibition at 71%. However, inhibition of the lipase enzyme was highest by the Cinnamon (WE) extracts 44.3%. The potential of phytochemicals in spices was studied and if consumed in high amounts could offer antioxidative properties and regulate key digestive enzymes which may lead to prevention or decreased progression of diseases such as Cancer, Diabetes and Cardiovascular diseases.

Impact of Cardamom Cultivation on the Composition and Dynamics of Soil Seed Banks in a Conservation Forest in Sri Lanka: Implications for Conservation

Cultivation of cash crops, such as cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) in the forest understorey is a common practice in many tropical forests. Over time, cultivation may change forest structure and species composition, leading to gradual degradation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Effective conservation of these forests requires an enhanced understanding of the demographic processes such as soil seed bank that may greatly influence future forest composition. We examined how the soil seed bank structure and composition responds to cardamom cultivation in a high conservation value Sri Lankan montane rain forest. Soil samples from natural forest with abandoned cardamom plantations (CP) and adjacent natural forest (NF) patches without cardamom were collected in dry and wet seasons. Soil samples were spread out in trays in a shade house and germination was recorded weekly for 19 weeks. The density of seeds in the soil seed bank was much higher in CP than NF. While grasses and forbs contributed the highest number and percentage of seeds in soils of both forest types, their densities in the soil seed bank were 9 and 2 times greater in the CP than the NF, respectively. Seeds of the non-native herbs Ageratina riparia and E. cardamomum were 4 and 20 times greater in the soil of CP, respectively. Seeds of light demanding tree species such as Macaranga indica were restricted to soils of CPs. Overstorey tree community of each forest type was poorly represented in their respective soil seed banks. The high density of seeds of pioneer trees and non-native herbs in the soil of CPs, combined with higher light transmission to the ground floor may exacerbate competition for resources with the seedlings of late successional trees of high conservation value. To overcome this barrier and enhance conservation value of the forest, restoration strategies may need to focus on transplanting seedlings of these species into forest with abandoned cardamom plantations.

绿豆蔻植物精油的提取、成分分析及抑菌活性研究

为了研究绿豆蔻精油的化学成分以及抑菌活性,本文采用水蒸气盐析辅助蒸馏法提取绿豆蔻精油,通过气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)对绿豆蔻精油成分进行分析;并以枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌为供菌种,测定绿豆蔻精油的抑菌活性。结果表明,绿豆蔻的最佳提取工艺条件为:Na Cl浓度为5%,液料比为12∶1(m L∶g),提取时间为3.0 h,在此条件下,精油的提取率最高可达5.6%;对绿豆蔻精油进行GC-MS分析,检测出20种化合物,其中萜类化合物18种;进一步的抑菌活性研究显示,绿豆蔻精油对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、沙门氏菌均有良好的抑菌作用,其中对大肠杆菌的抑菌效果最好。

西双版纳热带雨林不同土地利用方式对土壤动物个体数量的影响

以自然林为对照 ,研究了云南省西双版纳热带地区刀耕火种农业 (旱稻 )和林下种植砂仁 ( Amomumvillosum) 2种不同土地利用方式对土壤弹尾、螨和线虫 3类土壤动物个体数量的影响。通过 2 4个月的取样分离 ,获得土壤动物个体 49,91 2个。结果表明 :不同土地利用方式导致了土壤理化性质不同程度的改变 ,例如土壤容重的增加、肥力下降、土壤水分蒸发加快等 ,这些土壤指标的变化是影响土壤动物个体数量的决定性因素。动物的个体数量在 3个样地中以自然林最多 ,砂仁地次之 ,刀耕火种地最少 ;在季节分布上以雾冷季最多 ,干热季最少。各样地的动物个体数量以刀耕火种与自然林之间的差异最显著 ,刀耕火种样地与砂仁样地或砂仁样地与自然林样地之间的差异有时达到显著水平 ,但在不同季节中各类型样地间的差异有所不同。土壤动物的季节变化不但受气候条件变化的影响 ,同时受到人类土地利用活动的影响 ,在人为干扰样地中高峰与低谷之间的变化幅度较大。某些土地利用的行为不但杀死了动物本身 ,而且破坏了动物的营养源 ,因此土壤动物个体数量随着土地利用强度的增加而下降。

微波消解-流动注射化学发光法快速测定调味品中的微量铬

为快速测定调味品中的铬含量,以八角、白蔻、黑胡椒为样品,经微波程序消解后,用无水亚硫酸钠将Cr^(6+)还原成Cr^(3+),用流动注射化学发光体系测定调味品中的铬含量。结果表明:最佳条件下,铬在1.0×10-7~8.0×10-7 mol/L浓度范围内有良好的线性,相关系数r=0.9996。对1.0×10^(-13) mol/L Cr^(3+)测定的相对标准偏差RSD为3.2%(n=11),按3倍标准偏差计算的检出限为2.3×10-12 mol/L,八角、白蔻、黑胡椒中铬的质量比分别为14.97,23.13,39.28μg/g,加标回收率为91.84%~97.47%。该方法选择性好、快速灵敏,用于调味品中铬的测定,结果令人满意。

白豆蔻汤和丁香汤对顺铂所致水貂呕吐模型的治疗作用

目的利用新型水貂呕吐模型研究白豆蔻汤和丁香汤对顺铂所致水貂呕吐模型的治疗作用。方法雄性水貂30只随机分成5组:正常对照组、模型组、昂丹司琼组、白豆蔻组和丁香组,各组分别给予生理盐水、生理盐水、昂丹司琼、白豆蔻汤和丁香汤处理2天,第2天给予腹腔注射顺铂,观察顺铂注射后6小时内水貂呕吐潜伏期和干呕、呕吐次数。结果白豆蔻组和丁香组水貂的呕吐潜伏期均显著长于模型组(P值均<0.01),干呕和呕吐次数均显著小于模型组(P<0.01,P<0.05);白豆蔻组水貂呕吐潜伏期及呕吐次数与昂丹司琼组相比无显著性差异(P值均>0.05),干呕次数多于昂丹司琼组(P<0.05);丁香组水貂呕吐潜伏期与昂丹司琼组无显著性差异(P>0.05),干呕和呕吐次数均显著多于昂丹司琼组(P值均<0.01)。结论白豆蔻汤和丁香汤均可延迟顺铂所致的水貂呕吐,白豆蔻汤具有良好的止吐效果。

非极性溶剂微波萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定白豆蔻中挥发油成分

提出了非极性溶剂微波萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定白豆蔻中的挥发油成分的方法。优化的试验条件如下:①微波吸收介质为0.35g石墨粉;②提取溶剂为正己烷;③样品质量与溶剂容积之比为2g比25mL;④提取时间为30min。在气相色谱分离中用DB-5石英毛细管柱为固定相,在质谱分析中采用全扫描检测模式。以α-甲基苯甲醇丙酸酯为内标物。方法用于白豆蔻样品的分析,共鉴定出60种挥发性化学成分,主要化合物为桉油精(70.34%)、β-蒎烯(6.81%)、α-松油醇(3.36%)和α-蒎烯(2.54%)等。

An Efficient Protocol for Total RNA Isolation from Healthy and Stressed Tissues of Mulberry (<i>Morus</i>sp.) and Other Species

Extraction of quality RNA for molecular biology applications from perennial woody plants like mulberry is complicated due to the presence of high polysaccharides, polyphenols and other secondary metabolites. Since the existing methods failed to yield quality RNA in sufficient quantity from leaf and root tissues of mulberry, in this study, we modified the CTAB-based protocol. The standardised protocol yielded high quantity (520.00 μg/g fresh weight of leaf tissue) of quality RNA and the RNA extracted was suitable for all downstream applications such as cDNA synthesis, PCR and whole transcriptome analysis. The method developed was also found to be useful for isolating good quality and quantity total RNA from desiccated and salinity stressed leaf tissues of mulberry. The protocol was also applied successfully to isolate total RNA from leaf tissues of other species such as cardamom, papaya and rice.

Integrating value-chain approach with participatory multicriteria analysis for sustainable planning of a niche crop in Indian Himalayas

The value-chain approach(VCA)was used for exploring how a niche crop,namely large cardamom(Amomum subulatum Roxb.),can be developed sustainably to increase incomes and enhance rural livelihoods in the mountains.Large cardamom is a high-value,agro-climatically suitable,and non-perishable spice crop grown in the Himalayan region.Originating in Sikkim,the crop is important to the local economy and is sold in both domestic and international markets;however,its production in India has been declining significantly in recent years.Using VCA and participatory methods of data collection the study helped elicit value chain actors’perspectives on various reasons for the decline as well as potential strategies to improve the cardamom value chain.The results present the multiple environmental and climatic(e.g.water stress),social(e.g.women participation)and institutional(e.g.lack of trust between actors)challenges and corresponding upgrading strategies.Through participatory multi-criteria analysis(MCA),the strategies were prioritized based on the overall preferences of multiple stakeholders.The analysis considered eight criteria and 25 options,or strategies,and found that that marketability and profitability were the most important criteria,and increasing cardamom production,the most important optiontrait.Stakeholder discussions along with sensitivity analysis also showed how these options could be implemented and revealed how criteria preferences can change with expert inputs.This combination of VCA and MCA,because it supports participatory decision-making and balances multiple dimensions of sustainable development,can be effectively deployed in planning for agricultural development in the mountains.

白叩中总黄酮的提取及其含量测定

本文采用超声波辅助提取法提取白叩中总黄酮，以芦丁为对照品，利用亚硝酸钠-硝酸铝-氢氧化钠体系分光光度法，在波长为508nm处，测定样品中总黄酮的含量．白叩中总黄酮的平均含量为15．897mg／g，回收率范围为91．6％～95．2％．超声波辅助提取法可以加快提取速度，提高提取效率．

天然调味香料白豆蔻精油的研究进展

白豆蔻(即泰国原豆蔻和爪哇白豆蔻)是天然的药食两用植物,其干燥的成熟果实除作为天然调味香料用于食品调味之外,在医药和其它领域也有广泛的应用。综述了白豆蔻精油的提取方法、化学成分及生物活性,并对其应用前景进行了展望。

森林生态环境的利用和模拟——西双版纳当地民族天然林下经济作物种植研究

根据村级水平的社会经济调查和群落学的调查 ,对天然林下种植经济作物的社会效益和生态效益作出评估。天然林下种植蓝靛 ,茶叶作为一种传统知识 ,曾在历史上发挥过保护森林、利用森林的重要作用。现在的天然林下砂仁的种植在西双版纳的社会经济中又发挥着重要作用 ,为其它经济作物的发展奠定了基础。群落学的调查显示天然林下种植砂仁在生态上和自然保护方面的作用是双重的。一方面砂仁引入林下 ,引起热带季节性雨林、季雨林在结构简化、组成成分减少和改变、群落性质改变、更新能力下降等各方面的变化 ,对森林有破坏作用。另一方面 ,砂仁种植在集体林内又对林内现有树木的砍伐起到了一定的限制作用 ,使一部分森林不至于沦为皆伐地 ,它带来的经济效益也一定程度地缓解了自然保护区和周围农村之间的矛盾。在对待传统的天然林下种植知识方面 ,作者建议政府和科研部门发挥更为积极的作用。

正交实验法优选豆蔻挥发油提取工艺

目的研究豆蔻挥发油提取工艺。方法采用正交实验设计L9(34),以提油率为指标,确定最佳提取工艺条件。结果豆蔻药材浸泡2 h,提取6 h,加水8倍量提取率最高。结论该工艺为豆蔻挥发油的最佳提取工艺。

气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法结合保留指数分析小豆蔻油挥发性成分

为分析比较不同产地小豆蔻油中挥发性成分,采用气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法进行挥发性成的定性分析,并通过质谱库检索,结合保留指数验证,从越南小豆蔻油和英国小豆蔻油中分别鉴定出68和33个挥发性成分。结果表明,越南产地小豆蔻油的主要成分(质量分数)为α-松油醇乙酸酯(36.01%)、1,8-桉叶素(28.04%)、乙酸芳樟酯(6.58%)、芳樟醇(5.47%)、柠檬烯(4.16%)、桧烯(2.84%)、4-松油醇(1.89%)、香叶醇(1.61%)、乙酸香叶酯(1.59%)、乙酸辛酯(1.22%)等;英国产地小豆蔻油的主要成分为1,8-桉叶素(44.91%)、α-松油醇乙酸酯(38.53%)、芳樟醇(3.29%)、柠檬烯(2.46%)、α-松油醇(1.52%)、橙花醇(1.47%)、4-松油醇(1.11%)等;两个产地的小豆蔻油中挥发性成分的组成存在一定的差异。

白豆蔻精油超临界CO_(2)萃取工艺优化及挥发性成分分析

以白豆蔻为原料,利用水蒸气蒸馏(SDE)法和超临界流体萃取(SFE)法提取白豆蔻精油。以萃取率为评价指标,采用单因素试验及正交试验优化萃取工艺,并采用气质联用(GC-MS)法分析两种提取方法所得白豆蔻精油的组成。结果表明,最佳萃取工艺条件为:萃取压力25 MPa、萃取温度50℃、CO_(2)流量14 mL/min、提取时间4.0 h。在此优化条件下,SFE提取白豆蔻精油得率为6%,为SDE提取精油的1.5倍。GC-MS分析结果表明,共检出挥发性化合物158种,其中SDE和SFE提取精油中分别检出97种、111种,独有化合物分别有47种、61种,共有化合物有50种。两种提取方法所得精油的组成相似,主要成分有桉叶油醇、α-蒎烯、4-异丙基甲苯、顺式十五烯酸、棕榈酸等,但含量差异较大。结果表明SFE是提取白豆蔻精油的有效方法。

豆豉-山楂复合物对慢传输型便秘大鼠通便作用研究

目的评价豆豉-山楂复合物对慢传输型便秘(STC)大鼠的通便作用,并初步探讨其作用机制。方法采用洛哌丁胺灌胃法复制STC大鼠模型,并灌胃给予豆豉-山楂复合物治疗,检测大鼠粪便粒数、质量、水分、首次排黑便时间及小肠炭末推进率;ELISA法检测P物质(SP)、血管活性肠肽(VIP)、生长抑素(SS)的含量;RT-qPCR和Western blot检测大鼠结肠组织SCF、c-Kit mRNA及蛋白表达。结果与空白组相比,模型组大鼠24 h粪便粒数明显减少,首次排黑便时间明显延长;血清中SP含量明显降低,VIP、SS含量明显升高;SCF、c-Kit mRNA及蛋白表达水平也明显降低。经豆豉-山楂复合物治疗4周后,与模型组相比,莫沙必利组,复合物高、中剂量组大鼠排便粒数、质量、水分都明显增加;大鼠首次排黑便时间均缩短,小肠炭末推进率均增加;血清中SP含量明显上升,VIP、SS含量明显下降,SCF、c-Kit mRNA及蛋白表达水平也明显提高。结论 豆豉-山楂复合物可通过调节体内神经递质的分泌水平、提高结肠组织Cajal 间质细胞的特异性蛋白c-Kit及其配体SCF的 mRNA及蛋白含量而提高STC大鼠肠道推进功能,缩短排便时间而改善便秘,对慢传输型便秘有一定的治疗作用。

中国古代诗词中豆蔻意象考释

豆蔻种类繁多,而文学作品中经常吟咏或借以抒情的则为豆蔻和红豆蔻两种。由于生于南方和开于春天,豆蔻意象最初的含义便是指代地域与时令。晚唐杜牧在《赠别》中借豆蔻比喻娇羞的少女,产生了极为广泛的影响,也使豆蔻意象的这一层含义深入人心。豆蔻因连枝而生的特点受到历代文人的垂青,在诗词作品中赋予其连理、相思等人类所特有的情感寄托。

一花一世界——中国古代诗词中的豆蔻意象

豆蔻种类繁多,文学作品中经常吟咏或借以抒情的为豆蔻和红豆蔻两种。由于生于南方和开于春天,豆蔻意象最初的含义便是指代地域与时令。晚唐杜牧在《赠别》中借豆蔻比喻娇羞的少女,产生了极为广泛的影响,也使豆蔻意象的这一层含义深入人心。豆蔻因连枝而生的特点受到历代文人的垂青,在诗词作品中赋予其连理、相思等人类所特有的情感寄托。

释楚简中的“荳蔻”

战国竹简中见有"荳休"一词,或释为"春秋""丰年""荳年"等,皆不确。"荳休",在竹简中读作"豆蔻",比喻青春年少。简文"荳休"的正确释读,不仅将"豆蔻"的文献辞例提前到春秋时期,而且还为后世典籍资料中"寇"的异体字的解读,提供了字源理据。